Name: immunofluorescence microscopy of γh2ax and 53bp1 for analyzing the formation and repair of dna double-strand breaks
Uploaded: 2017-11-03T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 47 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunofluorescence Microscopy of Î³H2AX and 53BP1 for Analyzing the Formation and Repair of DNA Double-strand Breaks at JoVE.com

Das Projekt wurde von der deutschen José Carreras Leukämie Stiftung (DJCLS 14 R/2017) unterstützt.

alle hier beschriebene Methoden wurden von der Ethik Komitee II in die medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg zugelassen. Schriftliche Einwilligung von allen Personen eingeholt wurde.
 1. Vorbereitung der Materialien <ol><li>Antikoagulans-Stammlösung: bereiten ein Antikoagulans Stammlösung 200 IE Heparin pro mL in 0,9 % Natriumchlorid. Füllen Sie jeweils die Röhrchen (zeichnen Sie Volume 9 mL) mit 2 mL der gerinnungshemmenden Vorratslösung vor Entnahme der Proben Blut oder Knochenmark.</li>
	<li>Lyse-Lösung für die Erythrozyten: bereiten die 10 x Lyse-Lösung für die Erythrozyten mit 82,91 g Ammoniumchlorid, 7,91 g Ammonium Bicarbonat und 2 mL 0,5 M Ethylenediaminetetraacetic sauren Lösung einen pH-Wert von 8,0 durch Auflösen der Wirkstoffe in bidestilliertem Wasser für ein Gesamtvolumen von 1 L.</li>
	<li>Fixierung Lösung: hinzufügen 8.3 µL einer 1 M Kalilauge zu 360 mg Paraformaldehyd (PFA) in einem Mikrotiter-Rohr. Füllen Sie das Rohr mit Phosphat gepufferte Kochsalzlösung (PBS) bis 1 mL-Markierung des Rohres und Wärme der Röhre in einem Heizblock bei 95 ° C, 1 mL einer 36 % PFA Lösung zu bekommen. Ein Rohr mit einer Kapazität von 15 mL übermitteln Sie 1 mL 36 % PFA Lösung. Die Lösung 1 mL 36 % PFA, 9 mL einer 4 % PFA Vorratslösung zu fügen Sie 8 mL PBS hinzu. Aliquoten 4 % PFA-Stammlösung und Speicher bei-18 ° C bis zur Fixierung der Zellen nutzen. 
	Achtung: (1) Kalilauge ist ätzend. Beachten Sie Augen-und Haut. (2) PFA ist krebserregend. Vermeiden Sie Hautkontakt und Inhalation. Bereiten Sie die Fixierung-Lösung unter einer Haube.</li>
	<li>Permeabilisierung Lösung: hinzufügen 50 µL Octoxinol 9 bis 50 mL PBS zu einer Lösung von ca. 0,1 % Octoxinol 9.</li>
	<li>Blockiert Lösung: bereiten Sie 5 % und 2 % blockieren von Lösungen durch Mischen der Protein Blockierungsmittel mit PBS und Store bei 6 &#8211; 8 ° C.</li>
</ol> 2. Vorbereitung der Proben <ol><li>Fibroblasten in der Zellkultur: pflegen menschliche Fibroblasten der Zelllinie NHDF in einer befeuchteten 5 % CO 2 Atmosphäre bei 37 ° C in RPMI 1640 Medium ergänzt mit 10 % fetalen Kälberserum, 4 mM Glutamin, und 1 % Penicillin/Streptomycin.
	<ol><li>Vorbereitung der einen Objektträger mit Anhänger Fibroblasten <ol><li>Entfernen Sie das Medium aus der Flasche (75 cm 2 Wachstumsbereich) mit exponentiell wachsenden NHDF Fibroblasten. Fügen Sie 10 mL PBS in den Kolben. Vorsichtig waschen anhaftenden Fibroblasten durch manuell Schütteln der Flasche für 1 min.</li>
			<li>Die PBS zu entfernen und fügen Sie 1 mL Trypsin in den Kolben. Schütteln Sie die Flasche vorsichtig, um sicherzustellen, dass alle adhärente Zellen von Trypsin abgedeckt werden. Die Trypsin aus der Flasche zu entfernen. Legen Sie die Flasche in den Brutkasten für 5 min bei 37 ° c</li>
			<li>Nehmen die Flasche aus dem Inkubator und 10 mL RPMI 1640 Medium in den Kolben. Pipette das Medium nach oben und unten mehrmals die Fibroblasten zu zerstreuen.</li>
			<li>Der dispergierten Fibroblasten auf jeweils zwei Felder der Objektträger 0,3 mL pipette und setzen Sie die Folie in den Brutkasten für 24 h, so dass die Fibroblasten zur Folie haften. Für Immunostaining von γH2AX und 53BP1 in Kernen von Fibroblasten, fahren Sie mit Schritt 3.1.</li>
		</ol></li></ol></li> <li>Patientenproben <ol><li>Blutproben: verwenden Sie die Röhrchen, die angefüllt waren mit 2 mL der gerinnungshemmenden Vorratslösung und fügen 7 mL Blut in die Rohre. Speichern Sie die Proben über Nacht bei Raumtemperatur (d.h., 18-20 ° C). Am nächsten Tag isolieren die G0/G1-Phase ruhen Mononukleäre Zellen durch Dichte Gradienten Zentrifugieren (Schritt 2.2.3).</li>
		<li>Knochenmarkproben: verwenden Sie die Röhrchen, die angefüllt waren mit 2 mL der gerinnungshemmenden Vorratslösung (Schritt 1.1) und fügen Sie 7 mL Knochenmark in den Rohren. Speichern Sie die Proben über Nacht bei Raumtemperatur (d.h., 18-20 ° C). Am nächsten Tag isolieren der G0/G1-Phase ruhen Mononukleäre Zellen durch Dichte Gradienten Zentrifugieren (Schritt 2.2.3). Verwenden Sie CD34 Microbeads und Zell-Trennsäulen für die Isolierung von CD34 + Zellen.</li>
