This project was funded, in part, by ConAgra Foods (Omaha, NE, USA), the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, the Hatch Program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Virginia Tech Water INTERface Interdisciplinary Graduate Education Program.

<ol>
	<li>De Wijk, R. A., Kooijman, V., Verhoeven, R. H. G., Holthuysen, N. T. E., De Graaf, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autonomic+nervous+system+responses+on+and+facial+expressions+to+the+sight,+smell,+and+taste+of+liked+and+disliked+foods.">Autonomic nervous system responses on and facial expressions to the sight, smell, and taste of liked and disliked foods.</a> Food Qual Prefer. 26 (2), 196-203 (2012).</li><li>De Wijk, R. A., He, W., Mensink, M. G. J., Verhoeven, R. H. G., De Graaf, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ANS+responses+and+facial+expression+differentiate+between+the+taste+of+commercial+breakfast+drinks.">ANS responses and facial expression differentiate between the taste of commercial breakfast drinks.</a> PLoS ONE. 9 (4), 1-9 (2014).</li><li>He, W., Boesveldt, S., De Graaf, C., De Wijk, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioural+and+physiological+responses+to+two+food+odours.">Behavioural and physiological responses to two food odours.</a> Appetite. 59 (2), 628 (2012).</li><li>He, W., Boesveldt, S., De Graaf, C., De Wijk, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+autonomic+nervous+system+responses+and+facial+expressions+to+odors.">Dynamics of autonomic nervous system responses and facial expressions to odors.</a> Front Psychol. 5 (110), 1-8 (2014).</li><li>Danner, L., Sidorkina, L., Joechl, M., Duerrschmid, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Make+a+face!+Implicit+and+explicit+measurement+of+facial+expressions+elicited+by+orange+juices+using+face+reading+technology.">Make a face! Implicit and explicit measurement of facial expressions elicited by orange juices using face reading technology.</a> Food Qual Prefer. 32 (2014), 167-172 (2013).</li><li>Danner, L., Haindl, S., Joechl, M., Duerrschmid, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facial+expression+and+autonomous+nervous+system+responses+elicited+by+tasting+different+juices.">Facial expression and autonomous nervous system responses elicited by tasting different juices.</a> Food Res Int. 64 (2014), 81-90 (2014).</li><li>Arnade, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Measuring consumer emotional response to tastes and foods through facial expression analysis [thesis]. , 1-187 (2013).</li><li>Leitch, K. A., Duncan, S. E., O'Keefe, S., Rudd, R., Gallagher, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+consumer+emotional+response+to+sweeteners+using+an+emotion+terminology+questionnaire+and+facial+expression+analysis.">Characterizing consumer emotional response to sweeteners using an emotion terminology questionnaire and facial expression analysis.</a> Food Res Int. 76, 283-292 (2015).</li><li>Crist, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+emotional+facial+analysis+technology+to+consumer+acceptability+using+a+basic+tastes+model.">Application of emotional facial analysis technology to consumer acceptability using a basic tastes model.</a> , (2014).</li><li>Garcia-Burgos, D., Zamora, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facial+affective+reactions+to+bitter-tasting+foods+and+body+mass+index+in+adults.">Facial affective reactions to bitter-tasting foods and body mass index in adults.</a> Appetite. 71 (2013), 178-186 (2013).</li><li>Garcia-Burgos, D., Zamora, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+the+hedonic+and+incentive+properties+in+preferences+for+bitter+foods+via+self-reports,+facial+expressions+and+instrumental+behaviours.">Exploring the hedonic and incentive properties in preferences for bitter foods via self-reports, facial expressions and instrumental behaviours.</a> Food Qual Prefer. 39 (2015), 73-81 (2015).</li><li>Lewinski, P., Fransen, M. L., Tan, E. S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+advertising+effectiveness+by+facial+expressions+in+response+to+amusing+persuasive+stimuli.">Predicting advertising effectiveness by facial expressions in response to amusing persuasive stimuli.</a> J. Neurosci. Psychol. Econ. 7 (1), 1-14 (2014).</li><li>Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facial+action+coding+system:+A+technique+for+the+measurement+of+facial+movement.">Facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement.</a> , (1978).</li><li>Viola, P., Jones, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+object+detection+using+a+boosted+cascade+of+simple+features.">Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features.</a> Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern. 1, 511-518 (2001).</li><li>Sung, K. K., Poggio, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Example-based+learning+for+view-based+human+face+detection.">Example-based learning for view-based human face detection.