Wir sind dankbar, dass der Umwelt Services Association Education Trust, der Synthetischen Biologie in Cambridge SynBio Fonds und des Ministeriums für soziale Gerechtigkeit und Übertragung von Verantwortung, Regierung von Indien, für die finanzielle Unterstützung.

<ol>
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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antialgal,+antibacterial+and+antifungal+activity+of+two+metabolites+produced+and+excreted+by+cyanobacteria+during+growth.">Antialgal, antibacterial and antifungal activity of two metabolites produced and excreted by cyanobacteria during growth.</a> Microbiol Res. 161, 180-186 (2006).</li><li>Scott, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodiesel+from+algae:+challenges+and+prospects.">Biodiesel from algae: challenges and prospects.</a> Curr Opin Biotechnol. 21, 277-286 (2010).</li><li>Lea-Smith, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phycobilisome-deficient+strains+of+Synechocystis+sp.+PCC+6803+have+reduced+size+and+require+carbon-limiting+conditions+to+exhibit+enhanced+productivity.">Phycobilisome-deficient strains of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 have reduced size and require carbon-limiting conditions to exhibit enhanced productivity.</a> Plant Physiol. 165, 705-714 (2014).</li><li>Lea-Smith, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thylakoid+terminal+oxidases+are+essential+for+the+cyanobacterium+Synechocystis+sp.+PCC+6803+to+survive+rapidly+changing+light+intensities.">Thylakoid terminal oxidases are essential for the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to survive rapidly changing light intensities.</a> Plant Physiol. 162, 484-495 (2013).</li><li>Liu, X., Sheng, J., Curtiss, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty+acid+production+in+genetically+modified+cyanobacteria.">Fatty acid production in genetically modified cyanobacteria.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108, 6899-6904 (2011).</li><li>Xu, H., Vavilin, D., Funk, C., Vermaas, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+deletions+of+small+cab-like+proteins+in+the+cyanobacterium+Synechocystis+sp+PCC+6803+-+Consequences+for+pigment+biosynthesis+and+accumulation.">Multiple deletions of small cab-like proteins in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 - Consequences for pigment biosynthesis and accumulation.</a> J Biol Chem. 279, 27971-27979 (2004).</li><li>Castenholz, R. 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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Die wichtigsten Schritte bei der Erzeugung von nicht markierten Mutanten sind: 1) vorsichtig Plasmid-Design, um sicherzustellen, nur die Zielregion verändert wird; 2) sicherzustellen, dass die Proben bleiben axenic, vor allem, wenn die Kultur auf Saccharose; 3) plating Zellen für markierte Mutante Generation zunächst auf Agarplatten BG11 transformiert Antibiotika, gefolgt von der Zugabe von Agar und Antibiotika 24 Stunden später fehlen; 4) markierte Kultivierung Mutanten für 4 volle Tage vor auf BG11 und Saccharose...