		<li>Isolierung von mononukleären Zellen durch Dichte-Gradienten-Zentrifugierung 
		Hinweis: Mononukleäre Zellen sind von Blut und Knochenmarkproben durch Dichte Gradienten Zentrifugation 17 , 18 , 19 isoliert.
		<ol><li>Verdünnt den heparinisierten Blutprobe in einem Verhältnis von 1:1 mit PBS und der heparinisierten Knochenmarkprobe in einem Verhältnis von 1:3 mit PBS. Aussetzen der Zellen sanft durch Zeichnen sie in die und aus der Pipette zweimal.</li>
			<li>Volumen Dichte Gradienten Medium zu einem neuen Schlauch. Sanft Schicht verdünnten Blut oder Knochenmark auf das Dichte-Gradienten-Medium. Achten Sie darauf, nicht die beiden Schichten mischen.</li>
			<li>Zentrifugieren der Röhre für 30 min bei Raumtemperatur und 400 X g. Abziehen der oberen Plasmaschicht mit der Pipette. Dann ernten Sie sorgfältig die mononukleären Zellen in der Schicht über das Dichte-Gradienten-Medium. Übertragen der mononukleären Zellen in ein frisches Gefäß.</li>
			<li>Mindestens drei Bände von PBS hinzufügen der mononukleären Zellen in der Röhre. Aussetzen Sie die Zellen sanft durch Zeichnen sie in die und aus der Pipette zwei Mal. Zentrifugieren Sie das Rohr für 10 min bei Raumtemperatur und 400 X g.</li>
			<li>Nach dem Spin den Überstand zu entfernen und 10 mL 4 ° C, 1 x Lyse-Lösung für die Erythrozyten. Aufschwemmen der Zellen sanft durch Zeichnen sie in die und aus der Pipette zwei Mal, und das Rohr für 5 min auf Eis legen. Dann fügen Sie 30 mL PBS bei 4 ° C und Zentrifugieren Sie das Rohr für 10 min bei Raumtemperatur und 400 X g.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Vorbereitung der Cytospins <ol><li>bereiten Sie zwei Cytospins mit mononukleären Zellen von Patientenproben (d. h., ein Cytospin für γH2AX Immunfluoreszenz Färbung und eine Cytospin für γH2AX und 53BP1 kombiniert Immunfluoreszenz-Färbung) durch Zentrifugieren (300 X g, 10 min) von 1,0 x 10 5 Zellen für jede Zubereitung ( Abbildung 3 und 4).</li>
		</ol></li></ol></li></ol> 3. γH2AX und 53BP1 Immunfluoreszenz Färbung <ol><li>Fixierung und Permeabilisierung: befestigen Sie die Zellen mit 200 µL 4 % PFA 10 min. lang. Waschen Sie nach der Fixierung die Zellen vorsichtig dreimal mit 30 mL PBS für 5 min auf einem Labor-Shaker. Dann permeabilize die Zellen mit 200 µL von 0,1 % Octoxinol 9 für 10 min. die Zellen sanft dreimal waschen mit 30 mL 5 % blockieren Lösung für 5 min auf einem Labor-Shaker. Blockieren Sie die Zellen in 30 mL frische 5 % blockiert Lösung für 1 h</li>
	<li>Inkubation mit Antikörpern <ol><li>inkubieren, eine Vorbereitung der Zellen mit einer Maus monoklonalen Anti-γH2AX Antikörper (1: 500) und die weitere Vorbereitung der Zellen mit einer Maus monoklonalen Anti-γH2AX Antikörper (1: 500) und eine polyklonale Kaninchen Anti-53BP1 Antikörper (1: 500) über Nacht bei 4 ° c</li>
		<li>Nach Inkubation der Zellen vorsichtig waschen 3 Mal mit 30 mL 2 % blockieren Lösung für jede 5 min auf einem Labor-Shaker.</li>
		<li>Entfernen Sie die blockierende Lösung und inkubieren Sie die erste Vorbereitung der Zellen mit einer Ziege Alexa488-konjugierten Anti-Maus Sekundärantikörper (1: 500) und die zweite Vorbereitung der Zellen mit einer Ziege Alexa488 konjugierten Anti-Maus Sekundärantikörper ( 1: 500) und ein Esel Alexa555-konjugierten Anti-Kaninchen Sekundärantikörper (1: 500) für 1 h bei Raumtemperatur.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Eindeckmittel: setzen Sie die Folie mit den Zellen in eine Schüssel geben und die Zellen vorsichtig dreimal für jeweils 5 min auf einem Labor-Shaker mit 30 mL PBS waschen. Entfernen Sie die PBS und montieren Sie die Zellen mit Eindeckmittel mit 4,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole. Vorsichtig ein Deckglas auf das Eindeckmittel gelegt, so dass keine Luftblasen sind eingebettet. Warten Sie mindestens 3 h zum Härten des Mediums Montage vor der Analyse der Zellen durch Fluoreszenzmikroskopie.</li>
</ol> 4. Analyse von γH2AX und 53BP1 Schwerpunkte <ol><li>Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie: γH2AX und 53BP1 Brennpunkte in den Zellkernen mit einem Fluoreszenzmikroskop, ausgestattet mit Filter für DAPI, Alexa 488 und Cy3 während der Bildgebung auf ein 100 X Objektiv zu analysieren Vergrößerung. Bilder mit einer Kamera aufnehmen und verarbeiten der Bilder mit entsprechenden Imagingsoftware.</li>
</ol>

