Name: modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for field sampling of arthropods
Uploaded: 2016-08-10T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 43 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods at JoVE.com

The investigations were financially supported by the Division for Earth and Life Sciences of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (grant 833.13.004), the Sci-Tech Landing Projection of Higher Education of Jiangxi Province (KJLD14030) and The Cultivation Plan for Young Scientists of Jiangxi Province (Jinggang star 20153BCB23014). We thank Daomeng Fu, Zhigang Li and Xiaolong Huang for their help in producing the movie.

1. La modificación de un soplador de hojas-vac para el muestreo de succión <ol><li> Recoger todas las piezas que figuran en la Lista de materiales. </li><li> Conectar todo el cloruro de polivinilo (PVC) tubos con cloruro de polivinilo no plastificado (PVC-U) de pegamento (tubos 1-2-3-4-5 y 6-7). </li><li> Perforar tres agujeros que se distribuyen de manera uniforme alrededor de la boca de aspiración de la máquina. </li><li> Conectar la máquina a finales 1 de tubo de PVC 1-5 mediante la inserción de un tornillo en cada uno de los tres agujeros. No utilice pegamento para conectar el extremo del tubo 1 a la máquina debido a la conexión debe ser reversible para limpiar el ventilador. Nota: En caso de que el diámetro de la boca de aspiración de la máquina se diferencia del modelo descrito aquí, el diámetro del extremo del tubo 1 se debe ajustar para adaptarse a la máquina sin problemas. </li><li> Añadir 2 capas de cinta de sellado de roscas a los extremos del tubo 5 y 6. </li><li> Poner el pedazo de tela metálica entre la manguera y la parte de la boca (tubos de PVC 6 y 7) para evitar que la red de muestreo de ser succionado por la masierra. Utilice una gasa metálica con un diámetro de malla de entre 0,5 mm y 0,5 cm. </li><li> Conectar la manguera a los extremos del tubo 5 y 6 con aros de abrazadera de metal. </li></ol> 2. Preparar la toma de muestras del recinto <ol><li> Retire la parte inferior de un cubo de plástico (50 L, 40 cm de diámetro inferior). Este tamaño de la caja cubre 2-4 colinas de arroz en un campo de arroz trasplantado, dependiendo de la etapa del cultivo 24. </li><li> Adjuntar un manguito de malla de nylon, con una longitud de 1 m, a la parte superior de la cubeta usando una banda de goma. Por esta manga, utilizar un tamaño de malla que es lo suficientemente pequeño para evitar el escape de los artrópodos no diana más pequeños. Use un diámetro inferior a 0,5 mm. </li></ol> 3. Campo de aplicación del soplador de hojas-vac Modificado para el muestreo de succión <ol><li> Utilice dos personas para hacer funcionar el dispositivo en el campo. A una persona opera el soplador-vac y el otro maneja el recinto cubo y las redes de muestreo. </li><li> Arrancar la máquina. </li><li> Inserte una multa de muestreoT en la parte de la boca del ventilador-vac y fijarla con una banda de goma. Para la red, utilizar un tamaño de malla que es lo suficientemente pequeño como para atrapar a los más pequeños artrópodos no diana, pero no crea resistencia al flujo de aire obvia. Utilice el material de nylon ligero con un diámetro de malla entre 0,2-0,5 mm. </li><li> Coloque el recinto rápidamente sobre las plantas en una ubicación aleatoria en el campo y empujar la parte inferior de la cubeta firmemente en el suelo. Asegúrese de que el manguito se cierra para evitar que los artrópodos se escape por la parte superior de la caja. </li><li> Retire todos los artrópodos desde el interior del recinto en una forma en espiral de arriba hacia abajo, con una duración de muestreo estandarizado. Para los cultivos de arroz en las etapas vegetativas y reproductivas, utilizar duraciones de muestreo de 1 y 2 minutos, respectivamente. </li><li> Después de terminar la muestra, retire la cinta de goma de la red de muestreo, cerrar rápidamente la red y lo saca de la parte de la boca del ventilador-vac y cerrarla con un nudo, mientras se mantiene la máquina en marcha. </li><li> Repita sTeps 3.2 a 3.5 en lugares al azar en el campo para los próximos muestras. El número de repeticiones depende de la variación en la distribución espacial de los artrópodos en el campo, la exactitud necesaria de la estimación y el propósito del estudio. Por lo general, seis réplicas darán una buena impresión de la comunidad de artrópodos y abundancia de especies. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

