Wir bedanken uns bei M. Nakayama, S. Toyohisa, A. Fukushima und Y. Ishida für unterstützt, den Versuchsaufbau. Wir dankbar anerkennen, Finanzierung von JSPS Grantin-Hilfe für wissenschaftliche Forschung (B) durch Projekt Nr. 26287061 und für junge Wissenschaftler (B) durch Projekt Nr. 15K 17675. Diese Arbeit wurde auch unterstützt durch MEXT of Japan (innovativer Bereich "topologische Werkstoffwissenschaft," gewähren Nr. 16 H 00979) und JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Nr. 16 H 02209)

1. Probe Montage und Installation
<ol><li>Einkristall Proben von Bi2Se313 in eine ungefähre Größe von 1 × 1 × 0,5 mm geschnitten3 und Nutzung Splitter-basierte Epoxy, die Probe der Probenhalter zu kleben.</li>
	<li>Fügen Sie das Klebeband auf der Probenoberfläche. Hinweis: Das tesaband dient zum Spalten der Probe in ultrahigh Vakuumkammer (UHV) eine atomar saubere Oberfläche zu erhalten.</li>
	<li>Installieren Sie des Beispiels in die Probe Magazin in die Last-Sperre, und starten Sie die Pumpe, bis der Druck des Schlosses Last niedriger als 1 × 10-5 PA.</li>
</ol>2. Beispiel Spalten
<ol><li>Öffnen Sie das UHV-Ventil zwischen der Last-Schloss und der UHV-Vorbereitung-Kammer.</li>
	<li>Verschieben Sie das Probe-Magazin aus dem Last-Felsen Vorbereitung Kammer mithilfe der linearen/Rotary Durchführung die Schleusenkammer Last befestigt ist.</li>
	<li>Abholen der Probe aus der Probe Magazin von der Transfer-Rod an der Vorbereitung Kammer angebracht.</li>
	<li>Wieder das Beispiel Magazin ins Last Schloss und schließen Sie UHV Ventil.</li>
	<li>Warten Sie, bis der Druck der Vorbereitung Kammer unterhalb 5 × 10-7 PA.</li>
	<li>Schälen Sie das tesaband Wobble Stick in der Vorbereitung-Kammer mit und Spalten Sie die Probe unter der UHV-Bedingung.</li>
</ol>(3) Probentransfer, die Messposition
<ol><li>Übertragen Sie die Probe auf die UHV-Messkammer, und beheben Sie die Probe Gonio-Hauptbühne durch den Schraubenzieher mit der Messkammer ausgestattet.</li>
	<li>Verschieben Sie die Gonio-Phase, die Messposition und genau Probenposition auf den Schwerpunkt des Spektrometers verschieben mithilfe der Mikrometer-Bühne.</li>
</ol>4. 7eV-Laser-Setup
<ol><li>Schalten Sie die Nd:YVO4-Laser. Hinweis: Der Laser erzeugt 355 nm Laserlicht mit einer hohen Wiederholungsrate von 120 MHz.</li>
	<li>Den Laser-Strahl-Verschluss zu öffnen, und sicherstellen, dass der Laser die KBBF Kristall und eine zweite harmonische Welle von 177 durchläuft nm (6,994 eV) generiert.</li>
	<li>Optimieren Sie die Leistung des 7eV-Lasers durch eine Änderung der Leistung des Lasers mit der Variable Abschwächer 355 nm.</li>
</ol>5. ARPES Datenerfassung
<ol><li>Die Analysator Steuerungssoftware auf dem Desktop-Computer zu öffnen. Hinweis: Wir verwenden "SES-Software", die ein allgemeines Programm für steuernde ScientaOmicron Analyzer mit einem Elektron-Deflektor ist.</li>
	<li>Wählen Sie Setup... unter Sequenz im Menü bar (Bild 2, Schritt i. 2-1).</li>
	<li>Wählen Sie ARPES Konfiguration (Abbildung 3, Schritt i. 3-1) und ARPES Mapping in der Liste (Abbildung 3, Schritt i. 3-2) zur Durchführung Fermi Oberfläche Zuordnung mit dem Photoelektronen-Deflektor.</li>
	<li>Klicken Sie auf Bearbeiten (Abbildung 3, Schritt i. 3-3) und konfigurieren Sie Fermi Oberfläche Zuordnung von-12 ° bis 12 ° ein Emissionswinkel θy mit Schrittweite von 0,5 ° (Abbildung 3, Schritt i. 3-4). Hinweis: Der halbkugelförmige Analyzer mit einem Elektron-Deflektor ermöglicht uns die Fermi Oberfläche ohne die Probe Rotationen zuordnen.</li>
	<li>Klicken Sie auf Ausführen (Abbildung 2, Schritt i. 2-3).</li>
</ol>6. SARPES Datenerfassung
<ol><li>Manuell ändern der Maschineneinstellung zur SARPES Messung einschließlich der Analysator Einlauföffnung und Maschenweite (Abbildung 1).</li>
	<li>Wählen Sie Setup... unter Sequenz im Menü bar (Bild 2, Schritt i. 2-2).</li>
	<li>Wählen Sie Konfiguration drehen (Abbildung 4, Schritt i. 4-1) und Normal in der Liste (Abbildung 4, Schritt i. 4-2), und klicken Sie auf "OK" (Abbildung 4, Schritt i. 4-3).</li>
	<li>DA30 (Abbildung 5, Schritt i. 5-1) auf die Menüleiste und Kontrolle Thetaauswählen... (Abbildung 5, Schritt i. 5-2) um die Einstellung für die DA30 Winkel (θX, θy) Konfiguration zu öffnen.</li>