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Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie von γH2AX und 53BP1 ist eine nützliche Methode für die Analyse der Bildung und Reparatur des DSB in einem breiten Spektrum von Forschungsgebieten. Wichtige Parameter, die Einfluss auf das Ergebnis der Experimente sind die Phase des Zellzyklus, die Agenten für die Fixierung und Permeabilisierung der Zellen, die die Antikörper und die Hardware und Software von dem Fluoreszenzmikroskop verwendet.
Die Beeinflussung des Zellzyklus γH2AX Brennpunkte Muster zeigte s...

DNA wird kontinuierlich durch endogene beschädigt (z.B., Replikation Stress, reaktive Sauerstoffspezies, innere Instabilität von DNA) und exogene(z. B.chemische radikale, Bestrahlung) Quellen (Abbildung 1)1,2 ,3,4. Unter DNA-Schäden DNA-Doppel-Strangbrüchen (DSB) sind besonders schwere Läsionen und Zelltod oder Karzinogenese induzieren können. Etwa 50 DSB ergeben sich pro Zelle und Zellzyklus5. In Säugetierzellen entwickelte homologe Rekombination (HR) und nonhomologous Ende verbinden (NHEJ) als wichtigen Wege für die Reparatur des DSB (Abbildung 2). HR in späten S/G2-Phase tritt und nutzt eine intakte Schwester Chromatids als Vorlage für potenziell fehlerfreie Reparatur. Im Vergleich dazu ist NHEJ während des Zellzyklus aktiv und potenziell mutagene wie Basenpaare hinzugefügt oder vor der Ligatur der gebrochenen enden reseziert werden. Darüber hinaus kann Alternativen Ende-Verbindung als eine langsame mutagene Back-up Repair-Mechanismus bei NHEJ Mangel6,7betraut sein.
DSB induzieren die Phosphorylierung des Histon H2AX Serin 139 in einer Region von mehreren Megabase Paaren um jede DSB. Bildenden nuklearen Brennpunkte werden benannt γH2AX Brennpunkte und nachweisbar durch Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie-8. ΓH2AX fördert die Einstellung von weiteren DSB-responsive Proteine und Chromatin umgestalten, DNA-Reparatur und Signal Transduction9beteiligt ist. Da jeder γH2AX Schwerpunkt gilt, einen einzigen DSB zu vertreten, ist die Quantifizierung der DSB durch Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie möglich, die nachweislich in Krebszelllinien und Patientenproben10,11, 12 , 13 , 14. 53BP1 (p53 bindendes Protein 1) ist eine weitere wichtige Protein bei der Vermittlung von DSB-Reparatur. Es ist bei der Rekrutierung von DSB-responsive Proteine, Checkpoint Signalisierung und der Synapsis DSB endet15beteiligt. Darüber hinaus spielt die 53BP1 eine entscheidende Rolle bei der DSB Reparatur Weg Wahl. Es löst die Reparatur des DSB in Richtung NHEJ, während HR verhindert16ist. In Betracht der echte Funktionen γH2AX und 53BP1 in der DSB-Reparatur möglicherweise die simultane Analyse von γH2AX und 53BP1 durch Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie eine nützliche Methode für die genaue Analyse der Bildung und Reparatur des DSB.
Diese Handschrift enthält eine Schritt für Schritt Protokoll für Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie von γH2AX und 53BP1 in Zellkernen durchführen. Insbesondere ist die Technik in normalen Fibroblasten der Zelllinie NHDF, in x-ray bestrahlt Lymphozyten eines gesunden Menschen und CD34 + Zellen eines Patienten mit akuter myeloischer Leukämie angewendet. Die Einzelheiten des Verfahrens sind im Zusammenhang mit den vorgestellten Ergebnissen hingewiesen.

