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Chapter 27

Digestive System

Principales órganos del sistema digestivo
Principales órganos del sistema digestivo
The human digestive system consists of two major parts: the gastrointestinal — GI — tract and the accessory organs. The GI tract begins with ...
Peritoneo
Peritoneo
The peritoneum is the body's largest serous membrane enveloping the abdominal cavity. It has two portions — the parietal and visceral peritoneum ...
Histología del tracto gastrointestinal (GI)
Histología del tracto gastrointestinal (GI)
The gastrointestinal tract has four tissue layers. The innermost layer, mucosa, is characterized as a mucous membrane. It consists of an epithelium, ...
Irrigación nerviosa del tracto gastrointestinal
Irrigación nerviosa del tracto gastrointestinal
The gastrointestinal tract has its own intrinsic set of nerves forming the enteric nervous system or ENS,  which is partly controlled by the ...
Regulación del Aparato Digestivo
Regulación del Aparato Digestivo
Along with the enteric nervous system, digestive activity is regulated by mechanical and chemical stimuli and hormones. Various receptors located within ...
Suministro de sangre al sistema digestivo
Suministro de sangre al sistema digestivo
Splanchnic circulation refers to the network of blood vessels that supply and drain blood from the abdominal organs involved in digestion, including the ...
CAVIDAD ORAL
CAVIDAD ORAL
The oral cavity, or mouth, comprises the lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue. The walls of the mouth are lined with thick, stratified squamous epithelium, ...
Lengua
Lengua
The tongue, an accessory digestive organ, forms the floor of the oral cavity and extends into the oropharynx. It is composed of two types of skeletal ...
Glándulas salivales y saliva
Glándulas salivales y saliva
Saliva is composed of 97 to 99.5% water. The remaining proportion includes enzymes such as lipases and amylases, electrolytes, dissolved gasses, IgA, ...
Dientes
Dientes
Teeth are accessory digestive organs that aid in physically breaking down food.  The gums, or gingivae, of both the mandible and maxilla hold the ...
Anatomía dental
Anatomía dental
The tooth has a crown and a root connected via a constricted area known as the neck. The crown is visible above the gingivae and is protected by enamel. ...
Esófago
Esófago
The esophagus is a muscular conduit approximately 25 cm long that helps transport food from the mouth to the stomach. It courses through the mediastinum ...
Deglución
Deglución
Deglutition, or swallowing, is a mechanism that transports food from the mouth to the stomach. This process has three stages — the buccal, ...
Anatomía macroscópica del estómago
Anatomía macroscópica del estómago
The stomach is a J-shaped organ connecting the esophagus to the duodenal end of the small intestine in the abdominal cavity. The size and shape of the ...
Histología estomacal
Histología estomacal
The stomach wall consists of several layers, including the serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, and mucosa. The outermost layer, the serosa, is composed ...
Hormonas secretadas por el estómago
Hormonas secretadas por el estómago
The specialized enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands secrete most of the digestive hormones. These cells, such as the G, D, and ...
Fase cefálica de la digestión
Fase cefálica de la digestión
Digestion has three overlapping phases — cephalic, gastric, and intestinal — based on the location of their control center. The cephalic phase ...
Fase gástrica de la digestión
Fase gástrica de la digestión
Local, neural and hormonal mechanisms trigger the gastric phase after food enters the stomach, lasting approximately 3-4 hours. The incoming food bolus ...
Fase intestinal de la digestión
Fase intestinal de la digestión
After the gastric phase, the chyme from the stomach moves into the small intestine, gradually decreasing the stomach distention. In contrast, the arrival ...
Barrera mucosa del estómago
Barrera mucosa del estómago
In the gastric glands, the parietal cells are involved in hydrochloric acid or HCl formation. These cells first synthesize carbonic acid, which ...
Motilidad gástrica
Motilidad gástrica
Gastric motility is the coordinated movement of stomach muscles and secretions, which propels food and liquids through the stomach. As the swallowed food ...
Vaciamiento gástrico
Vaciamiento gástrico
Gastric emptying is the gradual release of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum. Stomach distention triggers the gastroenteric reflex, releasing ...
Anatomía macroscópica del hígado
Anatomía macroscópica del hígado
The liver is the largest gland in the body, weighing approximately 1.4 kg in adults. It is wedge-shaped and located more in the right hypochondriac and ...
Histología hepática
Histología hepática
The liver comprises several histological components, such as hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, and sinusoids. Hepatocytes are specialized epithelial cells ...
Bilis
Bilis
Bile is a yellow-green alkaline liquid secreted by the liver into the right and left hepatic ducts and then into the common hepatic duct. From here, it ...
Vesícula biliar
Vesícula biliar
The gallbladder is a muscular sac located in a shallow fossa on the inferior surface of the liver. It measures about 10 cm in length and is roughly the ...
Fisiología hepática
Fisiología hepática
Liver functions primarily include bile production, metabolic regulation, and hematological functions. During carbohydrate metabolism, the liver regulates ...
Enfermedades del hígado y la vesícula biliar
Enfermedades del hígado y la vesícula biliar
Prominent liver and gallbladder diseases include cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD, and gallstones. Cirrhosis is a liver ...
Páncreas
Páncreas
The pancreas is a pinkish-gray organ located behind the stomach. It extends from the duodenum to the spleen. It can be divided into a broad head located ...
Jugo y secreción pancreática
Jugo y secreción pancreática
Pancreatic juice is a colorless liquid composed of water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes secreted by the exocrine cells. During digestion, chyme ...
Intestino delgado
Intestino delgado
The small intestine is a tubular structure extending from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the ileocecal valve of the large intestine. This long, ...
Histología del intestino delgado
Histología del intestino delgado
The histology of each part of the small intestine varies. The jejunum has the most prominent folds and villi, while the distal ileum has fewer folds but ...
Digestión mecánica y química en el intestino delgado
Digestión mecánica y química en el intestino delgado
The small intestine plays a crucial role in our digestive system, performing both mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion in the small ...
Intestino grueso
Intestino grueso
The large intestine is divided into three main regions: the cecum, colon, and rectum. Extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus, it frames the small ...
Histología del intestino grueso
Histología del intestino grueso
The large intestine, a vital component of the gastrointestinal tract, is structured with four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. ...
Flora bacteriana de la gran

Intestino
Flora bacteriana de la gran Intestino
The vast and varied community of bacteria colonizing the large intestine forms the gut microbiome. Bacteria start residing in the gut at birth and ...
Funciones digestivas del intestino grueso
Funciones digestivas del intestino grueso
The final stages of digestion occur in the large intestine when the cecum receives chyme, which has little nutritional value except for the indigestible ...
Absorción de nutrientes
Absorción de nutrientes
During digestion in the small intestine, macromolecules— carbohydrates, proteins, and fats — are broken down into their simplest forms. These ...
Formación de heces y defecación
Formación de heces y defecación
After spending 3 to 10 hours in the large intestine, chyme loses a lot of water and becomes feces, the final product of digestion. Feces consist of ...
Otros Trastornos del Sistema Digestivo
Otros Trastornos del Sistema Digestivo
The gastrointestinal tract of the digestive system is susceptible to various disorders. The incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter results in the ...
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