	<li>Wählen Sie den Emissionswinkel (θX, θy) = (-6 °, 0 ° c) zu SARPES Spektren (Abbildung 5, Schritt i. 5-3).</li>
	<li>Magnetisches Feld durch die Kontrolle der bipolaren Kondensator-Bank um das VLEED Ziel in positiver Richtung entlang der bestimmten Achse magnetisieren gelten (α: X, yoder Z). Hinweis: In unserem System kann dieser Prozess über Eingabeaufforderung [Abb. 6 (a)] erfolgen.</li>
	<li>Klicken Sie auf Ausführen , um Intensität Spektrum (Abbildung 2, Schritt i. 2-3) zu nehmen.</li>
	<li>Legen Sie Magnetfeld um das VLEED Ziel in negativer Richtung entlang α zu magnetisieren und Scan Intensität Spektrum zu starten.</li>
	<li>Berechnen der Spinpolarisation und die Spin-gelöst-Spektren.</li>
</ol>7. Scannen die Lichtpolarisation Abhängigkeit
<ol><li>Ändern Sie den Winkel der λ/2-Waveplate exakt gesteuert durch die Schrittmotor Tune die Lichtpolarisation des 7 eV-Lasers. Hinweis: In unserem System kann dieser Prozess über Eingabeaufforderung [Abb. 6 (b)] erfolgen.</li>
	<li>Nehmen Sie die Drehung gelöst Spektren für X, y und Z -Achsen.</li>
	<li>Scannen Sie die Drehung gelöst Spektren als Funktion der Lichtpolarisation mit den halben Waveplate Winkel von 0° bis 102° mit Schrittweite von 3°.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Damascelli, A., Hussain, Z., Shen, Z. -. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angle-resolved+photoemission+studies+of+the+cuprate+superconductors.">Angle-resolved photoemission studies of the cuprate superconductors.</a> Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 (2), 473-541 (2003).</li><li>Qiao, S., Kimura, A., Harasawa, A., Sawada, M., Chung, J. -. G., Kakizaki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+compact+electron+spin+polarimeter+with+a+high+efficiency.">A new compact electron spin polarimeter with a high efficiency.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68 (12), 4390-4395 (1997).</li><li>Dil, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spin+and+angle+resolved+photoemission+on+non-magnetic+low-dimensional+systems.">Spin and angle resolved photoemission on non-magnetic low-dimensional systems.</a> J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 21 (40), 403001 (2009).</li><li>Hoesch, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spin-polarized+Fermi+surface+mapping.">Spin-polarized Fermi surface mapping.</a> J. Electron Spectrosc. 124 (2), 263-279 (2002).</li><li>Souma, S., Takayama, S., Sugawara, K., Sato, T., Takahashi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrahigh-resolution+spin-resolved+photoemission+spectrometer+with+a+mini+Mott+detector.">Ultrahigh-resolution spin-resolved photoemission spectrometer with a mini Mott detector.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 (9), 096101 (2010).</li><li>Okuda, T., Kimura, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spin-+and+angle-resolved+photoemission+of+strongly+spin-orbit+coupled+systems.">Spin- and angle-resolved photoemission of strongly spin-orbit coupled systems.</a> J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 82 (2), 021002 (2013).</li><li>Okuda, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+spin-polarized+photoemission+spectrometer+with+very+high+efficiency+and+energy+resolution.">A new spin-polarized photoemission spectrometer with very high efficiency and energy resolution.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79 (12), 123117 (2008).</li><li>Jozwiak, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-efficiency+spin-resolved+photoemission+spectrometer+combining+time-of-flight+spectroscopy+with+exchange-scattering+polarimetry.">A high-efficiency spin-resolved photoemission spectrometer combining time-of-flight spectroscopy with exchange-scattering polarimetry.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 (5), 053904 (2010).</li><li>Okuda, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+spin+resolved+spectroscopy+observation+machine+at+Hiroshima+Synchrotron+Radiation+Center.">Efficient spin resolved spectroscopy observation machine at Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82 (10), 103302 (2011).