Name: focus formation: a cell-based assay to determine the oncogenic potential of a gene
Uploaded: 2014-12-31T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 18 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Focus Formation: A Cell-based Assay to Determine the Oncogenic Potential of a Gene at JoVE.com

Diese Arbeit wurde durch einen Zuschuss von der NIH Direktor Neue Innovator Award Program (ED) unterstützt. AA wurde zum Teil von Undergraduate-Auszeichnungen von der National Cancer Institute und der National Science Foundation unterstützt.

1. Die Herstellung der viralen Vektoren Die codierenden Sequenzen für das Gen von Interesse, sowie die positive und negative Kontrollen werden durch traditionelle Klonierungsverfahren (PCR-Amplifikation, Restriktionsspaltung und Ligation) in pBaBepuro eingefügt. Es gibt vier Restriktionsstellen auf dem Vektor, wobei die DNA eingefügt werden kann: BamHI, SnaBI, SalI und EcoRI. <ol><li> Bereiten Transfektion-grade Plasmid-DNA aus kompetenten Zellen mit dem QIAGEN Plasmid Midi Kit. </li><li> Messen DNA-Konzentration mit einem NanoDrop2000 Spektralphotometer. </li></ol> 2. Retrovirus Produktion Die Plat-E Verpackungszelllinie wird verwendet, um ecotrope Retrovirus, das die cDNA von Interesse für NIH 3T3-Zellen liefern produzieren wird. <ol><li> Gründung Plat-E Kulturen aus eingefrorenen Zellen <ol><li> Tauen schnell Plat-E-Zellen in einem 37 ° C Wasserbad und Transfer zu einem 15 ml konischen Röhrchen. Langsam 9 ml Plat-E-Medium (Dulbecco modifiziertes Eagle-Medium (DMEM) + 10% fötalem Rinderserum (FBS) + Penicillin und Streptomycin). </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die Röhrchen bei 180 x g für 5 min und den Überstand verwerfen. </li><li> Resuspendieren der Zellen mit 10 ml von PLAT-E-Medium, und in ein 10 cm Kulturschale. </li><li> Inkubieren der Zellen in einem 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 kultiviert, bis sie 80-90% Konfluenz (etwa 2 Tage). </li></ol></li><li> Zell Splitting <ol><li> Saugen Sie das Medium und waschen Sie die Zellen einmal mit PBS. </li><li> 2 ml 0,05% Trypsin-EDTA und Inkubation für 1 min bei RT. </li><li> Trennen Sie die Zellen, die durch Fingertippen, 10 ml Plat-E-Medium, und übertragen Sie die Zellsuspension in ein 15-ml-Tube. </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die Röhrchen bei 180 x g für 5 min und den Überstand verwerfen. </li><li> Die Zellen mit 10 ml Plat-E-Medium und Saatgut in neue Gerichte zu 1: 4-1: 6 Verdünnungen. </li></ol></li><li> Plat-E Seeding und Transfektion <ol><li> Seed 2 x 10 6Zellen pro 10 cm Kulturschale mit Plat-E-Medium ohne Antibiotika. </li><li> Die Zellen O / N Inkubieren bei 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 -Inkubator. </li><li> Am nächsten Tag, Transfer 300 ul Opti-MEM in 1,5 ml Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. </li><li> Hinzufügen 27 ul Polyethylenimin (PEI), ein kostengünstiges Transfektionsreagenz 12, auf die vorbereitete Rohr mit Opti-MEM. Vorsichtig mischen Finger klopfen und Inkubation für 5 min bei RT. </li><li> In 9 ug Transfektion-Grade-Plasmid-DNA in der Opti-MEM / PEI Rohr, vorsichtig mischen durch Vortexen und Inkubation für 15 min bei RT. </li><li> Fügen Sie die DNA / PEI Komplex tropfenweise in die Plat-E Gericht, und Inkubation O / N bei 37 ° C, 5% CO 2. </li><li> Am nächsten Tag, saugen Sie den Medium, das das Transfektionsreagenz und 10 ml frisches Plat-E-Medium (ohne Antibiotika). </li><li> Rückkehr der Zellen in den Inkubator. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. NIH 3T3 Cells and Infection <ol><li> Gründung NIH3T3 Kulturen und Seeding <ol><li> Tauen schnell NIH 3T3-Zellen in einem 37 ° C Wasserbad und Transfer in ein 15-ml-Tube. Langsame Zugabe von 9 ml NIH 3T3-Medium (DMEM + 10% FBS). </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die Röhrchen bei 180 x g für 5 min und den Überstand verwerfen. </li><li> Resuspendieren der Zellen mit 10 ml von NIH 3T3-Medium und in ein 10 cm Kulturschale. </li><li> Inkubieren der Zellen in einem 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 -Inkubator. Es ist sehr wichtig, dass die NIH 3T3 Zellen werden stets underconfluent (50-60%), wenn die Frequenz der spontanen Transformation (und daher basale Foci-Bildung) erhöht, wenn eine Kultur Konfluenz erreicht. </li><li> Seed 3 x 10 5 Zellen pro 10 cm Schale und Inkubation O / N für die Infektion am nächsten Tag. </li></ol></li><li> Infektion <ol><li> Ernte der retroviralen Überstand vom PLAT-E-Schale unter Verwendung einer 10 ml Plastikspritze, die durch Filtrieren über eine 0,45 um Porengrße Nylonmembranfilter, und Überführung in eine 15 mlRohr. </li><li> 10 ml frisches Plat-E-Medium zu den Zellen (ohne Antibiotika), und bringt sie in den Inkubator. </li><li> Saugen Sie das Medium aus dem NIH 3T3 Zell Gericht angesteckt zu werden, und mit 5 ml regelmäßigen NIH 3T3 Medium und 5 ml virushaltige Überstand gefiltert. </li><li> Hinzufügen Polybren in die Schale in einer Konzentration von 6 ug / ml. </li><li> Die Zellen O / N bei 37 ° C, 5% CO 2. </li><li> Am nächsten Tag, wiederholen Sie die Schritte 3.2.1 - 3.2.5 für eine zweite Runde der Infektion. </li><li> Ersetzen Sie die virushaltige Medium mit regelmäßigen NIH 3T3 Medium. </li><li> Lassen Sie die NIH 3T3-Zellen zu 2-3 Wochen wachsen, Ersetzen des Mediums wie nötig. Überprüfen der Expression des Proteins von Interesse durch herkömmliche Protein Elektrophorese und Immunoblot auf ganzer Zellysate von Replika-Platten. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Die Färbung und Quantifizierung <ol><li> Kristallviolett-Färbung <ol><li> Saugen Sie das NIH 3T3 Medium und Ort der Gerichteauf Eis. </li><li> Die Gerichte mit eiskaltem PBS zweimal waschen. </li><li> Befestigen Sie die Zellen mit eiskaltem Methanol für 10 min. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die Gerichte aus Eis, saugen Sie den Methanol und 3 ml 0,5% Kristallviolett-Lösung in 25% Methanol (RT) gemacht. </li><li> Das Geschirr Inkubation für 5 min bei RT. </li><li> Saugen Sie das Kristallviolett-Lösung und spülen Sie sorgfältig die Schale mit Milli-Q H 2 O, bis keine Farbe löst sich in der Spülung. </li><li> Lassen Sie die Gerichte nach O / N auf einem Labortisch trocknen (unbedeckt). </li></ol></li><li> Foci Quantifizierung <ol><li> Sobald die Gerichte sind trocken, mit einem Lineal, um die dunkel gefärbten Sammlungen von Zellen auf der Platte zu messen. Zählen nur jene, die größer als 5 mm im Durchmesser, wie die &quot;Foci&quot;. Nehmen Sie die Anzahl der Brennpunkte und berechnen Mittelwerte und die Bedeutung im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Die FFA bietet eine schnelle und einfache Methode, um eine maligne Transformation in vitro zu bewerten. Es ist offen für das Screening einer relativ großen Anzahl von Kandidaten-Gene und ihrer bescheidenen technischen Anforderungen machen es kosteneffektiv. Ferner können zwei oder mehr Gene coexprimiert werden (manchmal als &quot;Kooperation&quot; assay), die tumorigene Potenzial der Kombination zu bewerten. Die Vorteile dieses Tests verlassen sich auf ihre einfache Technik, die einfache Quantifizierung und ...