</a> IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 20 (1), 39-51 (1998).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> FaceReader 5&#8482; Technical Specifications. , (2014).</li><li>Cootes, T., Taylor, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Statistical models of appearance for computer vision: Technical report. , (2000).</li><li>Bishop, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Neural networks for pattern recognition. , (1995).</li><li>Lewinski, P., den Uyl, T. M., Butler, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+facial+coding:+validation+of+basic+emotions+and+FACS+AUs+in+FaceReader.">Automated facial coding: validation of basic emotions and FACS AUs in FaceReader.</a> J. Neurosci. Psychol. Econ. 7 (4), 227-236 (2014).</li><li>Noldus Information Technology. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> FaceReader Reference Manual Version 6. , (2014).</li><li>Alves, N. T., Fukusima, S. S., Aznar-Casanova, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+of+brain+asymmetry+in+emotional+processing.">Models of brain asymmetry in emotional processing.</a> Psychol Neurosci. 1 (1), 63-66 (2008).</li><li>Costello, M., Clark, S., Clark, S., Costello, M., Drake, M., Bodyfelt, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+samples+for+instructing+students+and+staff+in+dairy+products+evaluation+(Appendix+F).">Preparation of samples for instructing students and staff in dairy products evaluation (Appendix F).</a> The sensory evaluation of dairy foods. , 551-560 (2009).</li><li>Porcherot, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+do+you+feel+when+you+smell+this?+Optimization+of+a+verbal+measurement+of+odor-elicited+emotions.">How do you feel when you smell this? Optimization of a verbal measurement of odor-elicited emotions.</a> Food Qual Prefer. 21, 938-947 (2010).</li><li>Warrenburg, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+fragrance+on+emotions:+Moods+and+physiology.">Effects of fragrance on emotions: Moods and physiology.</a> Chem. Senses. 30, i248-i249 (2005).</li><li>Bredie, W. L. P., Tan, H. S. G., Wendin, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparative+study+on+facially+expressed+emotions+in+response+to+basic+tastes.">A comparative study on facially expressed emotions in response to basic tastes.</a> Chem. Percept. 7 (1), 1-9 (2014).</li><li>Wendin, K., Allesen-Holm, B. H., Bredie, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+facial+reactions+add+new+dimensions+to+measuring+sensory+responses+to+basic+tastes?.">Do facial reactions add new dimensions to measuring sensory responses to basic tastes?.</a> Food Qual Prefer. 22, 346-354 (2011).</li><li>Rosenstein, D., Oster, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+facial+responses+to+four+basic+tastes+in+newborns.">Differential facial responses to four basic tastes in newborns.</a> Child Dev. 59 (6), 1555-1568 (1988).</li><li>Rosenstein, D., Oster, H., P, E. k. m. a. n., E, R. o. s. e. n. b. e. r. g. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+facial+responses+to+four+basic+tastes+in+newborns.">Differential facial responses to four basic tastes in newborns.</a> What the face reveals: Basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the facial action coding system (FACS). , 302-327 (1997).</li><li>Rozin, P., Fallon, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+perspective+on+disgust.">A perspective on disgust.</a> Psychol. Rev. 94 (1), 23-41 (1987).</li><li>Delarue, J., Blumenthal, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+aspects+of+consumer+preferences.">Temporal aspects of consumer preferences.</a> Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 3, 41-46 (2015).</li><li>Sudre, J., Pineau, N., Loret, C., Marin, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+methods+to+monitor+liking+of+food+during+consumption.">Comparison of methods to monitor liking of food during consumption.</a> Food Qual Prefer. 24 (1), 179-189 (2012).</li><li>Weiland, R., Ellgring, H., Macht, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gustofacial+and+olfactofacial+responses+in+human+adults.">Gustofacial and olfactofacial responses in human adults.</a> Chem. Senses. 35 (9), 841-853 (2010).</li><li>Ekman, P., Cole, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Universal+and+cultural+differences+in+facial+expressions+of+emotion.">Universal and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion.</a> Nebraska symposium on motivation. , 207-283 (1971).</li><li>Griemel, E., Macht, M., Krumhuber, E., Ellgring, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facial+and+affective+reactions+to+tastes+and+their+modulation+by+sadness+and+joy.">Facial and affective reactions to tastes and their modulation by sadness and joy.</a> Physiol Behav. 89 (2), 261-269 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