</li><li>Yaji, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+three-dimensional+spin-+and+angle-resolved+photoelectron+spectrometer+using+vacuum+ultraviolet+laser+light.">High-resolution three-dimensional spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometer using vacuum ultraviolet laser light.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 (5), 053111 (2016).</li><li>Shimojima, T., Okazaki, K., Shin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-temperature+and+high-energy-resolution+laser+photoemission+spectroscopy.">Low-temperature and high-energy-resolution laser photoemission spectroscopy.</a> J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 84 (7), 072001 (2015).</li><li>Augustine, S., Mathai, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth,+morphology,+and+microindentation+analysis+of+Bi2Se3,+Bi1.8In0.2Se3,+and+Bi2Se2.8Te0.2+single+crystals.">Growth, morphology, and microindentation analysis of Bi2Se3, Bi1.8In0.2Se3, and Bi2Se2.8Te0.2 single crystals.</a> Mater. Res. Bull. 36 (13), 2251-2261 (2001).</li><li>Hasan, M. Z., Kane, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colloquium:+Topological+insulators.">Colloquium: Topological insulators.</a> Rev. Mod. Phys. 82 (4), 3045-3067 (2010).</li><li>Ando, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topological+insulator+materials.">Topological insulator materials.</a> J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 82 (10), 102011 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, H., Liu, C. -. X., Qi, X. -. L., Dai, X., Fang, Z., Zhang, S. -. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topological+insulators+in+Bi2Se3,+Bi2Te3+and+Sb2Te3+with+a+single+Dirac+cone+on+the+surface.">Topological insulators in Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 with a single Dirac cone on the surface.</a> Nature Phys. 5 (6), 438-442 (2009).</li><li>Cao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+orbital+wavefunction+of+the+surface+states+in+three-dimensional+topological+insulators.">Mapping the orbital wavefunction of the surface states in three-dimensional topological insulators.</a> Nature Phys. 9 (8), 499-504 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, H., Liu, C. -. X., Zhang, S. -. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spin-orbital+texture+in+topological+insulators.">Spin-orbital texture in topological insulators.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 (6), 066801 (2013).</li><li>Kuroda, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coherent+control+over+three-dimensional+spin-polarization+for+the+spin-orbit+coupled+surface+state+of+Bi2Se3.">Coherent control over three-dimensional spin-polarization for the spin-orbit coupled surface state of Bi2Se3.</a> Phys. Rev. B. 94 (16), 165162 (2016).</li><li>Meier, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interference+of+spin+states+in+photoemission+from+Sb/Ag(111)+surface+alloys.">Interference of spin states in photoemission from Sb/Ag(111) surface alloys.</a> J Phys-Condens Mat. 23 (7), 072207 (2011).</li><li>Dil, J. H., Meier, F., Osterwalder, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rashba-type+spin+splitting+and+spin+interference+of+the+Cu(111)+surface+state+at+room+temperature.">Rashba-type spin splitting and spin interference of the Cu(111) surface state at room temperature.</a> J Electron Spectrosc. 201, 42-46 (2015).</li><li>Yaji, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spin-dependent+quantum+interference+in+photoemission+process+from+spin-orbit+coupled+states.">Spin-dependent quantum interference in photoemission process from spin-orbit coupled states.</a> Nature Commun. 8, 14588 (2017).</li><li>Noguchi, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+mapping+of+spin+and+orbital+entangled+wave+functions+under+interband+spin-orbit+coupling+of+giant+Rashba+spin-split+surface+states.">Direct mapping of spin and orbital entangled wave functions under interband spin-orbit coupling of giant Rashba spin-split surface states.</a> Phys. 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Die Autoren erklären, dass sie keine finanziellen Interessenkonflikte.

