1. Cerebro mitocondrial aislamiento (Adaptado de Brown MR et al. 9) <ol><li> Sacrificar la rata utilizando métodos aprobados por el Cuidado de Animales institucional y el empleo Comisión (IACUC). </li><li> Cortar la cabeza del animal por decapitación, cortar la piel y exponer el cráneo. </li><li> Abra el cráneo suavemente cortando con unas tijeras o pinzas gubias. Retire el cerebro. </li><li> Picar finamente el cerebro sin cerebelo en tampón de aislamiento (véase el cuadro 1) y transferirlo a un ml de vidrio / teflón homogeneizadora 5 (ver lista de equipo). </li><li> Homogeneizar el tejido con cuidado 10 veces (sin burbujas), aproximadamente 5 min. </li><li> Centrifugar la muestra a 1500 × g durante 10 min a 4 ° C en una centrífuga de sobremesa. </li><li> Guardar el sobrenadante (mitocondrial y sinaptosomas) y desechar el sedimento (materiales nucleares y desechos celulares). Centrifugar a 16.000 × g durante 10 min a 4 ° C en una centrífuga de sobremesa. </li><li> Descartarsobrenadante y volver a suspender el pellet en 500 l de tampón de aislamiento. Interrumpir sinaptosomas con un vaso ruptura celular (ver lista de equipo). Aplicar una presión de 1200 psi durante 10 min, seguido de una descompresión rápida. </li><li> Capa de la mezcla en gradientes de Ficoll (ver Tabla 2), lugar en el SW-50.1 rotor y se centrifuga a 126500 × g durante 20 min a 4 ° C en una ultracentrífuga (ver lista de equipo). El sedimento es la mitocondria purificada, la capa entre las diferentes densidades de Ficoll es sinaptosomas ininterrumpido. </li><li> Lavar la pella por centrifugación en tampón de aislamiento a 16.000 × g durante 10 min a 4 ° C en una centrífuga de sobremesa. </li></ol> 2. Submitocondriales vesículas (SMV) Aislamiento (Adaptado de Chan et al. 10) <ol><li> Vuelva a suspender las mitocondrias en 200 l de tampón de aislamiento combinada con un volumen igual de 1% de digitonina y dejar reposar en hielo durante 15 min. </li><li> Agregue más Buff Aislamientoer y se centrifuga a 16.000 xg durante 10 min a 4 ° C en una centrífuga de sobremesa. Haga esto dos veces. </li><li> Vuelva a suspender el pellet en 200 l de tampón de aislamiento y añadir 2 l de 10% Lubrol PX (C12E9). Mezcle y deje reposar en hielo durante 15 min. </li><li> Capa de mezcla en tampón de aislamiento, lugar en SW-50.1 rotor y se centrifuga a 182000 × g a 4 º C durante 1 hora. </li><li> Lavar sedimento final mediante centrifugación en una centrífuga de sobremesa en tampón de aislamiento a 16.000 × g durante 10 min a 4 ° C. </li></ol> 3. Registro electrofisiológico <ol><li> Una típica plataforma de electrofisiología incluye un amplificador, un ordenador PC equipado con una interfaz de convertidor de analógico a digital Digidata 1440A en conjunto con software de pClamp10.0, manipuladores, un microscopio, una mesa de aislamiento de vibraciones, jaula de Faraday. </li><li> Tubos capilares de vidrio de borosilicato se insertan en un Flaming / Brown Micropipetas Extractor modelo P-87. Un programa de pipeta-extractor está optimizado paragenerar pipetas con resistencias entre 80 a 100 mW. </li><li> SMVS se colocan en una solución fisiológica intracelular (ATP se añadió en el momento apropiado durante la grabación) (Tabla 3). Pipetas de patch clamp se llenan con la misma solución (sin ATP). Las grabaciones se realizan mediante la formación de un sello giga-ohmios en SMVS a temperatura ambiente. Las vesículas se visualizan por microscopía de contraste de fases con un microscopio invertido Nikon o Zeiss. </li><li> El potencial de membrana se mantiene a voltajes que van desde -100 mV a + 100 mV durante períodos de 10 segundos. Las grabaciones se filtraron a 5 kHz utilizando los circuitos del amplificador. Nivel de ruido eléctrico o parásita no específica de menos de 1 pA son deseables para la grabación de éxito. </li><li> Los datos se analizaron con el software de Clampfit 10.0, por ejemplo, para determinar la frecuencia y la amplitud de los eventos de un solo canal. La dependencia de voltaje es determinada por el trazado de una relación actual tensión. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Cheng, W. C., Berman, S. B., Ivanovska, I., Jonas, E. A., Lee, S. J., Chen, Y., Kaczmarek, L. K., Pineda, F., Hardwick, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+factors+with+dual+roles+in+death+and+survival.">Mitochondrial factors with dual roles in death and survival.</a> Oncogene. 25, 4697-4705 (2006).</li><li>Duchen, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondria+and+calcium+in+health+and+disease.">Mitochondria and calcium in health and disease.</a> Cell Calcium. 44, 1-5 (2008).</li><li>Lemasters, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+mitochondrial+membrane+permeability+in+pathogenesis,+autophagy+and+control+of+metabolism.">Modulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability in pathogenesis, autophagy and control of metabolism.</a> J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22, S31-S37 (2007).</li><li>Cox, G. B., Jans, D. A., Fimmel, A. L., Gibson, F., Hatch, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypothesis.+The+mechanism+of+ATP+synthase.+Conformational+change+by+rotation+of+the+beta-subunit.">Hypothesis. The mechanism of ATP synthase. Conformational change by rotation of the beta-subunit.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 768, 201-208 (1984).</li><li>Cox, G. B., Fimmel, A. L., Gibson, F., Hatch, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanism+of+ATP+synthase:+a+reassessment+of+the+functions+of+the+b+and+a+subunits.">The mechanism of ATP synthase: a reassessment of the functions of the b and a subunits.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 849, 62-69 (1986).</li><li>Cory, S., Huang, D. C., Adams, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Bcl-2+family:+roles+in+cell+survival+and+oncogenesis.">The Bcl-2 family: roles in cell survival and oncogenesis.</a> Oncogene. 22, 8590-8607 (2003).</li><li>Vander Heiden, M. G., Thompson, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bcl-2+proteins:+regulators+of+apoptosis+or+of+mitochondrial+homeostasis.">Bcl-2 proteins: regulators of apoptosis or of mitochondrial homeostasis.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 1, 209-216 (1999).</li><li>Alavian, K. N., Li, H., Collis, L., Bonanni, L., Zeng, L., Sacchetti, S., Lazrove, E., Nabili, P., Flaherty, B., Graham, M., Chen, Y., Messerli, S. M., Mariggio, M. A., Rahner, C., McNay, E., Shore, G. C., Smith, P. J. S., Hardwick, J. M., Jonas, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bcl-xL+regulates+metabolic+efficiency+of+neurons+through+interaction+with+the+mitochondrial+F1FO+ATP+synthase.">Bcl-xL regulates metabolic efficiency of neurons through interaction with the mitochondrial F1FO ATP synthase.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 13 (10), 1224-1233 (2011).</li><li>Brown, M. R., Sullivan, P. G., Dorenbos, K. A., Modafferi, E. A., Geddes, J. W., Steward, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitrogen+disruption+of+synaptoneurosomes:+an+alternative+method+to+isolate+brain+mitochondria.">Nitrogen disruption of synaptoneurosomes: an alternative method to isolate brain mitochondria.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 137, 299-303 (2004).</li><li>Chan, T. L., Greenawalt, J. W., Pedersen, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+and+ultrastructural+properties+of+a+mitochondrial+inner+membrane+fraction+deficient+in+outer+membrane+and+matrix+activities.">Biochemical and ultrastructural properties of a mitochondrial inner membrane fraction deficient in outer membrane and matrix activities.</a> J. Cell Biol. 45 (2), 291-305 (1970).</li><li>Young, H. K. o., Delannoy, M., Hullihen, J., Chiu, W., Pedersen, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+ATP+Synthasomes.">Mitochondrial ATP Synthasomes.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 278 (14), 12305-12309 (2003).</li></ol>