Cyanobakterien sind eine evolutionär alten und unterschiedlichen Stamm der Bakterien in fast allen natürlichen Umwelt auf der Erde gefunden. In marinen Ökosystemen sind sie besonders reichlich vorhanden und spielen eine Schlüsselrolle in vielen Nährstoffkreisläufe spielen, für etwa die Hälfte der Kohlenstoff - Fixierung entfallen 1, die Mehrheit der Stickstofffixierung 2 und Hunderte von Millionen von Tonnen an Kohlenwasserstoffproduktion 3 in den Ozeanen jährlich. Chloroplasten, die Organell verantwortlich für die Photosynthese in eukaryotischen Algen und Pflanzen, sind wahrscheinlich von einem Cyanobakterium entwickelt zu haben , die vier von einem Wirtsorganismus verschlungen wurde. Cyanobakterien haben sich als nützlich erwiesen Modellorganismen für die Untersuchung der Photosynthese, Elektronentransport 5 und biochemischen Wege, von denen viele in Pflanzen konserviert sind. Darüber hinaus Cyanobakterien werden zunehmend für die Herstellung von Lebensmitteln verwendet werden, Biokraftstoffe 6, Strom 7 und Industrieverbindungen 8, die aufgrund ihrer halloghly effiziente Umwandlung von Wasser und CO 2 in Biomasse Solarenergie 9 verwenden. Viele Arten können auf Nicht-Ackerland mit minimalen Nährstoffe und Meerwasser gezüchtet werden, dass Cyanobakterien was darauf hindeutet, möglicherweise in großem Umfang angebaut werden könnten, ohne die landwirtschaftliche Produktion zu beeinträchtigen. Bestimmte Arten sind auch Quellen von natürlichen Produkten, einschließlich Antimykotika, antibakterielle und Anti-Krebs - Verbindungen 10,11. Die Fähigkeit, Mutanten zu erzeugen, ist der Schlüssel zum Verständnis cyanobakteriellen Photosynthese, der Biochemie und Physiologie und essentiell für die Entwicklung von Stämmen für industrielle Zwecke. durch Einfügen eines Antibiotikaresistenzkassette in den Ort von Interesse, die Mehrheit der veröffentlichten Studien erzeugen genetisch Stämme modifiziert. Dies begrenzt die Anzahl von Mutationen, die in einen Stamm eingeführt werden kann, da nur wenige Antibiotikaresistenz Kassetten zur Verwendung in Cyanobakterien verfügbar sind. Die Stämme Gene, Antibiotika re enthält,Beständigkeit kann nicht für die industrielle Produktion in offenen Teichen verwendet werden, die die einzigen kosteneffektiven Mittel , um wahrscheinlich 12 Biokraftstoffe und andere geringwertige Produkte zu erzeugen. Die Erzeugung von nicht markierten Mutanten überwindet diese Einschränkungen. Nicht markierte Mutanten enthalten keine Fremd-DNA, sofern nicht absichtlich enthalten und kann mehrfach manipuliert werden. Daher ist es möglich, so viele Veränderungen in einem Stamm zu erzeugen, wie gewünscht. Zusätzlich nachgeschalteten polaren Effekte auf Gene der Modifikationsstelle minimiert werden, präziser Modifikation des Organismus 13 ermöglicht. In den Mutantenstämmen, suicide Plasmiden, die zwei DNA-Fragmente identisch zu Regionen im cyanobakteriellen Chromosom flankieren das Gen deletiert werden (bezeichnet als die 5&#39;- und 3&#39;-flankierende Bereiche) zuerst konstruiert erzeugen. Zwei Gene werden dann zwischen diesen flankierenden Regionen eingeführt. Eines davon codiert eine antibiotische Resistenz-Protein; der zweite kodiert SacB, die produces Levansucrase, verleihen eine Verbindung Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Saccharose. In der ersten Stufe des Verfahrens, markierte Mutanten, enthält also Stämme einige fremde DNA, erzeugt. Das Plasmid-Konstrukt wird mit den Cyanobakterien-Zellen gemischt, und die DNA wird auf natürliche Weise durch den Organismus aufgenommen. Transformanten werden durch Wachstum auf Agar-Platten, die das entsprechende Antibiotikum und das mutierte Genotyp durch PCR verifiziert ausgewählt. Suicide Plasmide können nicht innerhalb der Stamm von Interesse replizieren. Daher irgendwelche Antibiotika-resistente Kolonien werden aus einem Rekombinationsereignis führen, wobei das interessierende Gen in das Chromosom eingefügt in. Zur Erzeugung nicht markierten Mutanten wird die markierte Mutante dann mit einem zweiten Selbstmord Plasmid gemischt, die nur die 5 &#39;und 3&#39; flankierenden Regionen. wenn Insertion von Fremd-DNA jedoch erforderlich ist, ein Plasmid, bestehend aus den 5&#39;- und 3&#39;-flankierenden Regionen mit einer Kassette, die die Gene von Interesse zwischen diesen DNA-Fragmente eingefügt enthalten, können verwendet werden. Selection ist über Wachstum auf Agar-Platten, die Saccharose. Wie Saccharose auf Zellen letal ist , wenn das sacB Gen - Produkt exprimiert wird, daß die nur Zellen überleben , sind jene , in denen ein zweites Rekombinationsereignis stattgefunden hat, wobei die Saccharose Empfindlichkeitsgens, zusätzlich zu dem Antibiotika - Resistenzgen, aus dem rekombinierten wurde Chromosom und auf dem Plasmid. Als Folge der rekombinatorischen Austausch, die flankierenden Regionen und jede DNA zwischen ihnen werden in das Chromosom inseriert. Wir haben erfolgreich diese Methoden zu generieren mehrere chromosomale Mutationen in dem gleichen Stamm von Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (nachfolgend als Synechocystis) 13,14, einzelne Punktmutationen in einem Gen von Interesse 13 und für die Expression von Genkassetten einzuführen. Während Generation von unmarkierten Vorprägungen hat vor unserer Arbeit in Synechocystis 15,16, eine detaillierte Methode nachgewiesen wurde, unterstützt durcheine visuelle Darstellung der kritischen Schritte, ist nicht öffentlich verfügbar. Wir haben galt auch die gleiche Methode zur Erzeugung von markierten Vorprägungen in einem anderen Modell Cyanobakterium, sp Synechococcus. PCC7002 (nachstehend als Synechococcus). Dieses Protokoll stellt eine klare, einfache Methode für Mutanten und ein schnelles Protokoll zur Validierung und Speicherung dieser Stämme zu erzeugen.