ARPES und SARPES Techniken wurden häufig verwendet für das Studium der elektronischen Bandstrukturen durch die Zuordnung von Band und Spin-Erkennung1,2. Neben diesen allgemeinen Vorteilen, die oben gezeigt kann Laser-SARPES basierend auf orbital Auswahlregel in optischen Dipol Erregung als eine neuartige Technik zur Visualisierung des Spin-Orbital-Kupplung-Effekts in der Wellenfunktion und Quantum Spin Eingriff eingesetzt werden . Wie in Ab...

Winkel gelöst fotoemission Spektroskopie (ARPES) Technik entwickelte sich zu einer der mächtigsten Werkzeug Bandstrukturen Quasiteilchen in Festkörpern1zu untersuchen. Die meisten von attraktive Eigenschaft der ARPES ist die Fähigkeit zur Band-Mapping, um elektronische Staaten im Energie- und Impulserhaltung Raum charakterisieren. Spin-resolved ARPES (SARPES), die hier mit Spin-Detektoren, z.B.ausgestattet ist. Mott-Detektor2,3, weitere ermöglicht es uns, den Spin-Charakter der beobachteten Band Strukturen4zu lösen. Da der Mott-Detektor die Spin mit zwei Achsen (X und Zoder y und Z) messen kann, ermöglicht die Kombination der beiden Mott Detektoren weiter Spin-Orientierung in drei Dimensionen4,5 zu erhalten . Seit mehreren Jahrzehnten jedoch die SARPES Experimente waren litt ihre geringe Effizienz (in der Regel 1/10000 im Vergleich dazu für Spin-integrierte ARPES Messung)3,4,5,6 ,7, die die Energie und eckige Auflösung begrenzt hatte. Vor kurzem wurde die Energieauflösung von SARPES mit einem hocheffizienten Spin-Detektor basierend auf Exchange-Streuung, die so genannte sehr-niedrig-Energie-Elektronenbeugung (VLEED) Detektor7,8,9 erhöht ,10. Mit diesem Detektor die Datenqualität wurde deutlich verbessert und die Daten Akquisition verkürzt. Vor kurzem gelungen, SARPES stark um Spin-polarisierten elektronische Staaten und vor allem Spin-Bahn Kopplung Effekts in der Spin-Textur der Oberfläche Bands7zu beheben.
Hier beschäftigen wir SARPES Messungen mit einer Polarisation-Variable Vakuum-Ultraviolett laser-Licht (Laser-SARPES) und die großen Vorteile dieser kombinierten Technik zu demonstrieren. Durch die Untersuchung auf die Spin-Bahn-Verbindung Oberfläche Staaten Bi2Se3präsentieren wir Ihnen zwei Möglichkeiten der Laser-SARPES. Erstens wegen der orbital Auswahlregel linear polarisierten Laser in Dipol Übergang Regime, p- und s-polarisiertes Licht selektiv begeistern einen Teil des Eigen-Wellenfunktionen mit verschiedenen orbitalen Symmetrie. Solch eine orbitale selektive Anregung gibt es dabei in SARPES, nämlich Orbital-selektive SARPES. Zweitens, dreidimensionale (3D) Spin-Erfassung in SARPES zeigt die Richtung der Drehachse Quanten und direkt zeigt vollständige Informationen über die Licht-Polarisation-Abhängigkeit. In diesem Protokoll beschreiben wir kurz eine Methodik um diese State-of-the-Art Laser-SARPES Technik um die starken Spin-Bahn Kopplung Auswirkungen zu studieren.
Unsere Laser-SARPES-System befindet sich am Institut für Festkörperphysik, The University of Tokyo11. Die schematische Zeichnung unserer Laser-SAPRES-Maschine ist in Abbildung 1dargestellt. Die Polarisation-Variable 7-eV Laser Licht12 erhellt die Probenoberfläche und der Photoelektronen werden aus der Probe abgegeben. Die Polarisation der Laser automatisch gesteuert MgF2- basierte λ/2- und λ/4-wellenplatten, lineare und zirkularen Polarisationen selektiv zu verwenden. Eine halbkugelförmige Elektron-Analysator korrigiert die Photoelektronen und analysiert ihre kinetische Energie (EKin) und Emissionswinkel (θX und θy). Die Photoelektronen Intensitäten werden auf der EKin-θX Bildschirm überwacht von einer CCD-Kamera abgebildet. Dieses Bild wird direkt in die Energie-Bandstruktur im reziproken Raum umgewandelt.
Für SARPES Messung der Photoelektronen mit einem bestimmten Abstrahlwinkel und die kinetische Energie von den Elektronen-Analyzer analysiert orientieren sich an zwei VLEED-Typ-Spin-Detektoren mit einem 90-Grad-Photoelektronen-Deflektor und Photoelektronen Balken konzentrieren sich auf zwei verschiedene Ziele der Fe(001) -p(1 × 1) Filme von Sauerstoff gekündigt. Die Photoelektronen reflektierten die Ziele werden in einzelne Kanalerkennung erkannt, mithilfe einer Channeltrons in jeder Spin-Detektor gelegt. Die VLEED Ziele können mit Helmholtz-Typ elektrische Spulen magnetisiert werden, die mit orthogonalen Geometrie zueinander angeordnet sind. Die Magnetisierungsrichtung der bipolaren Kondensator-Bank gesteuert. Die doppelte VLEED Spin-Detektoren ermöglichen dabei den Spinpolarisation Vektor der Photoelektronen in drei Dimensionen zu analysieren.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DA30-L hemispherical analyzer</td>
			<td>ScientaOmicron</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.scientaomicron.com/en/products/353/1170</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver-based epoxy</td>
			<td>Epoxy Technology</td>
			<td>H20E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sctoch tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>801-1-18C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UHV valve</td>
			<td>VAT</td>
			<td>01034-KE01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>linear/rotary feedthrough</td>
			<td>Ferrovac</td>
			<td>MD40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transfer rod</td>
			<td>UHV design</td>
			<td>PP series</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>wobble stick</td>
			<td>Ferrovac</td>
			<td>WM40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paladin compact 355</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>half waveplate</td>
			<td>Kogakugiken</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>order made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bipolar condenser bank</td>
			<td>Tsuji electronics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental methods for spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined with polarization-variable laser

