Name: murine distal colostomy, a novel model of diversion colitis in c57bl/6 mice
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Todos los métodos aquí descritos han sido aprobados por la autoridad veterinaria (Landesamt für Landwirtschaft, und Lebensmittelsicherheit Fischerei Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, LALLF M-V).
1. preoperatorio cuidado y preparación del Animal
<ol><li>A su llegada a las instalaciones de animales, animales (C57Bl/6) se dividen en grupos de tamaño similar, jaula a cada grupo juntos y mantener constante a lo largo de los experimentos de los grupos. Nota: Utilizar animales del mismo sexo. Los resultados descritos se obtuvieron con ratones machos. Nota: Si se utilizan machos, grupos de jaula juntos a partir de cuando tienen 7 semanas de edad para que pueda establecerse una jerarquía, minimizando así el riesgo de comportamiento agresivo durante los experimentos.</li>
	<li>Por lo menos una semana antes de la cirugía, cambiar a una alta energía (> 14 MJ/kg) y alta en proteínas (> 20%) de la alimentación que contiene todos los oligoelementos esenciales y vitaminas (para detalles, ver lista de materiales). Nota: Asegure todos los ratones pesan al menos 25 g cuando se realiza la cirugía.</li>
	<li>Inducir analgesia y la anestesia por inyección intraperitoneal de ketamina (87 mg/kg i.p.) y el clorhidrato de xilacina (13 mg/kg i.p.). Espere hasta que el ratón tolera la estimulación mecánica, por ejemplo campo de dedo del pie, sin respuesta de motor.</li>
	<li>Asegure el ratón narcotizado con cintas en una posición supina sobre una arpillera de calor colocado en la mesa de operación, garantizando la colocación durante la operación estable y evitando una abrumadora pérdida de calor corporal. Nota: La arpillera de calor debe tener una temperatura de 36 ° C a 40 ° C; la temperatura de la sala de operaciones debe ser de 21 ° C.</li>
</ol>2. distal de la colostomía operación
<ol><li>Afeitarse el vello abdominal. Antes de comenzar la cirugía, desinfectar el campo de la operación tres veces con alcohol 70% y un yodóforo. Cubra el campo de la operación para garantizar condiciones asépticas.</li>
	<li>Realizar una laparotomía mediana 15 mm mediante la incisión de los músculos abdominales y el peritoneo a lo largo de la linea alba, minimizando así la pérdida de sangre.</li>
	<li>Utilizar dos pinzas atraumáticas de DeBakey, tire con cuidado hacia el ciego, íleon terminal y el ascendente y el colon transverso de la cavidad peritoneal. Nota: Tenga cuidado de limitar estrictamente la manipulación mecánica del intestino para evitar daños a las estructuras mesentéricas.</li>
	<li>Identificar el polo cecal, el colon ascendente y el intestino (Figuras 1a y 1b). Nota: La correcta identificación de los dos puntos ascendentes es fundamental para la correcta colocación de la colostomía. En casos donde la anatomía de la región ileocecal es ambigua, identifica a la presencia de placas de Peyer del intestino, y la presencia de heces formadas caracteriza el colon.</li>
	<li>Use una regla para determinar la posición de la futura operación del intestino grueso. Se debe colocar 20 mm distal a la válvula ileocecal para una colostomía distal.</li>
	<li>Hacer una segunda incisión de 3 mm en la pared abdominal en el cuadrante superior derecho. Tire el segmento de colon previamente identificadas a través de esta incisión para formar un círculo, teniendo cuidado de no distorsionar el bucle.</li>
	<li>Pasar con cuidado una cánula i.v. flexible calibre 22 a través del mesocolon. Tenga cuidado para no dañar estructuras vasculares mesentéricas.</li>