Tumorzellen von ihren normalen Gegenstücken durch eine Vielzahl von Änderungen zu unterscheiden, von den Mustern der Genexpression Epigenomics morphologischen und proliferative Veränderungen. Unter den letzteren eine geringere Abhängigkeit von Serum, Kontaktverlust (Dichte) Inhibition des Erwerbs von verankerungsunabhängiges Proliferation und schließlich die Fähigkeit, Tumoren zu bilden, wenn sie in Tiere injiziert sind nützlich, messbare Indikatoren Entartungs 3. Mehrere in vitro- und in vivo-Assays für zelluläre Transformation entwickelt worden. In-vitro-Assays zielen auf die Identifizierung und Messung von Veränderungen der Kulturmorphologie (Fokus-Assay), Kultur Dynamik (Wachstumsrate, Sättigungsdichte) und Wachstumsfaktor (Wachstums verringerten Serum) oder Ankerplatz (Wachstum in Weichagar) Anforderungen. Der Goldstandard für die Bestimmung der bösartigen Natur eines Zelltyps bleibt der Tumorbildung (Xenografts) in Versuchstieren. Jedoch ter kostet und Länge der in vivo-Studien nicht immer machen sie zu rechtfertigen als ersten Validierungsschritt oder Screening von Kandidaten Onkogene. Obwohl keine in vitro-Test liefert eine definitive Beurteilung der onkogenen Potentials eines Gens, sie geben Einblick in onkogene Potenzial, das in vivo-Studien gezieltere Zukunft kann. Eine der am weitesten verbreiteten Systeme zur Bewertung der onkogenen Potential in vitro wird die Fokusbildungs-Assay 2. Dieser Ansatz beruht auf der Verwendung von NIH 3T3-Maus-Fibroblasten, einer nicht-transformierten Zelllinie, die starke Kontakthemmung zeigt. Überexpression eines Onkogens zu einem Verlust der Wachstumsdichte abhängig; transformierte Zellen können dann wachsen in mehreren Schichten bildet &quot;Foci&quot;, leicht gegen den Hintergrund Monoschicht von nicht-transformierten Zellen visualisiert. Die Fokusbildungs-Assay, dann misst die Fähigkeit eines Kandidaten-Onkogens zur malignen Transformation zu induzieren, wie durch den Verlust des Kontakts belegt INHIBition als messbare Phänotyp. Die FFA wurde zur Transformation durch die Überexpression von Proteinkinasen (zB Src 4, BRAF 5), Transkriptionsfaktoren (zB N-myc 6), G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren (zB P2RY8 7) und GTPasen (zB evaluieren Ras 1), unter anderem. Die relative Leichtigkeit dieses Assays ist es eine gute Wahl, die eine schnelle und optisch klare Antwort, ob die Überexpression des Gens ausreicht, um NIH 3T3-Maus-Fibroblasten-Zellen zu transformieren in vitro bereitstellt. Die in diesem Protokoll beschrieben FFA verwendet die Plat-E Verpackungszelllinie 8, die viralen Verpackungsproteine ​​enthält, und der retrovirale Vektor pBabePuro 9 (Addgene Plasmid 1764) zu Retrovirus zu produzieren. Nach Transfektion mit dem pBaBepuro Konstrukt das Gen von Interesse enthält, wird das PLAT-E-Zellinie ecotropen Retroviren, die verwendet werden können, um NIH 3T3 Zellen zu infizieren, zu erzeugen. Tseine Methode der viralen Gentransfer ist effizienter als herkömmliche chemische Transfektionsmethoden und bietet einen Weg, um nachhaltig das Gen 10 auszudrücken. Sobald sie in das Genom der NIH-3T3-Zellen eingebaut wird, wird die Überexpression des Gens von Interesse von der viralen langen terminalen Wiederholungen (LTR) -Promotor 11 angetrieben. Diese konstante Ausdruck kann verwendet werden, um festzustellen, ob das Gen von Interesse hat onkogene Aktivität, wie durch die Bildung von Foci auf den NIH 3T3-Zellen gemessen werden.