<table><tbody><tr><td>NaNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S5506</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma</td><td>230391</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C1016</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>citric acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C0759</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;EDTA</td><td>Fisher</td><td>EDT002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;BO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>339067</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MnCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.4H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M3634</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ZnSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma</td><td>Z4750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;MoO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma</td><td>331058</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.5H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma</td><td>209198</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Co(NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma</td><td>239267</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ferric ammonium citrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F5879</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P3786</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>SODC001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T1375</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>SODH001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H3375</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cyanocobalamin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>47869</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>72049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bacto agar</td><td>BD</td><td>214010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Fisher</td><td>SUC001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish 90 mm triple vented</td><td>Greiner</td><td>633185</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.2 &amp;micro;m filters</td><td>Sartorius</td><td>16534</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 ml conical flasks</td><td>Pyrex</td><td>CON004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm M 100 mm x 38&amp;nbsp;m</td><td>Bemis</td><td>FIL003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phusion high fidelity DNA polymerase&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Phusion</td><td>F-530</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Melford</td><td>MB1200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNA purification kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MoBio</td><td>12100-300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Restriction endonucleases</td><td>NEB</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T4 ligase</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>EL0011</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Luria Bertani broth</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>12795-027</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M8250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kanamycin sulfate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>60615</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ampicillin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A9518</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GeneJET plasmid miniprep kit</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>K0503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>14 ml round-bottom tube</td><td>BD falcon</td><td>352059</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GoTaq G2 Flexi DNA polymerase</td><td>Promega</td><td>M7805</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>425-600 &amp;micro;m glass beads</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G8772</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G5516</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMSO</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D8418</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent bulbs</td><td>Gro-Lux</td><td>69</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HT multitron photobioreactor</td><td>Infors</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

generation of marked and markerless mutants in model cyanobacterial species

Cyanobacteria are ecologically important organisms and potential platforms for production of biofuels and useful industrial products. Genetic manipulation of cyanobacteria, especially model organisms such as Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and Synechococcus sp. PCC7002, is a key tool for both basic and applied research. Generation of unmarked mutants, whereby chromosomal alterations are introduced into a strain via insertion of an antibiotic resistance cassette (a manipulatable fragment of DNA containing one or more genes), followed by subsequent removal of this cassette using a negative selectable marker, is a particularly powerful technique. Unmarked mutants can be repeatedly genetically manipulated, allowing as many alterations to be introduced into a strain as desired. In addition, the absence of genes encoding antibiotic resistance proteins in the mutated strain is desirable, as it avoids the possibility of 'escape' of antibiotic resistant organisms into the environment. However, detailed methods for repeated rounds of genetic manipulation of cyanobacteria are not well described in the scientific literature. Here we provide a comprehensive description of this technique, which we have successfully used to generate mutants with multiple deletions, single point mutations within a gene of interest and insertion of novel gene cassettes.

Plasmid - Design ist entscheidend für die erfolgreiche Erzeugung der beiden markierten und nicht markierten Mutanten. Figur 1 gibt ein Beispiel von Plasmid A und B verwendet , um eine Deletionsmutante in den Synechocystis Gene 13 cpcC1 und cpcC2 zu erzeugen. In jedem Fall sind die 5 &#39;und 3&#39; flankierenden Regionen sind etwa 900-1.000 bp. Reduzierte flankierenden Regionen können verwendet werden, obwohl das kleinste wir erfol...

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Generation of Marked and Markerless Mutants in Model Cyanobacterial Species

Introducing multiple genomic alterations into cyanobacteria is an essential tool in the development of strains for industrial and basic research purposes. We describe a system for generating unmarked mutants in the model cyanobacterial species Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and marked mutants in Synechococcus sp. PCC7002.

Erzeugung von Marked und Markerless Mutants in Modell Cyanobakterienarten

Cyanobacteria are ecologically important organisms and potential platforms for production of biofuels and useful industrial products. Genetic manipulation ...

generation-marked-markerless-mutants-model-cyanobacterial

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.9K Aufrufe.  University of Cambridge. Introducing multiple genomic alterations into cyanobacteria is an essential tool in the development of strains for industrial and basic research purposes. We describe a system for generating unmarked mutants in the model cyanobacterial species Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and marked mutants in Synechococcus sp. PCC7002.