	<li>Devolver el intestino a la cavidad peritoneal.</li>
	<li>Fijar ambos extremos del tubo flexible a la piel con puntos simples y sutura reabsorbible (p. ej., polyglactin 910 o polyfil 4-0 1/2 c).</li>
	<li>Antes de cerrar la laparotomía, realice reanimación con líquidos usando una inyección intraperitoneal de solución salina al de 0.9% 0,5 mL.</li>
	<li>Cierre del peritoneo y la capa muscular con una sutura continua usando una sutura reabsorbible (p. ej., polyglactin 910 o polyfil 4-0 1/2 c). Cierre la piel con una sutura continua usando una sutura reabsorbible (p. ej., polyglactin 910 o polyfil 4-0 1 / 2c).</li>
	<li>Abrir el bucle de colon exteriorizado mediante la realización de un corte transversal subtotal con una tijera fina. Evitar toda lesión del mesenterio. Transecto no el colon completamente.</li>
	<li>Fijar cada abertura de colostomía con tres puntadas de espesor total solo al peritoneo y la piel con un monofilamento, suturas absorbibles (p. ej., Polidioxanona o monofilamento 6-0 3/8s). El aferente del lazo, que es una colostomía de final funcional, y el lazo eferente, que es una fístula mucosa, se separan claramente en este punto (figura 1C). Nota: Tiempo de operación debe ser menos de 20 minutos para limitar las pérdidas de fluidos y térmicas.</li>
	<li>Después de terminar la cirugía, desinfectar instrumentos usando una solución de desinfectante libre de aldehídos en un baño de ultrasonidos según las instrucciones del fabricante.</li>
</ol>3. simulacro de operación (Colotomy)
<ol><li>Realice los pasos 1.1. a través de 2.4.</li>
	<li>Utilice una regla para determinar la posición de futuros colotomy. El colotomy debe colocarse a la misma distancia de la válvula ileocecal que la colostomía en el grupo experimental.</li>
	<li>Abra el colon por lo menos dos tercios su circunferencia usando las tijeras finas.</li>
	<li>Cierre colotomy con una sola capa, espesor total interrumpido con un monofilamento, absorbible sutura sutura (por ejemplo, polydioxanone, monofilamento 6-0 3/8s). Nota: Tiempo de operación debe ser menos de 20 minutos para un cirujano experimentado, limitando las pérdidas de fluidos y térmicas.</li>
	<li>Realice los pasos 2.10. , 2.11. y 2.14.</li>
</ol>4. posoperatorio cuidado
<ol><li>Devolver los animales a sus jaulas. Bien templado el ambiente de 37 ° C (por ejemplo, con una lámpara infrarroja) hasta que los ratones son totalmente despiertos. A continuación, mantenga ratones en un ambiente de temperatura y Humedad reguladas (21 ° C; humedad relativa de 30% ± 10%). Permitir el libre acceso a alimentos y agua potable. Para facilitar la absorción de líquidos, proporcionar alimentación animal empapado de agua adicional.</li>
	<li>Inicio de la analgesia postoperatoria mediante la inyección de 0,1 mg/kg corporal peso buprenorfina s.c. cuando los animales muestran respuesta a la estimulación mecánica. Tenga cuidado para evitar depresión respiratoria.</li>
	<li>Suplemento de agua potable con tramadol 1 mg/mL para analgesia continua durante la primera semana postoperatoria.</li>
	<li>Para compensar la ingesta disminuida de líquidos debido a movilidad reducida, suministrar un cojín sólido de beber en la jaula durante la primera semana postoperatoria.</li>
	<li>Pesan los animales y el comportamiento animal puntuación diariamente durante la primera semana, cada dos días durante el resto del primer mes y cada tercer día durante el segundo mes el score de severidad de la enfermedad descrito en Kleinwort et al. 6.</li>
</ol>