Das Ziel dieses Protokolls ist zu präsentieren wie Spin und Winkel gelöst fotoemission Spektroskopie kombiniert mit Polarisation-Variable 7-eV Laser (Laser-SARPES) durchgeführt, und eine Leistung von dieser Technik für das Studium der Festkörperphysik zu demonstrieren. Laser-SARPES erreicht zwei große Fähigkeiten. Erstens kann durch die Untersuchung orbital Auswahlregel linear polarisierten Laser, orbital selektive Anregung in SAPRES Experiment durchgeführt werden. Zweitens kann die Technik umfassend eine Variation der Quanten Drehachse in Abhängigkeit von der Lichtpolarisation zeigen. Um die Leistungsfähigkeit der Zusammenarbeit dieser Funktionen in Laser-SARPES demonstrieren, wenden wir diese Technik für die Untersuchungen der Spin-Bahn-Verbindung Oberfläche Staaten Bi2Se3. Diese Technik bietet, Spin und Orbital-Komponenten aus der Spin-Bahn-Verbindung-Wellenfunktionen zu zerlegen. Darüber, wie ein repräsentative Vorteil bei der Verwendung der direkten Spin-Erkennung mit der Polarisation-Variable Laser zusammenarbeitete, visualisiert die Technik eindeutig die Lichtpolarisation Abhängigkeit der Quanten Drehachse in drei Dimension. Laser-SARPES steigt dramatisch an eine Fähigkeit der Photonenemission Technik.

Bevor Sie beginnen SARPES Experimente, müssen k Positionen genau bestimmt werden, für die Aufnahme von Spin gelöst Spektrum mit hohen statistischen Spin-integrierte ARPES Ergebnisse mit hoher Energie - und kantig-Auflösungen (Protokoll 5.1-5.5). Dies wird in Abbildung 7 gezeigt, wo die ARPES Ergebnisse für eine Bi-2Se3 Einkristall vorgestellt werden. Dieses Material ist als prototypische topologischer Isolator mit einem Spi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser at JoVE.com

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Hier kombinieren wir Polarisation-Variable 7-eV Laser mit Spin und Winkel gelöst fotoemission Technik, die Spin-Orbital Kupplung Wirkung in Festkörpern zu visualisieren.

Experimentelle Methoden für Spin - und Winkel-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy kombiniert mit Polarisation-Variable Laser

The goal of this protocol is to present how to perform spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined with polarization-variable 7-eV laser ...

experimental-methods-for-spin-angle-resolved-photoemission

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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JoVE Journal

Engineering

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Serie: Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

The physical properties of a material are defined by its electronic structure. Electrons in solids are characterized by energy (&omega;) and momentum (k) and the probability to find them in a particular state with given &omega; and k is described by the spectral function A(k, &omega;). This function can be directly measured in an experiment based on the well-known photoelectric effect, for the explanation of which Albert Einstein received the Nobel Prize back in 1921. In the photoelectric effect the light shone on a surface ejects electrons from the material. According to Einstein, energy conservation allows one to determine the energy of an electron inside the sample, provided the energy of the light photon and kinetic energy of the outgoing photoelectron are known. Momentum conservation makes it also possible to estimate k relating it to the momentum of the photoelectron by measuring the angle at which the photoelectron left the surface. The modern version of this technique is called Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES) and exploits both conservation laws in order to determine the electronic structure, i.e. energy and momentum of electrons inside the solid. In order to resolve the details crucial for understanding the topical problems of condensed matter physics, three quantities need to be minimized: uncertainty* in photon energy, uncertainty in kinetic energy of photoelectrons and temperature of the sample.
In our approach we combine three recent achievements in the field of synchrotron radiation, surface science and cryogenics. We use synchrotron radiation with tunable photon energy contributing an uncertainty of the order of 1 meV, an electron energy analyzer which detects the kinetic energies with a precision of the order of 1 meV and a He3 cryostat which allows us to keep the temperature of the sample below 1 K. We discuss the exemplary results obtained on single crystals of Sr2RuO4 and some other materials. The electronic structure of this material can be determined with an unprecedented clarity.

The overall goal of this method is to determine the low-energy electronic structure of solids at ultra-low temperatures using Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation.