<table><tbody><tr><td>RPMI medium</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>R0883</td><td>Medium for cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>Heparin sodium</td><td>ratiopharm</td><td>PZN 3029843</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Heparin 5,000 I.U. / mL</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride solution 0.9%</td><td>B. Braun</td><td>PZN 1957154</td><td>Component of the anticoagulant stock solution</td></tr><tr><td>Ficoll-Paque Premium</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>17-5442-02</td><td>Medium for isolation of mononuclear cells</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin solution 10X</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>59427C</td><td>Enzyme for dissociation of fibroblasts in cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>CD34 MicroBead Kit</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-046-702</td><td>Isolation of CD34+ myeloid progenitor cells</td></tr><tr><td>Diagnostic microscope slides</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>ER-203B-CE24</td><td>Microscope slides</td></tr><tr><td>Megafuge 1.0 R</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>75003060</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Tabletop centrifuge&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Cytospin device</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lid</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>76003422</td><td>Lid for working without micro-tubes</td></tr><tr><td>Cyto container</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>75003416</td><td>Cyto container with 2 conical bores</td></tr><tr><td>Clip carrier</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>75003414</td><td>Carrier for holding a cyto container and a slide</td></tr><tr><td>Support insert</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>75003417</td><td>Support insert for holding a clip carrier</td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100 (Octoxinol 9)</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>85112</td><td>Detergent for permeabilization of cell membranes</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium hydroxide solution 1M</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>109107</td><td>Necessary for preparing the paraformaldehyde solution</td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P6148</td><td>Fixation agent</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D8537</td><td>Balanced salt solution</td></tr><tr><td>Chemiblocker</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>2170</td><td>Blocking agent</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse monoclonal anti-&amp;gamma;H2AX antibody (JBW301)</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>05-636</td><td>Primary antibody for detection of &amp;gamma;H2AX</td></tr><tr><td>Polyclonal rabbit anti-53BP1 antibody (NB100-304)</td><td>Novus Biologicals</td><td>NB100-304</td><td>Primary antibody for detection of 53BP1</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A-11001</td><td>Secondary antibody</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 555-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit antibody</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A-31572</td><td>Secondary antibody</td></tr><tr><td>Vectashield mounting medium</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>H-1200</td><td>Contains DAPI for staining of DNA</td></tr><tr><td>Axio Scope.A1</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>490035</td><td>Fluorescence microscope</td></tr><tr><td>Cool Cube 1 CCD camera</td><td>Metasystems</td><td>H-0310-010-MS</td><td>Camera system for digital recording</td></tr><tr><td>Isis software</td><td>Metasystems</td><td>Not applicable</td><td>Microscope software</td></tr></tbody></table>

immunofluorescence microscopy of &#947;h2ax and 53bp1 for analyzing the formation and repair of dna double-strand breaks

DNA-Doppel-Strangbrüchen (DSB) sind schwere DNA-Läsionen. Analyse der Bildung und Reparatur des DSB ist in einem breiten Spektrum von Forschungsgebieten einschließlich Genom Integrität, Genotoxizität, Strahlenbiologie, Altern, Krebs und Arzneimittelentwicklung. In Erwiderung auf DSB ist die Histon H2AX Serin 139 in einer Region mit mehreren Megabase Paare bilden diskrete nuklearen Herde nachweisbar durch Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie phosphoryliert. Darüber hinaus 53BP1 (p53 bindendes Protein 1) ist ein weiteres wichtiges DSB-responsive Protein Förderung der Reparatur des DSB bei nonhomologous Ende-homologe Rekombination zu verhindern. Entsprechend den spezifischen Funktionen der γH2AX und 53BP1 möglicherweise die kombinierte Analyse von γH2AX und 53BP1 durch Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie ein vernünftiger Ansatz für eine detaillierte Analyse des DSB. Diese Handschrift enthält eine Schritt für Schritt Protokoll ergänzt durch methodische Hinweise für die Durchführung der Technik. Insbesondere zeigt sich der Einfluss des Zellzyklus auf γH2AX Brennpunkte Muster in normalen Fibroblasten der Zelllinie NHDF. Darüber hinaus ist der Wert der γH2AX Brennpunkte als Biomarker in Röntgenstrahlung bestrahlt Lymphozyten eines gesunden Menschen dargestellt. Zu guter Letzt wird die genetischer Instabilität in CD34 + Zellen eines Patienten mit akuter myeloischer Leukämie durch Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie von γH2AX und 53BP1 untersucht.