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Todos los autores declaran que no tienen intereses que compiten.

El modelo murino de DC presentada en este protocolo fiable reproduce las características histopatológicas de DC humana (p. ej., desarrollo de novo de los folículos linfoides en la submucosa de segmentos de intestino inflamado, cripta acortamiento y reducción de número de células caliciformes). Aparte de esta ventaja, este modelo es inducida por un factor desencadenante muy similar y presenta un curso clínico de moderado a leve gravedad como es el caso de los seres humanos más afectados.
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En los últimos años, un número considerable de entidades colitis no infecciosa diferentes de las enfermedades clásicas inflamatorias intestinales (EII; ej., enfermedad enfermedad o colitis de Crohn) han caracterizado clínico e histopathologically en seres humanos. Los mecanismos fisiopatológicos principales en el desarrollo de estas formas de colitis no se entienden completamente parcialmente porque son escasos los modelos animales apropiados. Colitis de la diversión es una de estas entidades recientemente descritas. Aunque el término fue acuñado en 1980 por Glotzer1, la descripción inicial de un fenotipo similar fue dada en 1972 por Morson2. La enfermedad se desarrolla en el 50% al 91% de los pacientes con desvío de enterostomía, y su intensidad clínica varía de3,4. Dada la incidencia anual de alrededor de 120.000 pacientes de colostomía en los Estados Unidos de América, esta entidad de la enfermedad constituye un importante problema de salud.
El objetivo general de desarrollar este protocolo era proporcionar un modelo murino de DC que se apoya en un disparador de colitis similar a ése visto en DC humana y que reproduce las principales características histopatológicas de la enfermedad humana. En contraste con otros modelos de colitis murino la inducción de colitis en nuestro modelo no requiere de animales genéticamente modificados (p. ej., ratones transgénicos IL-7, N-cadherin dominante negativo ratones o ratones TGFβ- / - ), la aplicación de la química irritantes sustancias (p. ej., sulfato de dextrano sódico (DSS) - colitis inducida o ácido de trinitrobenceno sulfónico (TNBS) - inducida por colitis) o la transferencia de poblaciones celulares específicas en ratones deficientes inmunes (como en la transferenciaalta CD45RB modelo de colitis) (para una revisión, véase5). En contraste con otros modelos, el sistema inmune intacto nuestro modelo DC permite la evaluación del mecanismo inmunológico involucrado en el desarrollo de CC. La limitación de la inflamación mucosa al segmento intestinal excluido permite la evaluación de su repercusión sobre la inmunidad mucosa en otras partes del tracto gastrointestinal en la homeostasis inmune en otros compartimentos inmunes del tracto intestinal (p. ej. , Parches de Peyer y ganglios mesenteriale) y en la homeostasis inmune de todo el organismo. Por último, nuestro modelo constituye una herramienta apropiada para investigar los mecanismos de control de estímulos inflamatorios locales origina cambios en el ambiente local normal para el microbioma local, así como antígenos alimentarios.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Operation material&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>heat underlay, 6 watt</td><td>ThermoLux, Witte + Sutor GmbH</td><td>461265</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol 70% (with methylethylketon)</td><td>Pharmacie of the University Hospital Greifswald</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wooden applicators, small cotton head onesided, wooden stick, 150 mm length</td><td>Centramed GmbH, Germany</td><td>8308370</td><td>for disinfection of operation field</td></tr><tr><td>Scissor</td><td>Aesculap (BRAUN)</td><td>BC064R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Atraumatic DeBakey forceps</td><td>Aesculap (BRAUN)</td><td>OC021R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Needle holder</td><td>Aesculap (BRAUN)</td><td>BM012R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vasofix Safety &lt;em&gt;i.v.&lt;/em&gt; cannula 22G</td><td>Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td><td>4268091S-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VICRYL Plus 4-0 violet braided; V-5 17 m 1/2c; 70 cm</td><td>ETHICON, Inc.</td><td>VCP994H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PDS II 6-0 monofil; V-18 13 mm 3/8c; 70 cm</td><td>ETHICON, Inc.</td><td>Z991H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD Plastipak 1 mL (Syringes with needle with sterile interior)</td><td>BD Medical</td><td>305501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triacid-N (N-Dodecylpropan-1,3-diamin)</td><td>ANTISEPTICA, Germany</td><td>18824-01</td><td>disinfection of surgical instruments in ultrasonic bath</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Medications&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ketamine 10%, 100 mg/mL (ketamine hydrochloride)</td><td>selectavet, Dr. Otto Fischer GmbH</td><td>9089.01.00</td><td>87 mg/kg &lt;em&gt;i.p.&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Xylasel, 20 mg/mL (xylazine hydrochloride)</td><td>selectavet, Dr. Otto Fischer GmbH</td><td>400300.00.00</td><td>13 mg/kg &lt;em&gt;i.p.&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl 0.9%</td><td>Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td><td>6697366.00.00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Buprenovet 0.3 mg/mL (buprenorphine)</td><td>Bayer, Germany</td><td>PZN: 01498870</td><td>0.1 mg/kg &lt;em&gt;s.c.&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Tramal Drops, 100 mg/mL (tramadol hydrochloride)</td><td>Gr&amp;uuml;nenthal GmbH, Germany</td><td>10116838</td><td>1 mg/mL drinking water</td></tr><tr><td>Ceftriaxon-saar 2 g (ceftriaxone)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cephasaar GmbH, Germany</td><td>PZN: 08844252</td><td>25 mg/kg body weight &lt;em&gt;i.p.&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>metronidazole 5 mg/mL</td><td>Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td><td>PZN: 05543515</td><td>12.5 mg/kg body weight &lt;em&gt;i.p.&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Food&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ssniff M-Z Ereich</td><td>ssniff, Germany</td><td>&amp;nbsp;V1184-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Solid Drink Dehyprev Vit BIO, pouches</td><td>TripleATrading, the Netherlands</td><td>SDSHPV-75</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nikon Eclipse Ci-L</td><td>Nikon Instruments Europe BV, Germany</td><td></td><td>light microscopy</td></tr><tr><td>VetScan HM 5&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Abaxis, USA</td><td>770-9000</td><td>Veterinary hematology analyzer of 50 &amp;micro;l venous EDTA-blood</td></tr><tr><td>Bandelin SONOREX (Ultrasonic bath)</td><td>Bandelin electronics, Germany</td><td>RK 100 H</td><td>disinfection of surgical instruments</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Software&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NIS-Element BR4 software</td><td>Nikon Instruments Europe BV, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism Version 6</td><td>GraphPad Software, Inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