muestreo de aspiración es uno de muchos métodos posibles para probar comunidades de artrópodos en los cultivos. Para la investigación científica en los sistemas de arroz, el muestreo de succión es una opción apropiada debido a que el método proporciona estimaciones absolutas de densidades de artrópodos, es no destructivo, y - en contraste con los recuentos visuales - permite la recogida y almacenamiento de muestras para su posterior procesamiento. En comparación con el D-vac disponible en el mercado, el soplador-vac es más pequeño, más ligero y más fácil de manejar en los campos (inundada) de arroz y también más fácil de combinar con un recinto. Por ejemplo, un soplador-vac pesa unos 6 kg, mientras que la mochila modelo D-vac, presentado como el estándar internacional para el muestreo de insectos, tiene un peso de 12 kg 11. Más importante aún, la eficiencia del muestreo del soplador-vac es mayor que el D-vac 16,17, mientras que el costo del soplador-vac es menor. La modificación de un soplador de hojas-vac en un muestreador de succión no requiere de técnicas y equipos especialesy en menos de una hora después de que todas las piezas adicionales se han recogido. El soplador-vac descrito aquí es más fácil de construir y operar que las versiones descritas previamente en la literatura 16,17, y las piezas necesarias (Tabla 1) son materiales de construcción estándar que están ampliamente disponibles. Esto hace que el ventilador-vac también accesibles a los investigadores con pequeños presupuestos en los países en desarrollo. La potencia y el desplazamiento del motor determina la fuerza de aspiración del ventilador-vac. Aquí se recomienda una máquina con una potencia de entre 0,7-1,2 kW y un desplazamiento entre 25-35 cc, lo cual es adecuado para el muestreo de la comunidad de artrópodos que habitan en la planta de arroz. La longitud de la manguera de plástico flexible y el diámetro de la parte de la boca de succión (tubo 7) son críticas para un buen rendimiento de muestreo. Una manguera que es demasiado larga reducirá la potencia de aspiración, mientras que una manguera que es demasiado corto será incómodo de usar durante el muestreo. Similar,una parte de la boca con un diámetro demasiado grande reducirá la potencia de aspiración, mientras que un diámetro que es demasiado pequeño reducirá la eficiencia del muestreo debido a la pequeña superficie. La eficiencia del muestreo depende fundamentalmente de la duración del muestreo. Si el muestreo se lleva a cabo a lo largo de la temporada de crecimiento, la duración de muestreo puede tener que ajustarse al tamaño de la planta, la estructura y la densidad de siembra para mantener un nivel de eficiencia similar. la eficiencia del muestreo se debe comprobar mediante una inspección visual cuidadosa del área cerrada después del muestreo. Si todavía hay artrópodos actualidad, la duración del muestreo debe ser aumentada. Las duraciones de muestreo recomendados para los cultivos de arroz en la etapa vegetativa es de 1 minuto y en las etapas reproductivas y de maduración es de 2 minutos. toma de muestras de succión con el soplador-vac puede llevarse a cabo en los campos inundados, mientras que los métodos alternativos, como la trampa y toma de muestras de hoja de vencer no son factibles en el agua estancada. El soplador-vac también puede serutilizado para probar la comunidad de artrópodos en la superficie del agua de los arrozales inundados (por ejemplo, insectos depredadores de agua), ya que la máquina es capaz de aspirar un poco de agua. Sin embargo, no se recomienda para el muestreo de artrópodos acuáticos ya que el motor puede dejar de funcionar cuando la parte de la boca se inserta profundamente en el agua y el flujo de aire está bloqueado. Aparte de arroz, el soplador-vac también se puede utilizar en otros cultivos y hábitats no cultivada, siempre que la altura y la estructura de la vegetación permite la colocación adecuada de la caja 25. Nuestro método de muestreo de succión del ventilador-vac no es destructivo. Casi todos los artrópodos recogidos en la red de muestreo sobrevivieron, incluyendo aquellos cuerpos blandos, como los mosquitos y caballitos del diablo. La aplicación de este método, sin embargo, tiene algunas limitaciones e inconvenientes. El soplador-vac necesita ser operado por dos personas. Llevar el soplador-vac en el campo dará lugar a alguna perturbación, y por lo tanto este método puede subestimarlas especies sensibles a las perturbaciones tales como los saltamontes. colocación rápida y brusca de la carcasa en una zona relativamente sin problemas en la dirección de avance de movimiento puede limitar este sesgo potencial. El fuerte ruido de la máquina sopladora-aspiradora también puede causar perturbación, y el muestreo por la noche en zonas residenciales no se recomienda. El método no es adecuado para el muestreo de insectos voladores de gran movilidad, tales como odonatos depredadores o parasitoides himenópteros más grandes. Al igual que con cualquier método de muestreo, la combinación de la soplante-vac con otros métodos, tales como barrido de muestreo de redes o la cosecha destructiva de las plantas, puede proporcionar una evaluación más completa y equilibrada de la comunidad de artrópodos 26.