No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

Los métodos descritos en este documento permiten el aislamiento de las mitocondrias pura al final de la etapa 1 y las vesículas submitocondriales (SMVS) después de la etapa 2 a partir de todo el cerebro y sin distinción de células phenotypes.SMVspurified por este método están esencialmente libres de contaminación por otros orgánulos subcelulares como se muestra en Figura 1 y nuestro trabajo anterior (Alavian KN et al. 8) y conservar su integridad estructural y funcional ante...

<table><tbody><tr><td>Potter-Elvehjem Tissue Grinder withPTFEPestle</td><td>Krackeler Scientific, Inc.</td><td>1-7725T-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf Centrifuge 5424 </td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5424 000.410</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4639 Cell Disruption Vessel</td><td>Parr Instrument Company</td><td>4639</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ficoll</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F5415</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate centrifuge tubes</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>P20314</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SW-50.1 rotor </td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L8-70M Ultracentrifuge</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digitonin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D5628</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubrol PX (C12E9) </td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>205534</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Axopatch 200B </td><td>Axon Instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digidata 1440A </td><td>Molecular Device</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pClamp10.0</td><td>Molecular Device</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Manipulator</td><td>Sutter Instrument</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass capillary</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>1308325</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller Model P-87</td><td>Sutter Instrument</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

f1fo atpase vesicle preparation and technique for performing patch clamp recordings of submitochondrial vesicle membranes

Las mitocondrias están implicadas en muchas funciones celulares importantes, incluyendo el metabolismo, la supervivencia a 1, el desarrollo y la señalización de calcio 2. Dos de las funciones mitocondriales más importantes están relacionados con la producción eficiente de ATP, la energía de la célula, por la fosforilación oxidativa, y la mediación de señales para la muerte celular programada 3. La enzima principal responsable de la producción de ATP es la sintasa F1FO-ATP, también llamada ATP sintasa 4-5. En los últimos años, el papel de las mitocondrias en la muerte celular apoptótica y necrótica ha recibido una atención considerable. En la muerte celular apoptótica, Bcl-2 proteínas de la familia tales como Bax entran en la membrana mitocondrial externa, oligomerize y permeabilizan la membrana externa, la liberación de factores pro-apoptóticos en el citosol 6. En la muerte celular necrótica clásico, tal como la producida por la isquemia o la excitotoxicidad en neuronas, un largE, aumento mal regulado en calcio matriz contribuye a la apertura de un poro de la membrana interna, el poro de transición de permeabilidad mitocondrial o mPTP. Esto despolariza la membrana interna y causa cambios osmóticos, lo que contribuye a la ruptura de la membrana externa, la liberación de factores pro-apoptóticos, y la disfunción metabólica. Muchas proteínas incluyendo Bcl-xL 7 interactúan con F1FO ATP sintasa, modulando su función. Bcl-xL interactúa directamente con la subunidad beta de la ATP sintasa F1FO, y esta interacción disminuye la conductancia de una fuga dentro de la F1FOATPasecomplex, el aumento de la red de transporte de H + por F1FO durante F1FO actividad ATPasa 8 y aumentando así la eficiencia mitocondrial. Para estudiar la actividad y la modulación de la ATP sintasa, se aislaron a partir de cerebro de roedores vesículas submitocondriales (SMVS) que contienen F1FO ATPasa. Los SMVS conservan la integridad estructural y funcional de la F1FO ATPasa como se muestra en Alavian et al. Aquí se describe un métodoque hemos usado con éxito para el aislamiento de SMVS de cerebro de rata y delinear la técnica de patch clamp para analizar la actividad del canal (la conductancia de iones de fuga) de los SMVS.

El primer paso de nuestro protocolo permite el aislamiento de mitocondrias purificadas como se muestra por Western blot en la Figura 1. En la Figura 2 se muestra un ejemplo de una grabación parche vesícula submitocondriales derivado del cerebro. Uso de la configuración de parche de dentro a fuera se demuestra la actividad del canal modulado por la ATP. El control (CTL) de grabación (izquierda) muestra la actividad del canal de múltiples conductancia con un pico de conductancia de 6...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes at JoVE.com

F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

Un método para aislar vesículas submitochondrial enriquecidas en F1FO complejos ATP sintasa de cerebro de rata se describe. Estas vesículas permiten el estudio de la actividad de ATPasa F1FO complejo y su modulación mediante la técnica de la grabación de patch clamp.

<sub&gt; 1</sub&gt; F<sub&gt; O</sub&gt; ATPasa preparación de vesículas y técnica para realizar Patch clamp grabaciones de membranas de la vesícula submitocondriales

Mitochondria are involved in many important cellular  functions including metabolism, survival1, development and, calcium signaling2. Two of the most ...

f1fo-atpase-vesicle-preparation-technique-for-performing-patch-clamp

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

10.2K vistas.  Yale University. Un método para aislar vesículas submitochondrial enriquecidas en F1FO complejos ATP sintasa de cerebro de rata se describe. Estas vesículas permiten el estudio de la actividad de ATPasa F1FO complejo y su modulación mediante la técnica de la grabación de patch clamp.