AFEA Anwendung in der Literatur zu Lebensmitteln und Getränken im Zusammenhang sehr begrenzt 11.01. Die Anwendung auf Lebensmittel ist neu, eine Chance für die Festlegung Methodik und Interpretation der Daten zu schaffen. Arnade (2013) 7 gefunden hohe individuelle Variabilität zwischen den einzelnen emotionale Reaktion auf Schokolade Milch und weiße Milch unter der Kurvenanalyse und Varianzanalyse unter Verwendung von Bereich. Doch selbst mit Variabilität Teilnehmer erzielte Teilnehmer eine gl...

Automatische Gesichtsausdruck Analyse (AFEA) ist eine prospektive analytisches Werkzeug zur Charakterisierung von emotionalen Reaktionen auf Getränke und Nahrungsmittel. Emotional-Analyse kann eine zusätzliche Dimension zu den bestehenden sensorischen Wissenschaft Methoden, Lebensmittel Bewertungspraktiken und hedonischen Skala Bewertungen hinzufügen typischerweise sowohl in der Forschung und der Industrie-Einstellungen verwendet. Emotional Analyse könnte eine zusätzliche Metrik zur Verfügung stellen, die eine genauere Reaktion auf Nahrungsmittel und Getränke zeigt. Hedonic Scoring können Teilnehmer Bias umfassen im Falle eines Defekts Reaktionen 1 aufzuzeichnen. AFEA Forschung hat sich in vielen Forschungsanwendungen einschließlich Computerspiele, Benutzerverhalten, Erziehung / Pädagogik und Psychologie Studien über Empathie und Betrug verwendet. Die meisten Lebensmittel-assoziierte Forschung hat sich auf die Charakterisierung emotionale Reaktion auf die Lebensmittelqualität und das menschliche Verhalten mit Lebensmitteln konzentriert. Mit der jüngsten Entwicklung in Einblicke in Essen Verhalten gewinnen, eine wachsende Zahl von Literaturberichten Verwendung von AFEAfür die menschliche emotionale Reaktion mit Lebensmitteln assoziiert zu charakterisieren, Getränken und Riechstoffe 1-12. AFEA wird aus dem Facial Action Coding System (FACS) abgeleitet. Die Facial Action Coding System (FACS) unterscheidet Gesichtsbewegungen gekennzeichnet durch Betätigungseinheiten (AUs) auf einer 5-Punkte - Intensitätsskala 13. Die FACS-Ansatz erfordert trainierte Überprüfung Experten, manuelle Codierung, die wesentlichen Bewertungszeit und liefert begrenzten Datenanalysemöglichkeiten. AFEA wurde als schnelle Auswertungsverfahren entwickelt Emotionen zu bestimmen. AFEA Software stützt sich auf Gesichtsmuskelbewegungen, Gesichts Datenbanken und Algorithmen , um die emotionale Reaktion 14-18 zu charakterisieren. Die AFEA Software in dieser Studie verwendeten erreichte einen &quot;FACS Index der Vereinbarung von 0,67 im Durchschnitt sowohl an der Warschauer Set Emotionale Gesichtsausdruck Bilder (WSEFEP) und Amsterdam Dynamische Gesichtsausdruck Set (ADFES), die auf eine Standardvereinbarung von 0,70 nahe für manuelle Codierung &quot;19 </sup&gt;. Universal-Emotionen in die Analyse einbezogen sind glücklich (positiv), traurig (negativ), angewidert (negativ), überrascht (positiv oder negativ), wütend (negativ), Angst (negativ) und neutral jeweils auf einer separaten Skala von 0 bis 1 ( 0 = nicht ausgedrückt; 1 = vollständig ausgedrückt) 20. Darüber hinaus enthält der Psychologie Literatur glücklich, überrascht und wütend als &quot;Ansatz&quot; Emotionen ( in Richtung Reize) und traurig, ängstlich, und angewidert als &quot;Rückzug&quot; Emotionen (weg von aversiven Stimuli) 21. Eine Einschränkung der aktuellen AFEA Software für Emotionen, die mit Lebensmitteln assoziiert zu charakterisieren ist Interferenz von Gesichtsbewegungen im Zusammenhang mit Kauen und sowie andere grobmotorischen Bewegungen, wie extreme Kopfbewegungen zu schlucken. Die Software richtet sich kleinere Gesichtsmuskelbewegungen, bezüglich Position und Bewegungsgrad, basierend auf über 500 Muskel Punkte auf dem Gesicht 16,17. Kaubewegungen stören Klassifizierung von Ausdrücken. Diese Grenzeation kann unter Verwendung von verflüssigtem Lebensmittel behandelt werden. Jedoch können auch andere Methodik Herausforderungen auch Video-Empfindlichkeit und AFEA Analyse einschließlich der Datenerfassung Umwelt, Technologie, Forscher Anweisungen, Teilnehmerverhalten und Teilnehmer Attribute verringern. Eine Standardmethode ist für eine optimale Videoerfassung und Datenanalyse entwickelt und verifiziert mit AFEA für emotionale Reaktion auf Nahrungsmittel