Angle-Photoemissionsspektroskopie Bei extrem niedrigen Temperaturen

The physical properties of a material are defined by its  electronic structure. Electrons in solids are characterized by energy (&omega;)  and momentum ...

Forschung

Ingenieurwesen

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Gas-phase molecular physics and physical chemistry experiments commonly use supersonic expansions through pulsed valves for the production of cold molecular beams. However, these beams often contain multiple conformers and clusters, even at low rotational temperatures. We present an experimental methodology that allows the spatial separation of these constituent parts of a molecular beam expansion. Using an electric deflector the beam is separated by its mass-to-dipole moment ratio, analogous to a bender or an electric sector mass spectrometer spatially dispersing charged molecules on the basis of their mass-to-charge ratio. This deflector exploits the Stark effect in an inhomogeneous electric field and allows the separation of individual species of polar neutral molecules and clusters. It furthermore allows the selection of the coldest part of a molecular beam, as low-energy rotational quantum states generally experience the largest deflection. Different structural isomers (conformers) of a species can be separated due to the different arrangement of functional groups, which leads to distinct dipole moments. These are exploited by the electrostatic deflector for the production of a conformationally pure sample from a molecular beam. Similarly, specific cluster stoichiometries can be selected, as the mass and dipole moment of a given cluster depends on the degree of solvation around the parent molecule. This allows experiments on specific cluster sizes and structures, enabling the systematic study of solvation of neutral molecules.

We present a technique that allows the spatial separation of different conformers or clusters present in a molecular beam. An electrostatic deflector is used to separate species by their mass-to-dipole moment ratio, leading to the production of gas-phase ensembles of a single conformer or cluster stoichiometry.

Räumliche Trennung von molekularen Konformen und Clustern

Gas-phase molecular physics and physical chemistry experiments commonly use supersonic expansions through pulsed valves for the production of cold ...

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states are indeed the resources for implementing various protocols, ranging from enhanced metrology to quantum communication and computing. A variety of devices can be used to generate non-classical states, such as single emitters, light-matter interfaces or non-linear systems3. We focus here on the use of a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator3,4. This system is based on a non-linear &#967;2 crystal inserted inside an optical cavity and it is now well-known as a very efficient source of non-classical light, such as single-mode or two-mode squeezed vacuum depending on the crystal phase matching. 
Squeezed vacuum is a Gaussian state as its quadrature distributions follow a Gaussian statistics. However, it has been shown that number of protocols require non-Gaussian states5. Generating directly such states is a difficult task and would require strong &#967;3 non-linearities. Another procedure, probabilistic but heralded, consists in using a measurement-induced non-linearity via a conditional preparation technique operated on Gaussian states. Here, we detail this generation protocol for two non-Gaussian states, the single-photon state and a superposition of coherent states, using two differently phase-matched parametric oscillators as primary resources. This technique enables achievement of a high fidelity with the targeted state and generation of the state in a well-controlled spatiotemporal mode.

We describe the reliable generation of non-Gaussian states of traveling optical fields, including single-photon states and coherent state superpositions, using a conditional preparation method operated on the non-classical light emitted by optical parametric oscillators. Type-I and type-II phase-matched oscillators are considered and common procedures, such as the required frequency filtering or the high-efficiency quantum state characterization by homodyning, are detailed.

Staatliche Ingenieur Quantum of Light mit Dauerwellen-Optische parametrische Oszillatoren

Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states ...

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle's Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) performed on thin sections of rodent tissues: kidneys and tumor, allows the detection of inorganic elements such as (i) Na, Ca, Cu, Mg, P, and Fe, naturally present in the body and (ii) Si and Gd, detected after the injection of gadolinium-based nanoparticles. The animals were euthanized 1&#160;to 24 hr&#160;after intravenous injection of particles. A two-dimensional scan of the sample, performed using a motorized micrometric 3D-stage, allowed the infrared laser beam exploring the surface with a lateral resolution less than 100 &#956;m. Quantitative chemical images of Gd element inside the organ were obtained with sub-mM sensitivity. LIBS offers a simple and robust method to study the distribution of inorganic materials without any specific labeling. Moreover, the compatibility of the setup with standard optical microscopy emphasizes its potential to provide multiple images of the same biological tissue with different types of response:&#160;elemental, molecular, or cellular.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy performed on thin organ and tumor tissue successfully detected natural elements and artificially injected gadolinium (Gd), issued from Gd-based nanoparticles. Images of chemical elements reached a resolution of 100 &#956;m and quantitative sub-mM sensitivity. The compatibility of the setup with standard optical microscopy emphasizes its potential to provide multiple images of a same biological tissue.

Laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie: ein neuer Ansatz für die Nanopartikel-Mapping und Quantifizierung in Organgewebe

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) ...