murine distal colostomy, a novel model of diversion colitis in c57bl/6 mice

Desviación (DC) es una condición clínica frecuente que ocurre en pacientes con segmentos de intestino excluidos de la corriente fecal como resultado de una enterostomía desviar. La etiología de esta enfermedad sigue siendo mal definida pero parece diferir de la de enfermedades de intestino inflamatorias clásicas tales como la enfermedad de Crohn y colitis ulcerosa. Investigaciones encaminadas a descifrar los mecanismos fisiopatológicos principales en el desarrollo de esta enfermedad ha sido gravemente obstaculizado por la falta de un modelo murino. Este protocolo genera un modelo murino de DC que facilita el estudio del papel del sistema inmune y su interacción con el microbioma en el desarrollo de CC. En este modelo utilizando animales C57BL/6, parte distal del colon se excluye de la corriente fecal al crear una colostomía distal, provocando el desarrollo de leve a moderada inflamación en el segmento intestinal excluido y reproducir las lesiones característica distintiva del ser humano DC con una moderada respuesta inflamatoria sistémica. En contraste con el modelo de la rata, hay un gran número de modelos murinos genéticamente en el fondo de C57BL/6. La combinación de estos animales con nuestro modelo permite que las funciones potenciales de individuales citoquinas, quimiocinas y receptores de moléculas bioactivas (e.g., interleukin (IL) -17; IL-10, chemokine CXCL13, chemokine receptores CXCR5 y CCR7 y el receptor de la esfingosina-1-fosfato 4) a evaluarse en la patogenesia de DC. La disponibilidad de tensiones congenic ratón C57BL/6 fondo facilita en gran medida transferencia experimentos para establecer los roles de distintos tipos de células involucrados en la etiología de DC. Finalmente, el modelo ofrece la oportunidad de evaluar la influencia de las intervenciones locales (p. ej., modificación del microbioma local o terapia antiinflamatoria local) de inmunidad mucosa en los segmentos intestinales afectados y no afectados y en homeostasis inmune sistémica.

La cirugía se tolera bien tanto en los grupos de sham (colotomy) y experimental (colostomía). Mortalidad perioperatoria no debe superar el 10% cuando se realiza correctamente la cirugía y perioperative management. En la primera semana postoperatoria, pérdida de peso significativa se observa en los grupos experimentales y simulados. Animales del grupo impostor alcanzan su nadir de peso normalmente hacia el cuarto día postoperatorio, pero se da un día más tarde en el grupo experiment...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice at JoVE.com

Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice

Murino colostomía Distal, un modelo novedoso de desvío Colitis en ratones C57BL/6

Murino colostomía distal proporciona un modelo murino para la colitis de la diversión humana, una colitis linfocítica predominante en el segmento de colon excluido de la corriente fecal.

Diversion colitis (DC) is a frequent clinical condition occurring in patients with bowel segments excluded from the fecal stream as a result of a ...

murine-distal-colostomy-novel-model-diversion-colitis-c57bl6

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.8K vistas.  Universitätsmedizin Greifswald. Murino colostomía distal proporciona un modelo murino para la colitis de la diversión humana, una colitis linfocítica predominante en el segmento de colon excluido de la corriente fecal.