und Getränke in einer sensorischen Beurteilung Laborbedingungen nicht. Viele Aspekte können das Video-Capture-Umgebung einschließlich Beleuchtung beeinflussen, durch Abschattung zu Beleuchtung, Teilnehmer Richtungen, Teilnehmerverhalten, Teilnehmerhöhe, sowie die Kamerahöhe, Kamera Angeln und Geräteeinstellungen. Darüber hinaus sind die Datenanalyse-Methoden inkonsistent und fehlt nach einer Standardmethode für emotionale Reaktion zu beurteilen. Hier werden wir unser Standardverfahren für die Erfassung emotionaler Daten und Verarbeitung von Daten in aussagekräftige Ergebnisse zeigen, mit Getränken (aromatisierter Milch, unflavored Milch und geschmacksneutralen Wasser) für die Bewertung. Unseres Wissens nur ein Peer - Review - Publikation aus unserem Labor - Gruppe, hat für Emotionen Analyse 8 Zeitreihen für die Interpretation der Daten verwendet wird ; jedoch hat das Verfahren für unsere stellten Verfahrens aktualisiert. Unser Ziel ist es, eine verbesserte und einheitliche Methodik zu helfen, mit der Reproduzierbarkeit in einer sensorischen Beurteilung Laborumgebung zu entwickeln. Zur Demonstration ist es das Ziel der Studie Modell zu bewerten, wenn AFEA traditionelle hedonischen Verträglichkeitsprüfung von aromatisierter Milch, unflavored Milch und geschmacksneutralen Wasser ergänzen könnte. Die Absicht dieses Video-Protokoll ist zu helfen AFEA Methodik etablieren, Video-Capture-Kriterien in einer sensorischen Beurteilung Labor (sensorische Stand-Einstellung), und zeigen ein Verfahren zur zeitlichen emotionale Datenanalyse einer Population zu standardisieren.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1087">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">2% Reduced Fat Milk</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH or DZA Brands, LLC, Salisbury, NC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">for solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Drinking Water</td>
			<td>Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>for solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Imitation Clear Vanilla Flavor</td>
			<td>Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>for solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Iodized Salt</td>
			<td>Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>for solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FaceReader 6</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>For Facial Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Sensory Information Management System (SIMS) 2000</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Sensory Computer Systems, Berkeley Heights, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Version 6</td>
			<td>For Sensory Data Capture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rhapsody</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Acuity Brands Lighting, Inc., Conyers, GA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For Environment Illumination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">R Version&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">R Core Team 2015</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3.1.1</td>
			<td>For Statistical Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microsoft Office</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>For Statistical Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">JMP</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) Version 9.2, SAS Institute, Cary, NC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>For Statistical Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Media Recorder 2.5</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>For capturing participants sensory evaluation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Axis M1054 Camera</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Axis Communications, Lund, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Beverage</td>
			<td style="width:436px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>Beverage or soft food for evaluation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocol for data collection and analysis applied to automated facial expression analysis technology and temporal analysis for sensory evaluation