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Monitoring the dynamics of protonation and protein backbone conformation changes during the function of a protein is an essential step towards understanding its mechanism. Protonation and conformational changes affect the vibration pattern of amino acid side chains and of the peptide bond, respectively, both of which can be probed by infrared (IR) difference spectroscopy. For proteins whose function can be repetitively and reproducibly triggered by light, it is possible to obtain infrared difference spectra with (sub)microsecond resolution over a broad spectral range using the step-scan Fourier transform infrared technique. With ~102-103 repetitions of the photoreaction, the minimum number to complete a scan at reasonable spectral resolution and bandwidth, the noise level in the absorption difference spectra can be as low as ~10-4, sufficient to follow the kinetics of protonation changes from a single amino acid. Lower noise levels can be accomplished by more data averaging and/or mathematical processing. The amount of protein required for optimal results is between 5-100 &#181;g, depending on the sampling technique used. Regarding additional requirements, the protein needs to be first concentrated in a low ionic strength buffer and then dried to form a film. The protein film is hydrated prior to the experiment, either with little droplets of water or under controlled atmospheric humidity. The attained hydration level (g of water / g of protein) is gauged from an IR absorption spectrum. To showcase the technique, we studied the photocycle of the light-driven proton-pump bacteriorhodopsin in its native purple membrane environment, and of the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 solubilized in detergent.

Key steps of protein function, in particular backbone conformational changes and proton transfer reactions, often take place in the microsecond to millisecond time scale. These dynamical processes can be studied by time-resolved step-scan Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, in particular for proteins whose function is triggered by light.

Protonen-Transfer und Protein-Zustände Dynamics in Lichtempfindliche Proteine, die durch zeitaufgelöste Step-Scan Fourier-Transformations-Infrarot-Spektroskopie

Monitoring the dynamics of protonation and protein backbone conformation changes during the function of a protein is an essential step towards ...

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film synthesis) for the purpose of exploratory materials research. Certain materials pose a challenge wherein the traditional bulk Hall bar device fabrication method is insufficient to produce a measureable device for sample transport measurement, principally because the single crystal size is too small to attach wire leads to the sample in a Hall bar configuration. This can be, for example, because the first batch of a new material synthesized yields very small single crystals or because flakes of samples of one to very few monolayers are desired. In order to enable rapid characterization of materials that may be carried out in parallel with improvements to their growth methodology, a method of device fabrication for very small samples has been devised to permit the characterization of novel materials as soon as a preliminary batch has been produced. A slight variation of this methodology is applicable to producing devices using exfoliated samples of two-dimensional materials such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), as well as multilayer heterostructures of such materials. Here we present detailed protocols for the experimental device fabrication of fragments and flakes of novel materials with micron-sized dimensions onto substrate and subsequent measurement in a commercial superconducting magnet, dry helium close-cycle cryostat magnetotransport system at temperatures down to 0.300 K and magnetic fields up to 12 T.

We describe the methodology of mechanical exfoliation and deposition of flakes of novel materials with micron-sized dimensions onto substrate, fabrication of experimental device structures for transport experimentation, and the magnetotransport measurement in a dry helium close-cycle cryostat at temperatures down to 0.300 K and magnetic fields up to 12 T.

Erweiterte Experimentelle Methoden für Niedertemperatur-Magneto Messung der Novel Materials

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film ...

SSVEP-based Experimental Procedure for Brain-Robot Interaction with Humanoid Robots

Brain-Robot Interaction (BRI), which provides an innovative communication pathway between human and a robotic device via brain signals, is prospective in helping the disabled in their daily lives. The overall goal of our method is to establish an SSVEP-based experimental procedure by integrating multiple software programs, such as OpenViBE, Choregraph, and Central software as well as user developed programs written in C++ and MATLAB, to enable the study of brain-robot interaction with humanoid robots.
This is achieved by first placing EEG electrodes on a human subject to measure the brain responses through an EEG data acquisition system. A user interface is used to elicit SSVEP responses and to display video feedback in the closed-loop control experiments. The second step is to record the EEG signals of first-time subjects, to analyze their SSVEP features offline, and to train the classifier for each subject. Next, the Online Signal Processor and the Robot Controller are configured for the online control of a humanoid robot. As the final step, the subject completes three specific closed-loop control experiments within different environments to evaluate the brain-robot interaction performance.
The advantage of this approach is its reliability and flexibility because it is developed by integrating multiple software programs. The results show that using this approach, the subject is capable of interacting with the humanoid robot via brain signals. This allows the mind-controlled humanoid robot to perform typical tasks that are popular in robotic research and are helpful in assisting the disabled.

The overall goal of this method is to establish an SSVEP-based experimental procedure by integrating multiple software programs to enable the study of brain-robot interaction with humanoid robots, which is prospective in assisting the sick and elderly as well as performing unsanitary or dangerous jobs.