es necesaria una evaluación repetida de la abundancia y diversidad de artrópodos fitófagos y entomófagos en los cultivos ecológicos para los estudios de dinámica de la población y las interacciones entre especies, incluyendo el estudio del control biológico. El arroz es un alimento básico, con un alto potencial para el control biológico por artrópodos entomófagos 1,2, pero que puede ser interrumpido por los insecticidas 3. La diversidad de artrópodos en cultivos de arroz puede ser alto, y especies de artrópodos ocupar diversos estratos de cultivos (por ejemplo, tierra, madre, toldo, flores), difieren en el modo de movimiento (por ejemplo, caminar, saltar, volar) y la estrategia de forrajeo (por ejemplo, sésiles insectos chupadores, depredadores caza y la flor polinizadores que visitan) 4. Hay una amplia gama de técnicas de muestreo de artrópodos, cada uno con fortalezas y debilidades. Por ejemplo, trampas de caída se pueden utilizar para probar los artrópodos habitan en el suelo, pero proporcionar rela dependiente de la actividadtiva población estima 5,6. Redes de barrido se pueden utilizar para probar los insectos que vuelan rápido en el dosel 7-9, pero dar estimaciones relativas de la abundancia de artrópodos. El método de hoja de latido se puede utilizar para probar la comunidad de artrópodos que habitan en planta y proporciona estimaciones absolutas de la abundancia de artrópodos, pero no se puede utilizar de manera efectiva en campos de cultivo de inundación, tales como campos de arroz 10. muestreo de succión, cuando se realiza en combinación con un recinto que cubre un área normalizada del campo, proporciona estimaciones absolutos de las densidades de artrópodos que habitan las plantas. Este método también se puede utilizar en el arroz inundado. Las muestras se pueden almacenar para su procesamiento y posterior identificación. El vacío Dietrick (D-vac) 11 es la primera toma de muestras de succión desarrollado comercialmente. A pesar de los D-aspiradoras siguen siendo ampliamente utilizados 12-14, que son relativamente caros, tienen una fuerza de succión limitada 15 y son relativamente pesados, lo que hace que sean difíciles demanejar en los campos de arroz inundados 16. Arida y Heong 16 desarrollaron un muestreador de succión usando un soplador de hojas-aspiradora con motor de gasolina, y de este prototipo se refinó aún más por Domingo y Schoenly 17. Ventajas de la toma de muestras de succión del ventilador-vac en comparación con el D-vac son que es mucho más barato y más fácil de manejar. Aunque el método de muestreo de succión del soplador-vac se ha utilizado en muchos estudios ecológicos 18-23, las instrucciones para su modificación y aplicación no han sido claramente descrita. Aquí presentamos una descripción detallada basada en video de la modificación y aplicación de un soplador de hojas-vac de gasolina para la toma de muestras de aspiración de las poblaciones de artrópodos en los arrozales inundados. La modificación se inspira en Arida y Heong 16 y Domingo y Schoenly 17, pero el diseño se ha simplificado aún más en comparación con estas publicaciones originales, lo que facilita la construcción y uso.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Machine&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Leaf blower-vac</td><td>We used Oleo-Mac BV300, Made in Italy</td><td>Power: 1.0 kW, Displacement: 30.5 cc, Max air volume: 720 m&amp;sup3;/hr, Max air speed: 70 m/sec, Weight: 4.5 kg, Diameter of suction mouth: 113&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>There are many different brands and models available. For comparable performance, the specifications concerning power and air speed should be similar to those presented here.