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.

Das Verfahren schlägt ein Standardprotokoll für AFEA Datenerfassung. Wenn genannte Protokollschritte befolgt werden, unbrauchbar emotionale Datenausgang (Abbildung 1) , die aus schlechten Datensammlung (Abbildung 2: A; linkes Bild) kann begrenzt werden. Zeitreihenanalyse kann nicht genutzt werden , wenn Protokolldateien (.txt) überwiegend &quot;FIT_FAILED&quot; enthalten und &quot;FIND_FAILED&quot; , wie diese schlechte Daten ist (Abbildung 1)...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation at JoVE.com

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

Ein Protokoll für die Erfassung und statistischen Analyse emotionale Reaktion der Bevölkerung zu Getränken und verflüssigte Nahrungsmittel in einem sensorischen Laborauswertung mit automatisierten Gesichtsausdruck Analyse-Software beschrieben.

Protokoll für die Datenerhebung und Analyse Applied zu Automatische Gesichtsausdruck Analysis Technologie und zeitliche Analyse für die sensorische Prüfung

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

protocol-for-data-collection-analysis-applied-to-automated-facial

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.3K Aufrufe.  Virginia Tech.  Ein Protokoll für die Erfassung und statistischen Analyse emotionale Reaktion der Bevölkerung zu Getränken und verflüssigte Nahrungsmittel in einem sensorischen Laborauswertung mit automatisierten Gesichtsausdruck Analyse-Software beschrieben. 

Serie: Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

Kontextuelle und Cued Angst Anlage Test mit einer Video-Analyse-System bei Mäusen

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Forschung

Verhalten

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

Die Messung der Fronto-limbischen Aktivität unter Verwendung einer emotionalen Oddball Aufgabe bei Kindern mit familiärer High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Recording Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalizations to Evaluate Social Communication

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies for modeling the genetic bases of vocal communication deficits. Characterizing the vocal behavior of mouse models carrying mutations in genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders will help to understand the mechanisms leading to social communication deficits. We provide here protocols to reliably elicit ultrasonic vocalizations in pups and in adult mice. This standardization will help reduce inter-study variability due to the experimental settings. Pup isolation calls are recorded throughout development from individual pups isolated from dam and littermates. In adulthood, vocalizations are recorded during same-sex interactions (without a sexual component) by exposing socially motivated males or females to an unknown same-sex conspecific. We also provide a protocol to record vocalizations from adult males exposed to an estrus female. In this context, there is a sexual component in the interaction. These protocols are established to elicit a large amount of ultrasonic vocalizations in laboratory mice. However, we point out the important inter-individual variability in the vocal behavior of mice, which should be taken into account by recording a minimal number of individuals (at least 12 in each condition). These recordings of ultrasonic vocalizations are used to evaluate the call rate, the vocal repertoire and the acoustic structure of the calls. Data are combined with the analysis of synchronous video recordings to provide a more complete view on social communication in mice. These protocols are used to characterize the vocal communication deficits in mice lacking ProSAP1/Shank2, a gene associated with autism spectrum disorders. More ultrasonic vocalizations recordings can also be found on the mouseTube database, developed to favor the exchange of such data.