Serie: Generation of Marked and Markerless Mutants in Model Cyanobacterial Species

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most mutagenesis-based screens, researchers have relied on the use of toxic chemicals, carcinogens, or irradiation, which requires designated equipment, safety setup, and/or disposal of hazardous materials. We have developed a simple approach to induce heritable mutations in C. elegans using germline-expressed histone-miniSOG, a light-inducible potent generator of reactive oxygen species. This mutagenesis method is free of toxic chemicals and requires minimal laboratory safety and waste management. The induced DNA modifications include single-nucleotide changes and small deletions, and complement those caused by classical chemical mutagenesis. This methodology can also be used to induce integration of extrachromosomal transgenes. Here, we provide the details of the LED setup and protocols for standard mutagenesis and transgene integration.

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Genetically-encoded histone-miniSOG induces genome-wide heritable mutations in a blue&#160;light-dependent manner. This mutagenesis method is simple, fast, free of toxic chemicals, and well-suited for forward genetic screening and transgene integration.

Optogenetische Zufallsmutagenese Mit Histon-miniSOG in<em&gt; C. elegans</em

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most ...

Forschung

Genetik

High-Throughput Robotically Assisted Isolation of Temperature-sensitive Lethal Mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Systematic identification and characterization of genetic perturbations have proven useful to decipher gene function and cellular pathways. However, the conventional approaches of permanent gene deletion cannot be applied to essential genes. We have pioneered a unique collection of ~70 temperature-sensitive (ts) lethal mutants for studying cell cycle regulation in the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii1. These mutations identify essential genes, and the ts alleles can be conditionally inactivated by temperature shift, providing valuable tools to identify and analyze essential functions. Mutant collections are much more valuable if they are close to comprehensive, since scattershot collections can miss important components. However, this requires the efficient collection of a large number of mutants, especially in a wide-target screen. Here, we describe a robotics-based pipeline for generating ts lethal mutants and analyzing their phenotype in Chlamydomonas. This technique can be applied to any microorganism that grows on agar. We have collected over 3000 ts mutants, probably including mutations in most or all cell-essential pathways, including about 200 new candidate cell cycle mutations. Subsequent molecular and cellular characterization of these mutants should provide new insights in plant cell biology; a comprehensive mutant collection is an essential prerequisite to ensure coverage of a broad range of biological pathways. These methods are integrated with downstream genetics and bioinformatics procedures for efficient mapping and identification of the causative mutations that are beyond the scope of this manuscript.

High-Throughput Robotically Assisted Isolation of Temperature-sensitive Lethal Mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Temperature-sensitive (ts) lethal mutants are valuable tools to identify and analyze essential functions. Here we describe methods to generate and classify ts lethal mutants in high throughput.

Hochdurchsatz-robotically Assisted Isolation von temperaturempfindlichen Lethal Mutants in<em&gt; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</em

Systematic identification and characterization of genetic perturbations have proven useful to decipher gene function and cellular pathways. However, the ...

Identifying Amino Acid Overproducers Using Rare-Codon-Rich Markers

To satisfy the ever-growing market for amino acids, high-performance production strains are needed. The amino acid overproducers are conventionally identified by harnessing the competitions between amino acids and their analogs. However, this analog-based method is of low accuracy, and proper analogs for specific amino acids are limited. Here, we present an alternative strategy that enables an accurate, sensitive, and high-throughput screening of amino acid overproducers using rare-codon-rich markers. This strategy is inspired by the phenomenon of codon usage bias in protein translation, for which codons are categorized into common or rare ones based on their frequencies of occurrence in the coding DNA. The translation of rare codons depends on their corresponding rare transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which cannot be fully charged by the cognate amino acids under starvation. Theoretically, the rare tRNAs can be charged if there is a surplus of the amino acids after charging the synonymous common isoacceptors. Therefore, retarded translations caused by rare codons could be restored by feeding or intracellular overproductions of the corresponding amino acids. Under this assumption, a selection or screening system for identifying amino acid overproducers is established by replacing the common codons of the targeted amino acids with their synonymous rare alternatives in the antibiotic resistance genes or the genes encoding fluorescent or chromogenic proteins. We show that the protein expressions can be greatly hindered by the incorporation of rare codons and that the levels of proteins correlate positively with the amino acid concentrations. Using this system, overproducers of multiple amino acids can be readily screened out from mutation libraries. This rare-codon-based strategy only requires a single modified gene, and the host is less likely to escape the selection than in other methods. It offers an alternative approach for obtaining amino acid overproducers.