Video: Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice

Modeling Colitis-Associated Cancer with Azoxymethane (AOM) and Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) over healthy individuals. This risk is proportional to the duration and extent of disease, with a cumulative incidence as high as 30% in individuals with longstanding UC with widespread colonic involvement.1 Colonic dysplasia in IBD and colitis associated cancer (CAC) are believed to develop as a result of repeated cycles of epithelial cell injury and repair while these cells are bathed in a chronic inflammatory cytokine milieu.2 While spontaneous and colitis-associated cancers share the quality of being adenocarcinomas, the sequence of underlying molecular events is believed to be different.3 This distinction argues the need for specific animal models of CAC.
Several mouse models currently exist for the study of CAC. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), an agent with direct toxic effects on the colonic epithelium, can be administered in drinking water to mice in multiple cycles to create a chronic inflammatory state. With sufficient duration, some of these mice will develop tumors.4 Tumor development is hastened in this model if administered in a pro-carcinogenic setting. These include mice with genetic mutations in tumorigenesis pathways (APC, p53, Msh2), as well as mice pre-treated with genotoxic agents (azoxymethane [AOM], 1,2-dimethylhydrazine [DMH]).5 
The combination of DSS with AOM as a model for colitis associated cancer has gained popularity for its reproducibility, potency, low price, and ease of use. Though they have a shared mechanism, AOM has been found to be more potent and stable in solution than DMH. While tumor development in other models generally requires several months, mice injected with AOM and subsequently treated with DSS develop adequate tumors in as little as 7-10 weeks.6, 7 Finally, AOM and DSS can be administered to mice of any genetic background (knock out, transgenic, etc.) without cross-breeding to a specific tumorigenic strain. Here, we demonstrate a protocol for inflammation-driven colonic tumorigenesis in mice utilizing a single injection of AOM followed by three seven-day cycles of DSS over a 10 week period. This model induces tumors with histological and molecular changes closely resembling those occurring in human CAC and provides a highly valuable model for the study of oncogenesis and chemoprevention in this disease.8

Modeling Colitis-Associated Cancer with Azoxymethane AOM and Dextran Sulfate Sodium DSS

We demonstrate a protocol in which administration of the genotoxic agent azoxymethane (AOM) followed by three cycles of the pro-inflammatory agent dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) rapidly and consistently generates colon tumors in mice with morphologic and molecular similarities to those seen in human colitis-associated cancer.

Modelado Colitis asociada a cáncer con azoximetano (AOM) y Sodio sulfato de dextrano (DSS)

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of developing colorectal ...

Investigación

Medicina

The Citrobacter rodentium Mouse Model: Studying Pathogen and Host Contributions to Infectious Colitis

This protocol outlines the steps required to produce a robust model of infectious disease and colitis, as well as the methods used to characterize Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice. C. rodentium is a gram negative, murine specific bacterial pathogen that is closely related to the clinically important human pathogens enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Upon infection with C. rodentium, immunocompetent mice suffer from modest and transient weight loss and diarrhea. Histologically, intestinal crypt elongation, immune cell infiltration, and goblet cell depletion are observed. Clearance of infection is achieved after 3 to 4 weeks. Measurement of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, bacterial load, and histological damage at different time points after infection, allow the characterization of mouse strains susceptible to infection.
The virulence mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens colonize the intestinal tract of their hosts, as well as specific host responses that defend against such infections are poorly understood. Therefore the C. rodentium model of enteric bacterial infection serves as a valuable tool to aid in our understanding of these processes. Enteric bacteria have also been linked to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs). It has been hypothesized that the maladaptive chronic inflammatory responses seen in IBD patients develop in genetically susceptible individuals following abnormal exposure of the intestinal mucosal immune system to enteric bacteria. Therefore, the study of models of infectious colitis offers significant potential for defining potentially pathogenic host responses to enteric bacteria. C. rodentium induced colitis is one such rare model that allows for the analysis of host responses to enteric bacteria, furthering our understanding of potential mechanisms of IBD pathogenesis; essential in the development of novel preventative and therapeutic treatments.

The Citrobacter rodentium Mouse Model: Studying Pathogen and Host Contributions to Infectious Colitis

Citrobacter rodentium infection provides a valuable model to study enteric bacterial infections as well as host immune responses and colitis in mice. This protocol outlines the measurement of barrier integrity, pathogen load and histological damage allowing for the thorough characterization of pathogen and host contributions to murine infectious colitis.

La<em&gt; Citrobacter rodentium</em&gt; Mouse Modelo: Estudiar Contribuciones patógeno y del huésped a la colitis infecciosa

This protocol  outlines the steps required to produce a robust model of infectious disease and  colitis, as well as the methods used to characterize ...