Analyse der γH2AX Herde in den Zellen ist in der G0/G1-Phase und G2-Phase als γH2AX Herde als verschiedene fluoreszierende Punkte (Abbildung 5A) erscheinen am genauesten. Im Gegensatz dazu wird durch verteilte Pan-nuklearen γH2AX Flecken verursacht durch den Replikationsprozess (Abb. 5 b) Analyse der γH2AX Brennpunkte in Zellen in der S-Phase erschwert.
Fixierung de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunofluorescence Microscopy of Î³H2AX and 53BP1 for Analyzing the Formation and Repair of DNA Double-strand Breaks at JoVE.com

Immunofluorescence Microscopy of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1 for Analyzing the Formation and Repair of DNA Double-strand Breaks

Diese Handschrift enthält ein Protokoll für die Analyse von DNA-Doppel-Strangbrüchen durch Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie von γH2AX und 53BP1.

Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie von γH2AX und 53BP1 für die Analyse der Bildung und Reparatur der DNA Double-Strand Breaks

DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are serious DNA lesions. Analysis of the formation and repair of DSB is relevant in a broad spectrum of research areas ...

immunofluorescence-microscopy-h2ax-53bp1-for-analyzing-formation

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

16.1K Aufrufe.  Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Heidelberg University. Diese Handschrift enthält ein Protokoll für die Analyse von DNA-Doppel-Strangbrüchen durch Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie von γH2AX und 53BP1.

Serie: Immunofluorescence Microscopy of γH2AX and 53BP1 for Analyzing the Formation and Repair of DNA Double-strand Breaks

Characterizing DNA Repair Processes at Transient and Long-lasting Double-strand DNA Breaks by Immunofluorescence Microscopy

The repair of double-stranded breaks (DSBs) in DNA is a highly coordinated process, necessitating the formation and resolution of multi-protein repair complexes. This process is regulated by a myriad of proteins that promote the association and disassociation of proteins to these lesions. Thanks in large part to the ability to perform functional screens of a vast library of proteins, there is a greater appreciation of the genes necessary for the double-strand DNA break repair. Often knockout or chemical inhibitor screens identify proteins involved in repair processes by using increased toxicity as a marker for a protein that is required for DSB repair. Although useful for identifying novel cellular proteins involved in maintaining genome fidelity, functional analysis requires the determination of whether the protein of interest promotes localization, formation, or resolution of repair complexes. 
The accumulation of repair proteins can be readily detected as distinct nuclear foci by immunofluorescence microscopy. Thus, association and disassociation of these proteins at sites of DNA damage can be accessed by observing these nuclear foci at representative intervals after the induction of double-strand DNA breaks. This approach can also identify mis-localized repair factor proteins, if repair defects do not simultaneously occur with incomplete delays in repair. In this scenario, long-lasting double-strand DNA breaks can be engineered by expressing a rare cutting endonuclease (e.g., I-SceI) in cells where the recognition site for the said enzyme has been integrated into the cellular genome. The resulting lesion is particularly hard to resolve as faithful repair will reintroduce the enzyme's recognition site, prompting another round of cleavage. As a result, differences in the kinetics of repair are eliminated. If repair complexes are not formed, localization has been impeded. This protocol describes the methodology necessary to identify changes in repair kinetics as well as repair protein localization.

Repair of double-strand DNA breaks is a dynamic process, requiring not only formation of repair complexes at the breaks, but also their resolution after the lesion is addressed. Here, we use immunofluorescence microscopy for transient and long-lasting double-stranded breaks as a tool to dissect this genome maintenance mechanism.

Charakterisierung von DNA-Reparaturprozesse bei Transienten und langlebige Doppel-Strang DNA-Brüchen durch Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie

The repair of double-stranded breaks (DSBs) in DNA is a highly coordinated process, necessitating the formation and resolution of multi-protein repair ...

Forschung

Krebsforschung

Immunofluorescence Imaging of DNA Damage and Repair Foci in Human Colon Cancer Cells

The purpose of the manuscript is to provide a step-by-step protocol for performing immunofluorescence microscopy to study the radiation-induced DNA damage response induced by neutron-gamma mixed-beam used in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Specifically, the proposed methodology is applied for the detection of repair proteins activation which can be visualized as foci using antibodies specific to DNA double-strand breaks (DNA-DSBs). DNA repair foci were assessed by immunofluorescence in colon cancer cells (HCT-116) after irradiation with the neutron-mixed beam. DNA-DSBs are the most genotoxic lesions and are repaired in mammalian cells by two major pathways: non-homologous end-joining pathway (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HRR). The frequencies of foci, immunochemically stained, for commonly used markers in radiobiology like &#947;-H2AX, 53BP1 are associated with DNA-DSB number and are considered as efficient and sensitive markers for monitoring the induction and repair of DNA-DSBs. It was established that &#947;-H2AX foci attract repair proteins, leading to a higher concentration of repair factors near a DSB. To monitor DNA damage at the cellular level, immunofluorescence analysis for the presence of DNA-PKcs representative repair protein foci from the NHEJ pathway and Rad52 from the HRR pathway was planned. We have developed and introduced a reliable immunofluorescence staining protocol for the detection of radiation-induced DNA damage response with antibodies specific for repair factors from NHEJ and HRR pathways and observed radiation-induced foci (RIF). The proposed methodology can be used for investigating repair protein that is highly activated in the case of neutron-mixed beam radiation, thereby indicating the dominance of the repair pathway.