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Additional parts for modification&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 1</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash; of end connected to the machine: 112 mm, Inner &amp;oslash; of end connected to PVC pipe 2: 110 mm</td><td>This is the cover of a &amp;oslash; 110 mm PVC pipe</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 2</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash;: 110 mm, Length: 10 cm</td><td>Normal outer &amp;oslash; 110 mm PVC pipe; to connect PVC pipe 1 and 3</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 3</td><td></td><td>Inner &amp;oslash; of big end: 110 mm, Inner &amp;oslash; of small end: 50 mm</td><td>PVC &amp;oslash; 110 mm to &amp;oslash; 50&amp;nbsp;mm downpipe reducer</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 4</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash;: 50 mm, Length: 5&amp;nbsp;cm</td><td>Normal &amp;oslash; 50 mm PVC pipe; to connect PVC pipe 3 and 5</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 5</td><td></td><td>Inner &amp;oslash;: 50 mm and 32&amp;nbsp;mm, Outer &amp;oslash; of small part: 38 mm</td><td>PVC &amp;oslash; 50 mm to &amp;oslash; 32 mm downpipe reducer</td></tr><tr><td>Hose</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash;: 40 mm</td><td>Wire-fortified, flexible plastic hose&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Metal gauze</td><td></td><td>Mesh &amp;oslash;: 1 mm, &amp;oslash;: 60 mm</td><td>Prevent the sampling net from being sucked into the machine</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 6</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash; of small end: 38&amp;nbsp;mm, Inner &amp;oslash; of big end: 63&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>PVC &amp;oslash; 32 mm to &amp;oslash; 63 mm reducer</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 7</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash;: 63 mm, Length: 25 cm</td><td>Normal outer &amp;oslash; 63&amp;nbsp;mm PVC pipe</td></tr><tr><td>U-PVC glue</td><td></td><td></td><td>U-PVC glue; to connect PVC parts</td></tr><tr><td>Metal clamp hoops (2)</td><td>Flexible between &amp;oslash; 35 mm - 51 mm</td><td>To connect the hose with the PVC pipes</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thread seal tape</td><td>Width: 18mm</td><td>Seal the hose-PVC connections</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Screws (3)</td><td></td><td>Length: 25&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>To connect PVC pipe 1 with the suction mouth of the machine</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Sampling net and enclosure&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Sampling net</td><td>Mesh size &amp;oslash;: 0.3 mm, Width of the mouth: 10&amp;nbsp;cm, Height: 30 cm</td><td>The sampling net has a conical shape.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bucket</td><td></td><td>Bottom &amp;oslash;: 40 cm, Volume: 50 L</td><td>Cut the bottom</td></tr><tr><td>Nylon sleeve</td><td></td><td>Mesh size &amp;oslash;: 0.3 mm, Length: 1 m</td><td>To cover the bucket as enclosure</td></tr></tbody></table>

modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for field sampling of arthropods

Los campos de arroz albergan una gran diversidad de artrópodos, pero la investigación de sus interacciones dinámicas de población y es un reto. Aquí se describe la modificación y aplicación de un soplador de hojas-aspiradora de succión para el muestreo de poblaciones de artrópodos en el arroz. Cuando se utiliza en combinación con un recinto, la aplicación de este dispositivo de muestreo proporciona estimaciones absolutos de las poblaciones de artrópodos como número por área de muestreo estandarizado. La eficiencia del muestreo depende fundamentalmente de la duración del muestreo. En un cultivo de arroz maduro, un muestreo de dos minutos en un recinto de 0,13 m 2 produce más de 90% de la población de artrópodos. El dispositivo también permite el muestreo de artrópodos que habitan en la superficie del agua o el suelo en los campos de arroz, pero no es adecuado para el muestreo rápido de insectos voladores, tales como odonatos depredadores o parasitoides himenópteros más grandes. El soplador-vac modificado es sencillo de construir, y más barato y más fácil de manejar que sampli aspiración tradicionaldispositivos Ng, tales como D-Vac. El bajo costo hace que el ventilador-vac modificada también accesibles a los investigadores en los países en desarrollo.

<html> Se recogieron un total de 295 artrópodos en 8 muestras de tres minutos ventilador-vac de un cultivo de arroz en la etapa de maduración en la provincia de Jiangxi, China, en septiembre de 2015. Para determinar la relación entre el rendimiento relativo (proporción de los artrópodos recogidos en la muestra ) y el muestreo de duración, cada muestra fue dividida en seis submuestras de 30 segundos cada uno. La media del número de individuos por muestra fue de 36,9 ± 4,1 (media ± SEM). Se encontró un total de ocho órdenes de artrópodos, con los hemípteros (28,8%), Araneae (27,5%) y Diptera (17,6%) siendo dominante (Figura 1). El rendimiento relativo, expresado como porcentaje del número de artrópodos recogidos después de tres minutos, fue 52,9% ± 5,1, 92,4 ± 1,9% y 97,3% ± 0,9 después de 30 segundos, 2 y 2,5 minutos, respectivamente (Figura 2). <html> 5 / 54655fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; Figura 1. Composición de especies (en el nivel de la orden) de las muestras de artrópodos en las afueras de la ciudad de Nanchang en la provincia de Jiangxi, China. Se tomaron ocho muestras con un soplador-vac de tres minutos cada uno. Las barras de error representan el error estándar de la media. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor, haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Rendimiento relativa acumulada como una función de la duración total de muestreo basado en submuestras de 30 segundos cada uno. El número total de artrópodos recogió sobre una duración de muestreo de tres minutos se fija en 100%. No hay artrópodos fueron encontrados en la inspección visual después de la última muestra del soplador-vac. Las barras de error representan los errores estándar de la media de ocho muestras de tres minutos.= &quot;Https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig2large.jpg&quot; target = &quot;_ blank&quot;&gt; Haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods at JoVE.com

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

La evaluación de la abundancia de artrópodos en los cultivos es fundamental para la investigación de la dinámica de poblaciones y las interacciones entre especies. Aquí se describe la modificación y aplicación de un soplador de hojas-aspiradora de succión para el muestreo de artrópodos en el arroz.

Modificación y aplicación de un soplador de hojas-vac de campo Muestreo de artrópodos

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

modification-application-leaf-blower-vac-for-field-sampling

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

8.7K vistas.  Wageningen University.  La evaluación de la abundancia de artrópodos en los cultivos es fundamental para la investigación de la dinámica de poblaciones y las interacciones entre especies. Aquí se describe la modificación y aplicación de un soplador de hojas-aspiradora de succión para el muestreo de artrópodos en el arroz. 