This study presents an alternative strategy to the conventional toxic analog-based method in identifying amino acid overproducers by using rare-codon-rich markers to achieve accuracy, sensitivity, and high-throughput simultaneously.

Identifizieren von Aminosäure-Overproduzenten mit selten-Codon-reichen Markern

To satisfy the ever-growing market for amino acids, high-performance production strains are needed. The amino acid overproducers are conventionally ...

Biochemie

Visual and Microscopic Evaluation of Streptomyces Developmental Mutants

Streptomycetes are filamentous soil bacteria belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria that are found throughout the world and produce a wide array of antibiotics and other secondary metabolites. Streptomyces coelicolor is a well-characterized, non-pathogenic species that is amenable to a variety of analyses in the lab. The phenotyping methods described here use S. coelicolor as a model streptomycete; however, the methods are applicable to all members of this large genus as well as some closely related actinomycetes. Phenotyping is necessary to characterize new species of Streptomyces identified in the environment, and it is also a vital first step in characterizing newly isolated mutant strains of Streptomyces. Proficiency in phenotyping is important for the many new researchers who are entering the field of Streptomyces research, which includes the study of bacterial development, cell division, chromosome segregation, and second messenger signaling. The recent crowdsourcing of antibiotic discovery through the isolation of new soil microbes has resulted in an increased need for training in phenotyping for instructors new to the field of Streptomyces research and their college or high school students. This manuscript describes methods for bacterial strain propagation, storage, and characterization through visual and microscopic examination. After reading this article, new researchers (microbiology education laboratories and citizen scientists) should be able to manipulate Streptomyces strains and begin visual characterization experiments.

Visual and Microscopic Evaluation of Streptomyces Developmental Mutants

Here we present protocols for novice researchers to initiate phenotyping for the pharmacologically important bacterial genus Streptomyces.

Visuelle und Mikroskopische Auswertung von Streptomyces Entwicklungsstörungen Mutanten

Streptomycetes are filamentous soil bacteria belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria that are found throughout the world and produce a wide array of ...

Immunologie und Infektion

Live-Cell Forward Genetic Approach to Identify and Isolate Developmental Mutants in Chlamydia trachomatis

The intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis undergoes a developmental cycle consisting of two morphologically discrete developmental forms. The non-replicative elementary body (EB) initiates infection of the host. Once inside, the EB differentiates into the reticulate body (RB). The RB then undergoes multiple rounds of replication, before differentiating back to the infectious EB form. This cycle is essential for chlamydial survival as failure to switch between cell types prevents either host invasion or replication.
Limitations in genetic techniques due to the obligate intracellular nature of Chlamydia have hampered identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in the cell-type development. We designed a novel dual promoter-reporter plasmid system that, in conjunction with live-cell microscopy, allows for the visualization of cell type switching in real time. To identify genes involved in the regulation of cell-type development, the live-cell promoter-reporter system was leveraged for the development of a forward genetic approach by combining chemical mutagenesis of the dual reporter strain, imaging and tracking of Chlamydia with altered developmental kinetics, followed by clonal isolation of mutants. This forward genetic workflow is a flexible tool that can be modified for directed interrogation into a wide range of genetic pathways.

Live-Cell Forward Genetic Approach to Identify and Isolate Developmental Mutants in Chlamydia trachomatis

This protocol utilizes fluorescent promoter-reporters, live-cell microscopy, and individual inclusion extraction in a directed forward genetic approach to identify and isolate developmental mutants of Chlamydia trachomatis.

The intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis undergoes a developmental cycle consisting of two morphologically discrete developmental forms. ...