Inmunología e Infección

Murine Colitis Modeling using Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)

Colitis can occur from viral or bacterial infections, ischemic insult, or autoimmune disorders; most notably Ulcerative Colitis and the colonic variant of Crohn&rsquo;s Disease - Crohn&rsquo;s Colitis. Acute colitis may present with abdominal pain and distention, malabsorption, diarrhea, hematochezia and mucus in the stool. We are beginning to understand the complex interactions between the environment, genetics, and epithelial barrier dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and animal models of colitis have been essential in advancing our understanding of this disease. One popular model involves supplementing the drinking water of mice with low-molecular weight Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS), resulting in epithelial damage and a robust inflammatory response in the colon lasting several days 1.Variations of this approach can be used to model acute injury, acute injury followed by repair, and repeated cycles of DSS interspersed with recovery modeling chronic inflammatory diseases 2. After a single four-day treatment of 3% DSS in drinking water, mice show signs of acute colitis including weight loss, bloody stools, and diarrhea. Mice are euthanized at the conclusion of the treatment course and at necropsy dissected colons are processed and can be 'Swiss rolled" 3 to allow microscopic analysis of the entire colon or infused with formalin as "sausages" to allow macroscopic analysis. Tissue is then embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained for histologic review.

Murine Colitis Modeling using Dextran Sulfate Sodium DSS

Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administered in the drinking water is an established murine inflammatory injury model of acute colitis. This protocol outlines the method for DSS treatment and the preparation of tissues.

Modelado de la colitis murino utilizando sulfato de dextrano sódico (DSS)

Colitis can occur from viral or bacterial infections, ischemic insult, or autoimmune disorders; most notably Ulcerative Colitis and the colonic variant of ...

Biología

Murine Ileocolic Bowel Resection with Primary Anastomosis

Intestinal resections are frequently required for treatment of diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, with Crohn&#8217;s disease and colon cancer being two common examples. Despite the frequency of these procedures, a significant knowledge gap remains in describing the inherent effects of intestinal resection on host physiology and disease pathophysiology. This article provides detailed instructions for an ileocolic resection with primary end-to-end anastomosis in mice, as well as essential aspects of peri-operative care to maximize post-operative success. When followed closely, this procedure yields a 95% long-term survival rate, no failure to thrive, and minimizes post-operative complications of bowel obstruction and anastomotic leak. The technical challenges of performing the procedure in mice are a barrier to its wide spread use in research. The skills described in this article can be acquired without previous surgical experience. Once mastered, the murine ileocolic resection procedure will provide a reproducible tool for studying the effects of intestinal resection in models of human disease.

Ileocolic resection is commonly performed in several human diseases; however, little is known regarding the impact of intestinal resection on surgical illnesses. This article provides instruction on executing the procedure in mice with high success, providing a means to study the effects of ileocolic resection in models of disease.

Murino ileocólica Resección intestinal con anastomosis primaria

Intestinal resections are frequently required for treatment of diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, with Crohn&#8217;s disease and colon cancer ...

Creation of Colonic Anastomosis in Mice

Intestinal anastomoses are commonly performed in both elective and emergent operations. Even so, anastomotic leaks are a highly feared complications of colonic surgeries and can occur in up to 26% of surgical anastomoses, with mortality being up to 39% for patients with such a leak. Currently, there remains a paucity of data detailing the cellular mechanisms of anastomotic healing. Devising preventative strategies and treatment modalities for anastomotic leak could be greatly potentiated by a better understanding of appropriate anastomotic healing.
A murine model is ideal as previous studies have shown that the murine anastomosis is the most clinically similar to the human case as compared with other animal models. We offer an easily reproducible murine model of colonic anastomosis in mice that will allow for further illustration of anastomotic healing.

Anastomotic leak or breakdown after surgery is a major cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Our surgery for creating a colonic anastomosis is a reliable and reproducible method for studying the healing mechanisms of anastomoses.

Creación de Anastomosis de colon en ratones

Intestinal anastomoses are commonly performed in both elective and emergent operations. Even so, anastomotic leaks are a highly feared complications of ...