Video: Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae for Plant-pest Interaction Studies

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a ubiquitous polyphagous arthropod herbivore that feeds on a remarkably broad array of species, with more than 150 of economic value. It is a major pest of greenhouse crops, especially in Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae (e.g., tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, cucumbers, zucchini) and greenhouse ornamentals (e.g., roses, chrysanthemum, carnations), annual field crops (such as maize, cotton, soybean, and sugar beet), and in perennial cultures (alfalfa, strawberries, grapes, citruses, and plums)1,2. In addition to the extreme polyphagy that makes it an important agricultural pest, T. urticae has a tendency to develop resistance to a wide array of insecticides and acaricides that are used for its control3-7.
T. urticae is an excellent experimental organism, as it has a rapid life cycle (7 days at 27 &#176;C) and can be easily maintained at high density in the laboratory. Methods to assay gene expression (including in situ hybridization and antibody staining) and to inactivate expression of spider mite endogenous genes using RNA interference have been developed8-10. Recently, the whole genome sequence of T. urticae has been reported, creating an opportunity to develop this pest herbivore as a model organism with equivalent genomic resources that already exist in some of its host plants (Arabidopsis thaliana and the&#160;tomato Solanum lycopersicum)11. Together, these&#160;model organisms could provide insights into molecular bases of plant-pest interactions.
Here, an efficient method for quick and easy collection of a large number of adult female mites, their application on an experimental plant host, and the assessment of the plant damage due to spider mite feeding are described. The presented protocol enables fast and efficient collection of hundreds of individuals at any developmental stage (eggs, larvae, nymphs, adult males, and females) that can be used for subsequent experimental application.

Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae for Plant-pest Interaction Studies

Protocols for efficient preparation of homogenous samples of spider mites, infestation of experimental plants, and assessment of plant damage, as required for studies of plant-pest interaction were developed.

Aplicación de descubierto en dos de Spider Mite<em&gt; Tetranychus urticae</em&gt; Estudios interacción planta-plaga

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a ubiquitous polyphagous arthropod herbivore that feeds on a remarkably broad array of species, with ...

Investigación

Medio ambiente

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

Lysimetry Integrado de campo y toma de muestras de agua intersticial para la Evaluación de la Movilidad de Química en Suelos y Vegetación Establecido

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, un método mejorado para InEx<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Medición de las partículas y compuestos disueltos procesada por Alimentadores Active Suspension

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several limitations that have resulted in the exclusion of many species. Advances in the field over the last two decades have led occupational health researchers to turn to molecular-based approaches for identifying fungal hazards. These methods have resulted in the detection of many species within indoor and occupational environments that have not been detected using traditional methods. This protocol details an approach for determining fungal diversity within air samples through genomic DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and taxonomic identification of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. ITS sequencing results in the detection of many fungal species that are either not detected or difficult to identify to species level using culture or microscopy. While these methods do not provide quantitative measures of fungal burden, they offer a new approach to hazard identification and can be used to determine overall species richness and diversity within an occupational environment.

Determining the fungal diversity within an environment is a method utilized in occupational health studies to identify health hazards. This protocol describes DNA extraction from occupational air samples for amplification and sequencing of fungal ITS regions. This approach detects many fungal species that can be overlooked by traditional assessment methods.

Colección y extracción de muestras de aire profesional para análisis de ADN fúngico

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, we described a protocol for multiple analyses of the biological compositions in environmental PM. Five experiments are presented: (1) PM number monitoring by using a laser particle counter; (2) PM collection by using a cyclonic aerosol sampler; (3) PM collection by using a high-volume air sampler with filters; (4) culturable microbes collection by the Andersen six-stage sampler; and (5) detection of biological composition of environmental PM by bacterial 16SrDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing. We selected hazy days and a livestock farm as two typical examples of the application in this protocol. In this study, these two sampling methods, cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler, showed different sampling efficiency. The cyclonic aerosol sampler performed much better in terms of collecting bacteria, while these two methods showed the same efficiency in collecting fungi. Filter samplers can work under low temperature conditions while cyclonic aerosol samplers have a sampling limitation for temperature. A solid impacting sampler, such as an Andersen six-stage sampler, can be used to sample bioaerosols directly into the culture medium, which increases the survival rate of culturable microorganisms. However, this method mainly relies on culture while more than 99% of microbes cannot be cultured. DNA extracted from the culturable bacteria collected by the Andersen six-stage sampler and samples collected by cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler were detected by bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing.All the methods above may have wide application in many fields of study, such as environmental monitoring and airborne pathogen detection. From these results, we can conclude that these methods can be used under different conditions and may help other researchers further explore the health impacts of environmental bioaerosols.