Mouse ultrasonic vocalizations are used as proxies to model the genetic bases of vocal communication deficits in mouse models for neuropsychiatric disorders. The present protocol describes three experimental contexts that reliably elicit ultrasonic vocalizations from pups (throughout development) and adult mice (same-sex interactions, male-estrus female interactions).

Aufnahme Maus Ultraschall Vocalizations soziale Kommunikation zur Bewertung

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies ...

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The proposed method is based on a new and synergistic combination of three components: the temporal-order judgments (TOJ) paradigm, Bundesen&#39;s Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), and a hierarchical Bayesian estimation framework. The method provides readily interpretable parameters, which are supported by the theoretical and neurophysiological underpinnings of TVA. Using TOJs, TVA-based estimates can be obtained for a broad range of stimuli, whereas traditional paradigms used with TVA are mainly limited to letters and digits. Finally, the meaningful parameters of the proposed model allow for the establishment of a hierarchical Bayesian model. Such a statistical model allows assessing results in one coherent analysis both on the subject and the group level.
To demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of this new approach, three experiments are reported with attention manipulations in synthetic pop-out displays, natural images, and a cued letter-report paradigm.

Temporal-order judgments can be used to estimate processing speed parameters and attentional weights and thereby to infer the mechanisms of attentional processing. This methodology can be applied to a wide range of visual stimuli and works with many attention manipulations.

Mess Achtung und Visual Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit von Modellbasierte Analyse zeitlicher Ordnung Urteile

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The ...

Automated Analysis of a Nematode Population-based Chemosensory Preference Assay

The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans' compact nervous system of only 302 neurons underlies a diverse repertoire of behaviors. To facilitate the dissection of the neural circuits underlying these behaviors, the development of robust and reproducible behavioral assays is necessary. Previous C. elegans behavioral studies have used variations of a "drop test", a "chemotaxis assay", and a "retention assay" to investigate the response of C. elegans to soluble compounds. The method described in this article seeks to combine the complementary strengths of the three aforementioned assays. Briefly, a small circle in the middle of each assay plate is divided into four quadrants with the control and experimental solutions alternately placed. After the addition of the worms, the assay plates are loaded into a behavior chamber where microscope cameras record the worms' encounters with the treated regions. Automated video analysis is then performed and a preference index (PI) value for each video is generated. The video acquisition and automated analysis features of this method minimizes the experimenter's involvement and any associated errors. Furthermore, minute amounts of the experimental compound are used per assay and the behavior chamber's multi-camera setup increases experimental throughput. This method is particularly useful for conducting behavioral screens of genetic mutants and novel chemical compounds. However, this method is not appropriate for studying stimulus gradient navigation due to the close proximity of the control and experimental solution regions. It should also not be used when only a small population of worms is available. While suitable for assaying responses only to soluble compounds in its current form, this method can be easily modified to accommodate multimodal sensory interaction and optogenetic studies. This method can also be adapted to assay the chemosensory responses of other nematode species.

We present a behavior recording setup and protocol that enables automated analysis of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans' preference for soluble compounds in a population-based assay. This article describes the construction of a behavior chamber, the behavioral assay protocol, and video analysis software usage.

Automatisierte Analyse eines Nematoden-Populations-basierten Chemosensorischen Präferenzassays

The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans' compact nervous system of only 302 neurons underlies a diverse repertoire of behaviors. To facilitate the dissection ...