Radiation-induced DNA damage response activated by neutron mixed-beam used in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has not been fully established. This protocol provides a step-by-step procedure to detect radiation-induced foci (RIF) of repair proteins by immunofluorescence staining in human colon cancer cell lines after irradiation with the neutron-mixed beam.

Immunfluoreszenz Bildgebung von DNA-Schäden und Reparatur-Fozien in menschlichen Darmkrebszellen

The purpose of the manuscript is to provide a step-by-step protocol for performing immunofluorescence microscopy to study the radiation-induced DNA damage ...

An Automated Microscopic Scoring Method for the &#947;-H2AX Foci Assay in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Ionizing radiation is a potent inducer of DNA damage and a well-documented carcinogen. Biological dosimetry comprises the detection of biological effects induced by exposure to ionizing radiation to make an individual dose assessment. This is pertinent in the framework of radiation emergencies, where health assessments and planning of clinical treatment for exposed victims are critical. Since DNA double strand breaks (DSB) are considered to be the most lethal form of radiation-induced DNA damage, this protocol presents a method to detect DNA DSB in blood samples. The methodology is based on the detection of a fluorescent labelled phosphorylated DNA repair protein, namely, &#947;-H2AX. The use of an automated microscopy platform to score the number of &#947;-H2AX foci per cell allows a standardized analysis with a significant decrease in the turn-around time. Therefore, the &#947;-H2AX assay has the potential to be one of the fastest and sensitive assays for biological dosimetry. In this protocol, whole blood samples from healthy adult volunteers will be processed and irradiated in vitro in order to illustrate the usage of the automated and sensitive &#947;-H2AX foci assay for biodosimetry applications. An automated slide scanning system and analysis platform with an integrated fluorescence microscope is used, which allows the fast, automatic scoring of DNA DSB with a reduced degree of bias.

This protocol presents the slide preparation and automated scoring of the &#947;-H2AX foci assay on peripheral blood lymphocytes. To illustrate the method and sensitivity of the assay, isolated lymphocytes were irradiated in vitro. This automated method of DNA DSB detection is useful for fast and high-throughput biological dosimetry applications.

Eine automatisierte mikroskopische Scoring-Methode für den γ-H2AX-Foci-Assay in humanen peripheren Blutlymphozyten

Ionizing radiation is a potent inducer of DNA damage and a well-documented carcinogen. Biological dosimetry comprises the detection of biological effects ...

Dual Immunofluorescence of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1 in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes

Double strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most severe lesions that can occur in cell nuclei, and, if not repaired, they can lead to severe outcomes, including cancer. The cell is, therefore, provided with complex mechanisms to repair DSBs, and these pathways involve histone H2AX in its phosphorylated form at Ser-139 (namely &#947;H2AX) and p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1). As both proteins can form foci at the sites of DSBs, identification of these markers is considered a suitable method to study both DSBs and their kinetics of repair. According to the molecular processes that lead to the formation of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1 foci, it could be more useful to investigate their co-localization near the DSBs in order to set up an alternative approach that allows quantifying DSBs by the simultaneous detection of two DNA damage markers. Thus, this protocol aims to assess the genomic damage induced in human lymphocytes by the radiomimetic agent bleomycin through the presence of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1 foci in a dual immunofluorescence. Using this methodology, we also delineated the variation in the number of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1 foci over time, as a preliminary attempt to study the repair kinetics of bleomycin-induced DSBs.

This protocol presents a method to assess the formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks through the simultaneous detection of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1 foci in interphase nuclei of bleomycin-treated human peripheral lymphocytes.

Duale Immunfluoreszenz von γH2AX und 53BP1 in humanen peripheren Lymphozyten

Double strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most severe lesions that can occur in cell nuclei, and, if not repaired, they can lead to severe outcomes, ...

Genetik

Quantification of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA lesions with respect to survival and preservation of genomic integrity. An early response to the induction of DSBs is phosphorylation of the H2A histone variant, H2AX, at the serine-139 residue, in the highly conserved C-terminal SQEY motif, forming &gamma;H2AX1. Following induction of DSBs, H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PIKK) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)2. Typically, only a few base-pairs (bp) are implicated in a DSB, however, there is significant signal amplification, given the importance of chromatin modifications in DNA damage signalling and repair. Phosphorylation of H2AX mediated predominantly by ATM spreads to adjacent areas of chromatin, affecting approximately 0.03% of total cellular H2AX per DSB2,3. This corresponds to phosphorylation of approximately 2000 H2AX molecules spanning ~2 Mbp regions of chromatin surrounding the site of the DSB and results in the formation of discrete &gamma;H2AX foci which can be easily visualized and quantitated by immunofluorescence microscopy2. The loss of &gamma;H2AX at DSB reflects repair, however, there is some controversy as to what defines complete repair of DSBs; it has been proposed that rejoining of both strands of DNA is adequate however, it has also been suggested that re-instatement of the original chromatin state of compaction is necessary4-8. The disappearence of &gamma;H2AX involves at least in part, dephosphorylation by phosphatases, phosphatase 2A and phosphatase 4C5,6. Further, removal of &gamma;H2AX by redistribution involving histone exchange with H2A.Z has been implicated7,8. Importantly, the quantitative analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci has led to a wide range of applications in medical and nuclear research. Here, we demonstrate the most commonly used immunofluorescence method for evaluation of initial DNA damage by detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in &gamma;-irradiated adherent human keratinocytes9.