SSVEP-basierten Versuchsdurchführung für Brain-Roboter-Interaktion mit Humanoide Roboter

Brain-Robot Interaction (BRI), which provides an innovative communication pathway between human and a robotic device via brain signals, is prospective in ...

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor compression based cooling process. Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) based alloy systems, especially, show large elastocaloric effects. Furthermore, exhibit large latent heats which is a necessary material property for the development of an efficient solid-state based cooling process. A scientific test rig has been designed to investigate these processes and the elastocaloric effects in SMAs. The realized test rig enables independent control of an SMA&#39;s mechanical loading and unloading cycles, as well as conductive heat transfer between SMA cooling elements and a heat source/sink. The test rig is equipped with a comprehensive monitoring system capable of synchronized measurements of mechanical and thermal parameters. In addition to determining the process-dependent mechanical work, the system also enables measurement of thermal caloric aspects of the elastocaloric cooling effect through use of a high-performance infrared camera. This combination is of particular interest, because it allows illustrations of localization and rate effects &#8212; both important for efficient heat transfer from the medium to be cooled.
The work presented describes an experimental method to identify elastocaloric material properties in different materials and sample geometries. Furthermore, the test rig is used to investigate different cooling process variations. The introduced analysis methods enable a differentiated consideration of material, process and related boundary condition influences on the process efficiency. The comparison of the experimental data with the simulation results (of a thermomechanically coupled finite element model) allows for better understanding of the underlying physics of the elastocaloric effect. In addition, the experimental results, as well as the findings based on the simulation results, are used to improve the material properties.

Experimental methods for investigation of solid state cooling processes and characterization of elastocaloric material properties of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are presented. A custom-built test rig has been designed for controlling and comprehensive monitoring of elastocaloric cooling processes. Furthermore, it provides a validation platform for thermomechanically coupled modeling approaches.

Experimentelle Methoden zur Untersuchung von Formgedächtnis-Based Elastocaloric Kühlprozesse und Modellvalidierung

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor ...

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and automotive. However, effective inspection and characterization metrology systems are needed to ensure the functional reliability of MEMS. This study presents a system based on digital holography as a tool for MEMS metrology. Digital holography has gained increasing attention in the past 20 years. With the fast development and decreasing cost of sensor arrays, resolution of such systems has increased broadening potential applications. Thus, it has attracted attention from both research and industry sides as a potential reliable tool for industrial metrology. Indeed, by recording the interference pattern between an object beam (which contains sample height information) and a reference beam on a CCD camera, one can retrieve the quantitative phase information of an object. However, most of digital holographic systems are bulky and thus not easy to implement on industry production lines. The novelty of the system presented is that it is lens-less and thus very compact. In this study, it is shown that the Compact Digital Holographic Microscope (CDHM) can be used to evaluate several characteristics typically consider as criteria in MEMS inspections. The surface profiles of MEMS in both static and dynamic conditions are presented. Comparison with AFM is investigated to validate the accuracy of the CDHM.

We present a compact reflection digital holographic system (CDHM) for inspection and characterization of MEMS devices. A lens-less design using a diverging input wave providing natural geometrical magnification is demonstrated. Both static and dynamic studies are presented.

Compact-Objektiv lose digitale holografische Mikroskop für MEMS-Inspektion und Charakterisierung

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and ...

Free-form Light Actuators &#8212; Fabrication and Control of Actuation in Microscopic Scale

Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are smart materials capable of reversible shape-change in response to external stimuli, and have attracted researchers&#39; attention in many fields. Most of the studies focused on macroscopic LCE structures (films, fibers) and their miniaturization is still in its infancy. Recently developed lithography techniques, e.g., mask exposure and replica molding, only allow for creating 2D structures on LCE thin films. Direct laser writing (DLW) opens access to truly 3D fabrication in the microscopic scale. However, controlling the actuation topology and dynamics at the same length scale remains a challenge.
In this paper we report on a method to control the liquid crystal (LC) molecular alignment in the LCE microstructures of arbitrary three-dimensional shape. This was made possible by a combination of direct laser writing for both the LCE structures as well as for micrograting patterns inducing local LC alignment. Several types of grating patterns were used to introduce different LC alignments, which can be subsequently patterned into the LCE structures. This protocol allows one to obtain LCE microstructures with engineered alignments able to perform multiple opto-mechanical actuation, thus being capable of multiple functionalities. Applications can be foreseen in the fields of tunable photonics, micro-robotics, lab-on-chip technology and others.

Here, we fabricate 3D polymeric micro/nano structures in which both the shape and the molecular alignment can be engineered with nanometer scale accuracy by the use of direct laser writing. Light induced deformation of several types of liquid crystalline elastomer microstructures can be controlled in the microscopic scale.