Video: F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

Detergent-free Ultrafast Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Lipid Bilayers Using Fusogenic Complementary-charged Proteoliposomes.

Detergents are indispensable for delivery of membrane proteins into 30-100 nm small unilamellar vesicles, while more complex, larger model lipid bilayers are less compatible with detergents.
Here we describe a strategy for bypassing this fundamental limitation using fusogenic oppositely charged liposomes bearing a membrane protein of interest. Fusion between such vesicles occurs within 5 min in a low ionic strength buffer. Positively charged fusogenic liposomes can be used as simple shuttle vectors for detergent-free delivery of membrane proteins into biomimetic target lipid bilayers, which are negatively charged. We also show how to reconstitute membrane proteins into fusogenic proteoliposomes with a fast 30-min protocol.
Combining these two approaches, we demonstrate a fast assembly of an electron transport chain consisting of two membrane proteins from E. coli, a primary proton pump bo3-oxidase and F1Fo ATP synthase, in membranes of vesicles of various sizes, ranging from 0.1 to &#62;10 microns, as well as ATP production by this chain.

Here we present two ultrafast protocols for reconstitution of membrane proteins into fusogenic proteoliposomes, and fusion of such proteoliposomes with target lipid bilayers for detergent-free delivery of these membrane proteins into the postfusion bilayer. The combination of these approaches enables fast and easily controlled assembly of complex multi-component membrane systems.

Libre de detergente ultra rápida reconstitución de proteínas de membrana en bicapas lipídicas soportadas utilizando fusogénicas complementarios cargados de Proteoliposomes.

Detergents are indispensable for delivery of membrane proteins into 30-100 nm small unilamellar vesicles, while more complex, larger model lipid bilayers ...

Investigación

Bioquímica

Isolation of F1-ATPase from the Parasitic Protist Trypanosoma brucei

F1-ATPase is a membrane-extrinsic catalytic subcomplex of F-type ATP synthase, an enzyme that uses the proton motive force across biological membranes to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The isolation of the intact F1-ATPase from its native source is an essential prerequisite to characterize the enzyme&#39;s protein composition, kinetic parameters, and sensitivity to inhibitors. A highly pure and homogeneous F1-ATPase can be used for structural studies, which provide insight into molecular mechanisms of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis. This article describes a procedure for the purification of the F1-ATPase from Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African trypanosomiases. The F1-ATPase is isolated from mitochondrial vesicles, which are obtained by hypotonic lysis from in vitro cultured trypanosomes. The vesicles are mechanically fragmented by sonication and the F1-ATPase is released from the inner mitochondrial membrane by the chloroform extraction. The enzymatic complex is further purified by consecutive anion exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Sensitive mass spectrometry techniques showed that the purified complex is devoid of virtually any protein contaminants and, therefore, represents suitable material for structure determination by X-ray crystallography or cryo-electron microscopy. The isolated F1-ATPase exhibits ATP hydrolytic activity, which can be inhibited fully by sodium azide, a potent inhibitor of F-type ATP synthases. The purified complex remains stable and active for at least three days at room temperature. Precipitation by ammonium sulfate is used for long-term storage. Similar procedures have been used for the purification of F1-ATPases from mammalian and plant tissues, yeasts, or bacteria. Thus, the presented protocol can serve as a guideline for the F1-ATPase isolation from other organisms.

Isolation of F1-ATPase from the Parasitic Protist Trypanosoma brucei

This protocol describes the purification of F1-ATPase from the cultured insect stage of Trypanosoma brucei. The procedure yields a highly pure, homogeneous, and active complex suitable for structural and enzymatic studies.

Aislamiento de F1-ATPasa de los Protista parásito Trypanosoma brucei

F1-ATPase is a membrane-extrinsic catalytic subcomplex of F-type ATP synthase, an enzyme that uses the proton motive force across biological membranes to ...

Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients

In a wide variety of fundamental cell processes, such as membrane trafficking and apoptosis, cell membrane shape transitions occur concurrently with local variations in calcium ion concentration. The main molecular components involved in these processes have been identified; however, the specific interplay between calcium ion gradients and the lipids within the cell membrane is far less known, mainly due to the complex nature of biological cells and the difficultly of observation schemes. To bridge this gap, a synthetic approach is successfully implemented to reveal the localized effect of calcium ions on cell membrane mimics. Establishing a mimic to resemble the conditions within a cell is a severalfold problem. First, an adequate biomimetic model with appropriate dimensions and membrane composition is required to capture the physical properties of cells. Second, a micromanipulation setup is needed to deliver a small amount of calcium ions to a particular membrane location. Finally, an observation scheme is required to detect and record the response of the lipid membrane to the external stimulation. This article offers a detailed biomimetic approach for studying the calcium ion-membrane interaction, where a lipid vesicle system, consisting of a giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) connected to a multilamellar vesicle (MLV), is exposed to a localized calcium gradient formed using a microinjection system. The dynamics of the ionic influence on the membrane were observed using fluorescence microscopy and recorded at video frame rates. As a result of the membrane stimulation, highly curved membrane tubular protrusions (MTPs) formed inside the GUV, oriented away from the membrane. The described approach induces the remodeling of the lipid membrane and MTP production in an entirely contactless and controlled manner. This approach introduces a means to address the details of calcium ion-membrane interactions, providing new avenues to study the mechanisms of cell membrane reshaping.

We present a technique for contactless micromanipulation of vesicles, using localized calcium ion gradients. Microinjection of a calcium ion solution, in the vicinity of a giant lipid vesicle, is utilized to remodel the lipid membrane, resulting in the production of membrane tubular protrusions.

Remodelación de membrana de vesículas gigantes en respuesta a gradientes del Ion de calcio localizada

In a wide variety of fundamental cell processes, such as membrane trafficking and apoptosis, cell membrane shape transitions occur concurrently with local ...

Química

A Model Membrane Platform for Reconstituting Mitochondrial Membrane Dynamics

Mitochondrial dynamics is essential for the organelle&#8217;s diverse functions and cellular responses. The crowded, spatially complex, mitochondrial membrane is a challenging environment to distinguish regulatory factors. Experimental control of protein and lipid components can help answer specific questions of regulation. Yet, quantitative manipulation of these factors is challenging in cellular assays. To investigate the molecular mechanism of mitochondria inner-membrane fusion, we introduced an in vitro reconstitution platform that mimics the lipid environment of the mitochondrial inner-membrane. Here we describe detailed steps for preparing lipid bilayers and reconstituting mitochondrial membrane proteins. The platform allowed analysis of intermediates in mitochondrial inner-membrane fusion, and the kinetics for individual transitions, in a quantitative manner. This protocol describes the fabrication of bilayers with asymmetric lipid composition and describes general considerations for reconstituting transmembrane proteins into a cushioned bilayer. The method may be applied to study other membrane systems.

Mitochondrial fusion is an important homeostatic reaction underlying mitochondrial dynamics. Described here is an in vitro reconstitution system to study mitochondrial inner-membrane fusion that can resolve membrane tethering, docking, hemifusion, and pore opening. The versatility of this approach in exploring cell membrane systems is discussed.

Una plataforma de membrana modelo para la reconstitución de la dinámica de membrana mitocondrial

Mitochondrial dynamics is essential for the organelle&#8217;s diverse functions and cellular responses. The crowded, spatially complex, mitochondrial ...

Assessment of Submitochondrial Protein Localization in Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Despite recent advances in the characterization of yeast mitochondrial proteome, the submitochondrial localization of a significant number of proteins remains elusive. Here, we describe a robust and effective method for determining the suborganellar localization of yeast mitochondrial proteins, which is considered a fundamental step during mitochondrial protein function elucidation. This method involves an initial step that consists of obtaining highly pure intact mitochondria. These mitochondrial preparations are then subjected to a subfractionation protocol consisting of hypotonic shock (swelling) and incubation with proteinase K (protease). During swelling, the outer mitochondrial membrane is selectively disrupted, allowing the proteinase K to digest proteins of the intermembrane space compartment. In parallel, to obtain information about the topology of membrane proteins, the mitochondrial preparations are initially sonicated, and then subjected to alkaline extraction with sodium carbonate. Finally, after centrifugation, the pellet and supernatant fractions from these different treatments are analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blot. The submitochondrial localization as well as the membrane topology of the protein of interest is obtained by comparing its western blot profile with known standards.

Assessment of Submitochondrial Protein Localization in Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Despite recent advances, many yeast mitochondrial proteins still remain with their functions completely unknown. This protocol provides a simple and reliable method to determine the submitochondrial localization of proteins, which has been fundamental for the elucidation of their molecular functions.