Stabile Genintegration in Chlorella vulgaris mit Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Genetic Engineering of Green Microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AMT) serves as a widely employed tool for manipulating plant genomes. However, A. tumefaciens exhibit the capacity for gene transfer to a diverse array of species. Numerous microalgae species lack well-established methods for reliably integrating genes of interest into their nuclear genome. To harness the potential benefits of microalgal biotechnology, simple and efficient genome manipulation tools are crucial. Herein, an optimized AMT protocol is presented for the industrial microalgae species Chlorella vulgaris, utilizing the reporter green fluorescent protein (mGFP5) and the antibiotic resistance marker for Hygromycin B. Mutants are selected through plating on Tris-Acetate-Phosphate (TAP) media containing Hygromycin B and cefotaxime. Expression of mGFP5 is quantified via fluorescence after over ten generations of subculturing, indicating the stable transformation of the T-DNA cassette. This protocol allows for the reliable generation of multiple transgenic C. vulgaris colonies in under two weeks, employing the commercially available pCAMBIA1302 plant expression vector.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Optimiertes Transformationsprotokoll für Chlorella vulgaris mit Agrobacterium tumefaciens 

This protocol outlines the utilization of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AMT) for integrating gene(s) of interest into the nuclear genome of the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, leading to the production of stable transformants.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-vermittelte Gentechnik von Grünen Mikroalgen, Chlorella vulgaris

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AMT) serves as a widely employed tool for manipulating plant genomes. However, A. tumefaciens exhibit ...

Biotechnik

Generation of Null Mutants to Elucidate the Role of Bacterial Glycosyltransferases in Bacterial Motility

The study of glycosylation in prokaryotes is a rapidly growing area. Bacteria harbor different glycosylated structures on their surface whose glycans constitute a strain-specific barcode. The associated glycans show higher diversity in sugar composition and structure than those of eukaryotes and are important in bacterial-host recognition processes and interaction with the environment. In pathogenic bacteria, glycoproteins have been involved in different stages of the infectious process, and glycan modifications can interfere with specific functions of glycoproteins. However, despite the advances made in the understanding of glycan composition, structure, and biosynthesis pathways, understanding of the role of glycoproteins in pathogenicity or interaction with the environment remains very limited. Furthermore, in some bacteria, the enzymes required for protein glycosylation are shared with other polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways, such as lipopolysaccharide and capsule biosynthetic pathways. The functional importance of glycosylation has been elucidated in several bacteria through mutation of specific genes thought to be involved in the glycosylation process and the study of its impact on the expression of the target glycoprotein and the modifying glycan. Mesophilic Aeromonas have a single and O-glycosylated polar flagellum. Flagellar glycans show diversity in carbohydrate composition and chain length between Aeromonas strains. However, all strains analyzed to date show a pseudaminic acid derivative as the linking sugar that modifies serine or threonine residues. The pseudaminic acid derivative is required for polar flagella assembly, and its loss has an impact on adhesion, biofilm formation, and colonization. The protocol detailed in this article describes how the construction of null mutants can be used to understand the involvement of genes or genome regions containing putative glycosyltransferases in the biosynthesis of a flagellar glycan. This includes the potential to understand the function of the glycosyltransferases involved and the role of the glycan. This will be achieved by comparing the glycan deficient mutant to the wild-type strain.

Here, we describe the construction of null mutants of Aeromonas in specific glycosyltransferases or regions containing glycosyltransferases, the motility assays, and flagella purification performed to establish the involvement and function of their encoded enzymes in the biosynthesis of a glycan, as well as the role of this glycan in bacterial pathogenesis.

Erzeugung von Nullmutanten zur Aufklärung der Rolle bakterieller Glykosyltransferasen in der bakteriellen Motilität

The study of glycosylation in prokaryotes is a rapidly growing area. Bacteria harbor different glycosylated structures on their surface whose glycans ...

Monitoring Intraspecies Competition in a Bacterial Cell Population by Cocultivation of Fluorescently Labelled Strains

Many microorganisms such as bacteria proliferate extremely fast and the populations may reach high cell densities. Small fractions of cells in a population always have accumulated mutations that are either detrimental or beneficial for the cell. If the fitness effect of a mutation provides the subpopulation with a strong selective growth advantage, the individuals of this subpopulation may rapidly outcompete and even completely eliminate their immediate fellows. Thus, small genetic changes and selection-driven accumulation of cells that have acquired beneficial mutations may lead to a complete shift of the genotype of a cell population. Here we present a procedure to monitor the rapid clonal expansion and elimination of beneficial and detrimental mutations, respectively, in a bacterial cell population over time by cocultivation of fluorescently labeled individuals of the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The method is easy to perform and very illustrative to display intraspecies competition among the individuals in a bacterial cell population.

Bacteria may accumulate either detrimental or beneficial mutations during their lifetime. In a population of cells individuals that have accumulated beneficial mutations may rapidly outcompete their fellows. Here we present a simple procedure to visualize intraspecies competition in a bacterial cell population over time using fluorescently labeled individuals.&#160;

Erzeugung von Marked und Markerless Mutants in Modell Cyanobakterienarten

Zusammenfassung

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