Quantification of &#947;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

Quantification of DNA double-strand streaks using &gamma;H2AX formation as a molecular marker has become an invaluable tool in radiation biology. Here we demonstrate the use of an immunofluorescence assay for quantification of &gamma;H2AX foci after exposure of cells to radiation.

Die Quantifizierung der γH2AX Foci in Response to ionisierender Strahlung

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA ...

Biologie

Quantitation of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Tissue Samples

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly lethal and genotoxic lesions, that can arise either by endogenous (physiological or pathological) processes or by exogenous factors, particularly ionizing radiation and radiomimetic compounds. Phosphorylation of the H2A histone variant, H2AX, at the serine-139 residue, in the highly conserved C-terminal SQEY motif, forming &gamma;H2AX, is an early response to DNA double-strand breaks1. This phosphorylation event is mediated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PI3K) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)2. Overall, DSB induction results in the formation of discrete nuclear &gamma;H2AX foci which can be easily detected and quantitated by immunofluorescence microscopy2. Given the unique specificity and sensitivity of this marker, analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci has led to a wide range of applications in biomedical research, particularly in radiation biology and nuclear medicine. The quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci has been most widely investigated in cell culture systems in the context of ionizing radiation-induced DSBs. Apart from cellular radiosensitivity, immunofluorescence based assays have also been used to evaluate the efficacy of radiation-modifying compounds. In addition, &gamma;H2AX has been used as a molecular marker to examine the efficacy of various DSB-inducing compounds and is recently being heralded as important marker of ageing and disease, particularly cancer3. Further, immunofluorescence-based methods have been adapted to suit detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci ex vivo and in vivo4,5. Here, we demonstrate a typical immunofluorescence method for detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in mouse tissues.

Quantitation of &#947;H2AX Foci in Tissue Samples

Quantitation of DNA double-strand breaks on the basis of &gamma;H2AX foci has become an invaluable tool, particularly in radiation biology, for the evaluation of tissue radiosensitivity and effects of radiation modifying compounds. Here we demonstrate the use of an immunofluorescence assay for quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in tissue samples.

Die Quantifizierung der γH2AX Foci in Gewebeproben

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly lethal and genotoxic lesions, that can arise either by endogenous (physiological or pathological) ...

Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of &gamma;H2AX following Ionizing Radiation

An early molecular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is phosphorylation of the Ser-139 residue within the terminal SQEY motif of the histone H2AX1,2. This phosphorylation of H2AX is mediated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PI3K) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)3. The phosphorylated form of H2AX, referred to as &gamma;H2AX, spreads to adjacent regions of chromatin from the site of the DSB, forming discrete foci, which are easily visualized by immunofluorecence microscopy3. Analysis and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci has been widely used to evaluate DSB formation and repair, particularly in response to ionizing radiation and for evaluating the efficacy of various radiation modifying compounds and cytotoxic compounds4.
Given the exquisite specificity and sensitivity of this de novo marker of DSBs, it has provided new insights into the processes of DNA damage and repair in the context of chromatin. For example, in radiation biology the central paradigm is that the nuclear DNA is the critical target with respect to radiation sensitivity. Indeed, the general consensus in the field has largely been to view chromatin as a homogeneous template for DNA damage and repair. However, with the use of &gamma;H2AX as molecular marker of DSBs, a disparity in &gamma;-irradiation-induced &gamma;H2AX foci formation in euchromatin and heterochromatin has been observed5-7. Recently, we used a panel of antibodies to either mono-, di- or tri- methylated histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me1, H3K9me2, H3K9me3) which are epigenetic imprints of constitutive heterochromatin and transcriptional silencing and lysine 4 (H3K4me1, H3K4me2, H3K4me3), which are tightly correlated actively transcribing euchromatic regions, to investigate the spatial distribution of &gamma;H2AX following ionizing radiation8. In accordance with the prevailing ideas regarding chromatin biology, our findings indicated a close correlation between &gamma;H2AX formation and active transcription9. Here we demonstrate our immunofluorescence method for detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in non-adherent cells, with a particular focus on co-localization with other epigenetic markers, image analysis and 3D-modeling.

Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of &#947;H2AX following Ionizing Radiation

Microscopic analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci, which form following the phosphorylation of H2AX at Ser-139 in response to DNA double-strand breaks, has become an invaluable tool in radiation biology. Here we used an antibody to mono-methylated histone H3 at lysine 4 as an epigenetic marker of actively transcribing euchromatin, to evaluate the spatial distribution of radiation-induced &gamma;H2AX formation within the nucleus.

Auswertung der räumlichen Verteilung der γH2AX folgenden ionisierender Strahlung

An early molecular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is phosphorylation of the Ser-139 residue within the terminal SQEY motif of the histone ...

Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence

Mammalian cells are constantly exposed to chemicals, radiations, and naturally occurring metabolic by-products, which create specific types of DNA insults. Genotoxic agents can damage the DNA backbone, break it, or modify the chemical nature of individual bases. Following DNA insult, DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are activated and proteins involved in the repair are recruited. A plethora of factors are involved in sensing the type of damage and activating the appropriate repair response. Failure to correctly activate and recruit DDR factors can lead to genomic instability, which underlies many human pathologies including cancer. Studies of DDR proteins can provide insights into genotoxic drug response and cellular mechanisms of drug resistance.
There are two major ways of visualizing&#160;proteins in vivo: direct observation, by tagging the protein of interest with a fluorescent protein and following it by live imaging, or indirect immunofluorescence on fixed samples. While visualization of fluorescently tagged proteins allows precise monitoring over time, direct tagging in N- or C-terminus can interfere with the protein localization or function. Observation of proteins in their unmodified, endogenous version is preferred. When DNA repair proteins are recruited to the DNA insult, their concentration increases locally and they form groups, or &#8220;foci&#8221;, that can be visualized by indirect immunofluorescence using specific antibodies.
Although detection of protein foci does not provide a definitive proof of direct interaction, co-localization of proteins in cells indicates that they regroup to the site of damage and can inform of the sequence of events required for complex formation. Careful analysis of foci spatial overlap in cells expressing wild type or mutant versions of a protein can provide precious clues on functional domains important for DNA repair function. Last, co-localization of proteins indicates possible direct interactions that can be verified by co-immunoprecipitation in cells, or direct pulldown using purified proteins.

Following DNA damage, human cells activate essential repair pathways to restore the integrity of their genome. Here, we describe the method of indirect immunofluorescence as a means to detect DNA repair proteins, analyze their spatial and temporal recruitment, and help interrogate protein-protein interaction at the sites of DNA damage.

Visualisierung der DNA-Reparaturproteine Interaktion durch Immunfluoreszenz

Mammalian cells are constantly exposed to chemicals, radiations, and naturally occurring metabolic by-products, which create specific types of DNA ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Bewertung der Proteininteraktion und -lokalisation bei DNA-Schäden

Proximity Ligand Assay to Localize Proteins in DNA Damage Sites

The DNA damage response is a genetic information safeguard that protects cells from perpetuating damaged DNA. The characterization of the proteins that cooperate in this process allows the identification of alternative targets for therapeutic intervention in several diseases, such as cancer, aging-related diseases, and chronic inflammation. The Proximity Ligand Assay (PLA) emerged as a tool for estimating interaction between proteins as well as spatial proximity among organelles or cellular structures and allows the temporal localization and co-localization analysis under stress conditions, for instance. The method is simple because it is similar to conventional immunofluorescence and allows the staining of an organelle, cellular structure, or a specific marker such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, PML bodies, or DNA double-strand marker, yH2AX simultaneously. The phosphorylation of the S139 at Histone 2A variant, H2AX, then referred to as yH2AX, is widely used as a very sensitive and specific marker of DNA double-strand breaks. Each focus of yH2AX staining corresponds to one break in DNA that occurs a few minutes after the damage. The analysis of changes in yH2AX foci is the most common assay for studying if the protein of interest is implicated in DNA damage response (DDR). Whether a direct role in the DNA damage site is expected, fluorescence microscopy is used to verify the colocalization of the protein of interest with yH2AX foci. However, except for the new super-resolution fluorescence methods, to conclude, the local interaction with DNA damage sites can be a little subjective. Here, we show an assay to evaluate the localization of proteins in the DDR pathway using yH2AX as a marker of the damage site. This assay can be used to characterize the temporal localization under different insults that cause DNA damage.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor im Rampenlicht: Kombination von Proximity-Liganden-Assay mit Gamma-H2AX-Färbung zur Charakterisierung von Proteininteraktionen in der DNA-Schadensantwort

Here, we present a simple and rapid protocol for the detection of protein interaction at DNA damage sites.

Proximity-Liganden-Assay zur Lokalisierung von Proteinen in DNA-Schadensstellen

The DNA damage response is a genetic information safeguard that protects cells from perpetuating damaged DNA. The characterization of the proteins that ...

Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie von γH2AX und 53BP1 für die Analyse der Bildung und Reparatur der DNA Double-Strand Breaks

Zusammenfassung

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