Evaluación de la localización de proteínas submitochondriales en levaduras en ciernes Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Despite recent advances in the characterization of yeast mitochondrial proteome, the submitochondrial localization of a significant number of proteins ...

Aislamiento de sitios de contacto mitocondrial

An Improved Method to Isolate Mitochondrial Contact Sites

Mitochondria are present in virtually all eukaryotic cells and perform essential functions that go far beyond energy production, for instance, the synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters, lipids, or proteins, Ca2+ buffering, and the induction of apoptosis. Likewise, mitochondrial dysfunction results in severe human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. In order to perform these functions, mitochondria have to communicate with the rest of the cell across their envelope, which consists of two membranes. Therefore, these two membranes have to interact constantly. Proteinaceous contact sites between the mitochondrial inner and outer membranes are essential in this respect. So far, several contact sites have been identified. In the method described here, Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria are used to isolate contact sites and, thus, identify candidates that qualify for contact site proteins. We used this method to identify the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex, one of the major contact site-forming complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane, which is conserved from yeast to humans. Recently, we further improved this method to identify a novel contact site consisting of Cqd1 and the Por1-Om14 complex.

Autor destacado: Desvelando los sitios de contacto mitocondrial y los conocimientos arquitectónicos 

Mitochondrial contact sites are protein complexes that interact with mitochondrial inner and outer membrane proteins. These sites are essential for the communication between the mitochondrial membranes and, thus, between the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix. Here, we describe a method to identify candidates qualifying for this specific class of proteins.

Un método mejorado para aislar los sitios de contacto mitocondrial

Mitochondria are present in virtually all eukaryotic cells and perform essential functions that go far beyond energy production, for instance, the ...

Preparation, Purification, and Use of Fatty Acid-containing Liposomes

Liposomes containing single-chain amphiphiles, particularly fatty acids, exhibit distinct properties compared to those containing diacylphospholipids due to the unique chemical properties of these amphiphiles. In particular, fatty acid liposomes enhance dynamic character, due to the relatively high solubility of single-chain amphiphiles. Similarly, liposomes containing free fatty acids are more sensitive to salt and divalent cations, due to the strong interactions between the carboxylic acid head groups and metal ions. Here we illustrate techniques for preparation, purification, and use of liposomes comprised in part or whole of single chain amphiphiles (e.g., oleic acids).

Liposomes containing single-chain amphiphiles, particularly fatty acids, exhibit distinct properties compared to those containing diacylphospholipids due to the unique chemical properties of single chain amphiphiles. Here we describe techniques for the preparation, purification, and use of liposomes comprised in part or whole of these amphiphiles.

Preparación, purificación y uso de liposomas que contienen ácidos grasos

Liposomes containing single-chain amphiphiles, particularly fatty acids, exhibit distinct properties compared to those containing diacylphospholipids due ...

Bioingeniería

Reconstitution of a Kv Channel into Lipid Membranes for Structural and Functional Studies

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined lipid composition. We are studying the lipid-dependent gating effects in a prototype voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel, and have worked out detailed procedures to reconstitute the channels into different membrane systems. Our reconstitution procedures take consideration of both detergent-induced fusion of vesicles and the fusion of protein/detergent micelles with the lipid/detergent mixed micelles as well as the importance of reaching an equilibrium distribution of lipids among the protein/detergent/lipid and the detergent/lipid mixed micelles. Our data suggested that the insertion of the channels in the lipid vesicles is relatively random in orientations, and the reconstitution efficiency is so high that no detectable protein aggregates were seen in fractionation experiments. We have utilized the reconstituted channels to determine the conformational states of the channels in different lipids, record electrical activities of a small number of channels incorporated in planar lipid bilayers, screen for conformation-specific ligands from a phage-displayed peptide library, and support the growth of 2D crystals of the channels in membranes. The reconstitution procedures described here may be adapted for studying other membrane proteins in lipid bilayers, especially for the investigation of the lipid effects on the eukaryotic voltage-gated ion channels.

Procedures for complete reconstitution of a prototype voltage-gated potassium channel into lipid membranes are described. The reconstituted channels are suitable for biochemical assays, electrical recordings, ligand screening and electron crystallographic studies. These methods may have general applications to the structural and functional studies of other membrane proteins.

La reconstitución de un canal Kv en las membranas lipídicas de Estudios estructurales y funcionales

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined ...

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La reconstitución de un canal Kv en las membranas lipídicas de Estudios estructurales y funcionales