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and laboratory experiments, respectively. VR is especially useful for geographic visualizations and investigations of spatial behavior. In spatial behavior research, VR provides a platform for studying the relationship between navigation and physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure). Specifically, physiological measures allow researchers to address novel questions and constrain previous theories of spatial abilities, strategies, and performance. For example, individual differences in navigation performance may be explained by the extent to which changes in arousal mediate the effects of task difficulty. However, the complexities in the design and implementation of VR experiments can distract experimenters from their primary research goals and introduce irregularities in data collection and analysis. To address these challenges, the Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework includes standardized modules such as participant training with the control interface, data collection using questionnaires, the synchronization of physiological measurements, and data storage. EVE also provides the necessary infrastructure for data management, visualization, and evaluation. The present paper describes a protocol that employs the EVE framework to conduct navigation experiments in VR with physiological sensors. The protocol lists the steps necessary for recruiting participants, attaching the physiological sensors, administering the experiment using EVE, and assessing the collected data with EVE evaluation tools. Overall, this protocol will facilitate future research by streamlining the design and implementation of VR experiments with physiological sensors.

Virtual reality (VR) experiments can be difficult to implement and require meticulous planning. This protocol describes a method for the design and implementation of VR experiments that collect physiological data from human participants. The Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework is employed to accelerate this process.

Virtual-Reality-Experimente mit physiologischen Maßnahmen

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and ...

Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge movements of eight professional badminton players and eight amateur players. The purpose of this protocol is to study the differences in kinematics and joint moment of the right knee and ankle. A motion capture system and force plate were used to capture data of the joint movements of the lower extremity and the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF). Sixteen young men who did not have any sports injuries in the past 6 months took part in the study. The subjects performed a maximal right lunge from the start position with their right foot, stepping on and fully contacting with the force plate, hit the shuttlecock with an underhand stroke to the designated position in the backcourt, and then returned to the start/end position. All subjects wore the same badminton shoes to avoid a difference in impact from different badminton shoes. The amateur players showed a greater range of ankle movement and reverse joint moment on the frontal plane, and a larger internal joint rotation moment on the horizontal plane. The professional badminton players exhibited greater knee moment on the sagittal and frontal planes. Therefore, these factors should be considered in the development of the training program to reduce the risk of sports injuries in knee and ankle joints. This study simulates the real badminton court and calibrates the range of activities of each movement of the subjects so that the subjects complete the experimental action in a natural state with high quality. A limitation of this study is that it does not combine joint load and muscle activity. Another limitation is that the sample size is small and should be expanded in future studies. This research method can be applied to the lower limb biomechanical research of other footwork in the badminton project.

Here, we present a protocol to evaluate the differences in injury mechanisms between professional and amateur players when performing a badminton maximal right lunge movement by analyzing lower limb kinematics.

Biomechanische Analysemethoden zur Beurteilung der Lungenleistung professioneller Badmintonspieler

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge ...

Low-cost Protocol of Footprint Analysis and Hanging Box Test for Mice Applied the Chronic Restraint Stress

Gait disturbance is frequently observed in patients with movement disorders. In mouse models used for movement disorders, gait analysis is important behavioral test to determine whether the mice mimic the symptoms of patients. Motor deficits are often induced by stress when no spontaneous motor phenotype is observed in the mouse models. Therefore, gait analysis followed by stress loading would be a sensitive method for evaluating the motor phenotype in mouse models. However, researchers face the requirement of an expensive apparatus to obtain quantitative results automatically from gait analysis. For stress, stress loading by simple methods without expensive apparatuses required for electric shock and forced running is desirable. Therefore, we introduce a simple and low-cost protocol consisting of footprint analysis with paper and ink, hanging box test to evaluate motor function, and stress loading defined by restraint with a conical tube. The motor deficits of mice were successfully detected by this protocol.

The low-cost protocol consisting of footprint analysis and hanging box test after restraint stress is useful for evaluating the movement disorders of mouse model.

Low-Cost-Protokoll der Footprint Analysen und hängen-Box-Test für Mäuse angewendet die chronische Zurückhaltung Stress

Gait disturbance is frequently observed in patients with movement disorders. In mouse models used for movement disorders, gait analysis is important ...