Understanding the biological composition of environmental particulate matter is important for the study of its significant impacts on human health and disease spread. Here, we used three types of bioaerosol sampling methods and a biological analysis of airborne microbes to better explore airborne microbial communities under different environmental conditions.

Composición y análisis de la distribución de bioaerosoles bajo diferentes condiciones ambientales

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density requires a method with high detection probability and a known sampling area. While most described methods provide a qualitative or semi-quantitative estimate adequate for describing species presence, richness, and diversity, few provide an adequately consistent detection probability and known or consistent sampling areas to provide an index or estimate with adequate precision to detect differences in abundance across environmental, spatial, or temporal variables. We describe how to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate and quantify them. As we demonstrate, this method can be used at a landscape scale to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods with adequate precision to test for and describe how spatial, temporal, environmental, and ecological variables influence arthropod richness and abundance. This method allowed us to detect differences in density, richness, and diversity of leaf-dwelling arthropods among 5 genera of trees commonly found in southeastern deciduous forests.

We describe how to quantify leaf dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate for quantification.

Un método para cuantificar artrópodos que habitan en el follaje

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density ...

Quantifying Corticolous Arthropods Using Sticky Traps

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimate of density requires a method with high detection probability and a consistent sampling area. We used manufactured sticky traps to compare abundance, total length (a surrogate for biomass), richness, and Shannon diversity of corticolous arthropods among the boles of 5 tree species. Efficacy of this method was adequate to detect variation in corticolous arthropods among tree species and provide a standard error of the mean that was &#60;20% of the mean for all estimates with sample sizes from 7 to 15 individual trees of each species. Our results indicate, even with these moderate sample sizes, the level of precision of arthropod community metrics produced with this approach is adequate to address most ecological questions regarding temporal and spatial variation in corticolous arthropods. Results from this method differ from other quantitative approaches such as chemical knockdown, visual inspection, and funnel traps in that they provide an indication of corticolous arthropod activity over a relatively long-term, better including temporary bole residents, flying arthropods that temporarily land on the tree bole and crawling arthropods that use the tree bole as a travel route from the ground to higher forest foliage. Furthermore, we believe that commercially manufactured sticky traps provide more precise estimates and are logistically simpler than the previously described method of directly applying a sticky material to tree bark or applying a sticky material to tape or other type of backing and applying that to the tree bark.

We describe a semi-quantitative approach of measuring characteristics of corticolous (bark-dwelling) arthropod communities. We placed commercially manufactured sticky traps on tree boles to estimate abundance, total length (a surrogate to biomass), richness, and Shannon diversity for comparison among tree species.

Cuantificación de artrópodos corticolosos mediante trampas pegajosas

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimate of density ...

Low-Cost Automated Flight Intercept Trap for the Temporal Sub-Sampling of Flying Insects Attracted to Artificial Light at Night

Sampling methods are selected depending on the targeted species or the spatial and temporal requirements of the study. However, most methods for passive sampling of flying insects have a poor temporal resolution because it is time-consuming, costly and/or logistically difficult to perform. Effective sampling of flying insects attracted to artificial light at night (ALAN) requires sampling at user-defined time points (nighttime only) across well-replicated sites resulting in major time and labor-intensive survey effort or expensive automated technologies. Described here is a low-cost automated intercept trap that requires no specialist equipment or skills to construct and operate, making it a viable option for studies that require temporal sub-sampling across multiple sites. The trap can be used to address a wide range of other ecological questions that require a greater temporal and spatial scale than is feasible with previous trap technology.

To study the impacts of artificial light at night (ALAN) on nocturnal flying insects, sampling needs to be confined to nighttime. The protocol describes a low-cost automated flight intercept trap that allows researchers to sample at user-defined periods with increased replication.

Trampa de intercepción de vuelo automatizada de bajo costo para el submuestreo temporal de insectos voladores atraídos por la luz artificial por la noche

Sampling methods are selected depending on the targeted species or the spatial and temporal requirements of the study. However, most methods for passive ...