Murine Appendectomy Model of Chronic Colitis Associated Colorectal Cancer by Precise Localization of Caecal Patch

The human appendix has been recently implicated to play important biological roles in the pathogenesis of various complex diseases, such as colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and Parkinson&#8217;s disease. To study the function of the appendix, a gut disease-associated murine appendectomy model has been established and its step-by-step protocol is described here. This report introduces a facile protocol for caecal patch removal in mice followed by the chemical induction of chronic colitis-associated colorectal cancer using a combination of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and azoxymethane (AOM). IgA specific cells and IgA concentration were significantly reduced upon removal of the caecal patch in male C57BL/6 mice&#160;compared to those in the sham group. Simultaneously administering 2% DSS and AOM resulted in nearly 80% mice survival in both sham and appendectomy groups without significant body weight loss. Histological results confirmed colonic inflammation and different degrees of adenocarcinoma. This model can be used for the study of the functional role of the appendix in maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis and pathogenesis of gut colitis and malignancies, as well as for the potential development of drug targeting therapies.

The presented protocol describes a facile surgical removal of the appendix (caecal patch) in a mouse followed by the induction of inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer. This murine appendectomy model enables investigation of the biological role of the appendix in the pathogenesis of human gastrointestinal disease.

Modelo de apendicectomía murine del cáncer colorrectal asociado a la colitis crónica por localización precisa del parche de Caecal

The human appendix has been recently implicated to play important biological roles in the pathogenesis of various complex diseases, such as colorectal ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Modelo murino para el estudio del íleo postoperatorio mediante manipulación intestinal

Postoperative Ileus Murine Model

Most patients experience postoperative ileus (POI) after surgery, which is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization time. POI is a consequence of mechanical damage during surgery, resulting in disruption of motility in the gastrointestinal tract. The mechanisms of POI are related to aberrant neuronal sensitivity, impaired epithelial barrier function, and increased local inflammation. However, the details remain enigmatic. Therefore, experimental murine models are crucial for elucidating the pathophysiology and mechanism of POI injury and for the development of novel therapies.
Here, we introduce a murine model of POI generated via intestinal manipulation (IM) that is similar to clinical surgery; this is achieved by mechanical damage to the small intestine by massaging the abdomen 1-3 times with a cotton swab. IM delayed gastrointestinal transit 24 h after surgery, as assessed by FITC-dextran gavage and fluorescence detection of the segmental digestive tract. Moreover, tissue swelling of the submucosa and immune cell infiltration were investigated by hematoxylin and eosin staining and flow cytometry. Proper pressure of the IM and a hyperemic effect on the intestine are critical for the procedure. This murine model of POI can be utilized to study the mechanisms of intestinal damage and recovery after abdominal surgery.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Modelo murino de íleo postoperatorio

We describe a murine model of postoperative ileus generated via intestinal manipulation. Gastrointestinal transit function, pathologic changes, and immune cell activation were assessed 24 h after surgery.

Modelo murino de íleo postoperatorio

Most patients experience postoperative ileus (POI) after surgery, which is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization time. POI ...

Single-Anastomosis Duodeno-Ileal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy Model in Mice

Obesity is a major health issue worldwide. As a response, bariatric surgeries have emerged to treat obesity and its related comorbidities (e.g., diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cardiovascular events, and cancers) through restrictive and malabsorptive mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms by which these procedures allow such improvements often require their transposition into animals, especially in mice, because of the ease of generating genetically modified animals. Recently, the single-anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S) has emerged as a procedure that uses both restrictive and malabsorptive effects, which is being used as an alternative to gastric bypass in case of major obesity. Thus far, this procedure has been associated with strong metabolic improvements, which has led to a marked increase in its use in daily clinical practice. However, the mechanisms underlying these metabolic effects have been poorly studied as a result of a lack of animal models. In this article, we present a reliable and reproducible model of SADI-S in mice, with a special focus on perioperative management. The description and use of this new rodent model will be helpful for the scientific community to better understand the molecular, metabolic, and structural changes induced by the SADI-S and to better define the surgical indications for clinical practice.

Single-anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass (SADI-S) is an emerging bariatric procedure with important metabolic effects. In this article, we present a reliable and reproducible model of SADI-S in mice.

Bypass duodeno-ileal de anastomosis única con modelo de gastrectomía en manga en ratones

Obesity is a major health issue worldwide. As a response, bariatric surgeries have emerged to treat obesity and its related comorbidities (e.g., diabetes ...

Murino colostomía Distal, un modelo novedoso de desvío Colitis en ratones C57BL/6

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