Modified Blood Collection from Tail Veins of Non-anesthetized Mice with a Vacuum Blood Collection System and Eyeglass Magnifier

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. The tail veins of mice are small, and it is sometimes difficult to obtain the required blood volume by conventional puncture methods. This study investigates the superiority of repeated blood sample collection from tail veins of mice through use of a vacuum blood collection system and eyeglass magnifier (experimental group) compared to conventional blood sampling methods (conventional group), performed by beginners and experts, respectively. With the help of an eyeglass magnifier, a butterfly needle tip is inserted into the tail vein of each mouse in the experimental group. When the vein is penetrated successfully, a blood sample is collected in the vacuum collection tube by insertion of the rubber end of a butterfly needle into the vacuum blood collection tube. The plunger is then used to collect blood without the help of the eyeglass magnifier in the conventional group. Success rates of blood sample collection by the beginners and experts were shown to be 70% vs. 100% (p &#60; 0.01) in the experimental group and 35% vs. 85% (p &#60; 0.01) in the conventional group. For both beginners and experts, puncture times required for obtaining required blood sample were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the conventional group (2.40 &#177; 0.75 vs. 2.90 &#177; 0.31, p &#60; 0.05; 1.15 &#177; 0.37 vs. 1.55 &#177; 0.76, p &#60; 0.05). In conclusion, the presented blood sampling technique is feasible and easy to practice and enables frequent sampling of adequate blood volumes from non-anesthetized mice.&#160;

This study reports blood sampling from tail vein in mice using a vacuum extraction tube system with eyeglass magnifier. Our method is easy to practice and could be used for repeat blood sampling in mice.

Modifizierte Blutentnahme aus Tail Venen nicht narkotisierten Mäuse mit einem Vakuum Blut Sammelsystem und Brillen Lupe

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. ...

Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings (PrAnCER): A Low-Cost, Open-Access Automated Gait Analysis System for Assessing Motor Deficits

Gait analysis is used to quantify changes in motor function in many rodent models of disease. Despite the importance of assessing gait and motor function in many areas of research, the available commercial options have several limitations such as high cost and lack of accessible, open code. To address these issues, we developed PrAnCER, Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings, for automated quantification of gait. The contrast-enhanced recordings are produced by using a translucent floor that obscures objects not in contact with the surface, effectively isolating the rat&#8217;s paw prints as it walks. Using these videos, our simple software program reliably measures a variety of spatiotemporal gait parameters. To demonstrate that PrAnCER can accurately detect changes in motor function, we employed a haloperidol model of Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD). We tested rats at two doses of haloperidol: high dose (0.30 mg/kg) and low dose (0.15 mg/kg). Haloperidol significantly increased stance duration and hind paw contact area in the low dose condition, as might be expected in a PD model. In the high dose condition, we found a similar increase in contact area but also an unexpected increase in stride length. With further research, we found that this increased stride length is consistent with the bracing-escape phenomenon commonly observed at higher doses of haloperidol. Thus, PrAnCER was able to detect both expected and unexpected changes in rodent gait patterns. Additionally, we confirmed that PrAnCER is consistent and accurate when compared with manual scoring of gait parameters.

Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings PrAnCER: A Low-Cost, Open-Access Automated Gait Analysis System for Assessing Motor Deficits

We describe a novel gait analysis system, Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings (PrAnCER), an open-access automated system for the quantification of gait characteristics in rats that utilizes a novel semitransparent floor to automatically quantify gait. This system was validated using the haloperidol model of Parkinson&#8217;s Disease.

Paw-Print-Analyse kontrastverstärkter Aufnahmen (PrAnCER): Ein kostengünstiges, open-access Automated Gait Analysis System zur Bewertung von Motordefiziten

Gait analysis is used to quantify changes in motor function in many rodent models of disease. Despite the importance of assessing gait and motor function ...