Rapid Isolation of Wild Nematodes by Baermann Funnel

Beyond being robust experimental model organisms, Caenorhabditis elegans and its relatives are also real animals that live in nature. Studies of wild nematodes in their natural environments are valuable for understanding many aspects of biology, including the selective regimes in which distinctive genomic and phenotypic characters evolve, the genetic basis for complex trait variation, and the natural genetic diversity fundamental to all animal populations. This manuscript describes a simple and efficient method for extracting nematodes from their natural substrates, including rotting fruits, flowers, fungi, leaf litter, and soil. The Baermann funnel method, a classical nematology technique, selectively isolates active nematodes from their substrates. Because it recovers nearly all active worms from the sample, the Baermann funnel technique allows for the recovery of rare and slow-growing genotypes that co-occur with abundant and fast-growing genotypes, which might be missed in extraction methods that involve multiple generations of reproduction. The technique is also well suited to addressing metagenetic, population-genetic, and ecological questions. It captures the entire population in a sample simultaneously, allowing an unbiased view of the natural distribution of ages, sexes, and genotypes. The protocol allows for deployment at scale in the field, rapidly converting substrates into worm plates, and the authors have validated it through fieldwork on multiple continents.

This protocol outlines a method for efficiently extracting live nematodes from natural substrates in the field.

Aislamiento rápido de nematodos silvestres por Baermann Funnel

Beyond being robust experimental model organisms, Caenorhabditis elegans and its relatives are also real animals that live in nature. Studies of wild ...

Genética

Electroantennographic Bioassay as a Screening Tool for Host Plant Volatiles

Plant volatiles play an important role in plant-insect interactions. Herbivorous insects use plant volatiles, known as kairomones, to locate their host plant.1,2 When a host plant is an important agronomic commodity feeding damage by insect pests can inflict serious economic losses to growers. Accordingly, kairomones can be used as attractants to lure or confuse these insects and, thus, offer an environmentally friendly alternative to pesticides for insect control.3 Unfortunately, plants can emit a vast number volatiles with varying compositions and ratios of emissions dependent upon the phenology of the commodity or the time of day. This makes identification of biologically active components or blends of volatile components an arduous process. To help identify the bioactive components of host plant volatile emissions we employ the laboratory-based screening bioassay electroantennography (EAG). EAG is an effective tool to evaluate and record electrophysiologically the olfactory responses of an insect via their antennal receptors. The EAG screening process can help reduce the number of volatiles tested to identify promising bioactive components. However, EAG bioassays only provide information about activation of receptors. It does not provide information about the type of insect behavior the compound elicits; which could be as an attractant, repellent or other type of behavioral response. Volatiles eliciting a significant response by EAG, relative to an appropriate positive control, are typically taken on to further testing of behavioral responses of the insect pest. The experimental design presented will detail the methodology employed to screen almond-based host plant volatiles4,5 by measurement of the electrophysiological antennal responses of an adult insect pest navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) to single components and simple blends of components via EAG bioassay. The method utilizes two excised antennae placed across a "fork" electrode holder. The protocol demonstrated here presents a rapid, high-throughput standardized method for screening volatiles. Each volatile is at a set, constant amount as to standardize the stimulus level and thus allow antennal responses to be indicative of the relative chemoreceptivity. The negative control helps eliminate the electrophysiological response to both residual solvent and mechanical force of the puff. The positive control (in this instance acetophenone) is a single compound that has elicited a consistent response from male and female navel orangeworm (NOW) moth. An additional semiochemical standard that provides consistent response and is used for bioassay studies with the male NOW moth is (Z,Z)-11,13-hexdecadienal, an aldehyde component from the female-produced sex pheromone.6-8

A method to rapidly screen host plant volatiles by measurement of the electrophysiological response of adult navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) antennae to single components and blends via electroantennographic analysis is demonstrated.

Bioensayo electroantenográfico como herramienta de detección de compuestos volátiles de las plantas hospederas

Plant volatiles play an important role in plant-insect interactions. Herbivorous insects use plant volatiles, known as kairomones, to locate their host ...

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