<table><tbody><tr><td>pBABE-puro vector</td><td>Addgene</td><td>Plasmid 1764</td><td>cloning vector</td></tr><tr><td>Platinum-E Retroviral Packaging Cell Line, Ecotropic</td><td>Cell Biolabs, Inc.</td><td>RV-101</td><td>cell line for viral production</td></tr><tr><td>NIH 3T3 Cell Line murine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>93061524</td><td>cell line for focus formation assay</td></tr><tr><td>10 ml BD Luer-Lok tip syringe</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>309604</td><td>viral production reagent</td></tr><tr><td>0.45 &amp;mu;m Puradisc Syringe Filter</td><td>Whatman</td><td>6750-2504</td><td>viral production reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylenimine (PEI)</td><td>Polysciences, Inc.</td><td>23966-2</td><td>cell transfection reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Polybrene Infection / Transfection Reagent</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>TR-1003-G</td><td>cell transfection reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Crystal Violet</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C581-25</td><td>cell stain reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Plasmid Plus Midi Kit</td><td>QIAGEN</td><td>12945</td><td>plasmid purification</td></tr><tr><td>BD Falcon Tissue Culture Dishes</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>353003</td><td>cell culture supplies</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11995-065</td><td>cell culture media</td></tr><tr><td>0.05% Trypsin-EDTA</td><td>Gibco</td><td>25300-054</td><td>cell culture supplies</td></tr><tr><td>Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium</td><td>Gibco</td><td>31985-062</td><td>cell culture media</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>16000-044</td><td>cell culture media</td></tr></tbody></table>

focus formation: a cell-based assay to determine the oncogenic potential of a gene

Malignant transformation of cells is typically associated with increased proliferation, loss of contact inhibition, acquisition of anchorage-independent growth potential, and the ability to form tumors in experimental animals1. In NIH 3T3 cells, the Ras signal transduction pathway is known to trigger many of these events, what is known as Ras transformation. The introduction of an overexpressed gene in NIH 3T3 cells may promote morphological transformation and loss of contact inhibition, which can help determine the oncogenic potential of that gene of interest. An assay that provides a straightforward method to assess one aspect of the transforming potential of an oncogene is the Focus Formation Assay (FFA)2. When NIH 3T3 cells divide normally in culture, they do so until they reach a confluent monolayer. However, in the presence of an overexpressed oncogene, these cells can begin to grow in dense, multilayered foci1 that can be visualized and quantified by crystal violet or Hema 3 staining. In this article we describe the FFA protocol with retroviral transduction of the gene of interest into NIH 3T3 cells, and how to quantify the number of foci through staining. Retroviral transduction offers a more efficient method of gene delivery than transfection, and the use of an ecotropic murine retrovirus provides a biosafety control when working with potential human oncogenes.

MXD3 eine basische Helix-Loop-Helix-Leucin-Zipper (bHLHZ) Transkriptionsfaktor, der ein Mitglied der MYC / MAX / MAD-Netzwerk ist. Es ist ein atypisches Mitglied der Familie MAD 13-15, und es wurde berichtet, dass bei der Karzinogenese 16,17 beteiligt sein. Im Vergleich zu pBaBepuro (negative Kontrolle) und MYC (positive Kontrolle), die NIH 3T3 Geschirr wo MXD3 überexprimiert wurde, hatten signifikant weniger Foci (1A). Die Daten in Abbildung 1B wurden aus verschi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Focus Formation: A Cell-based Assay to Determine the Oncogenic Potential of a Gene at JoVE.com

Focus Formation: A Cell-based Assay to Determine the Oncogenic Potential of a Gene

Der Fokus Formation Assay bietet eine einfache Methode, um die transformierende Potential eines Kandidaten Onkogen zu bewerten.

Fokus Formation: Ein Assay auf Zellbasis, um das onkogene Potential eines Gens zu bestimmen

Malignant transformation of cells is typically associated with increased proliferation, loss of contact inhibition, acquisition of anchorage-independent ...

focus-formation-cell-based-assay-to-determine-oncogenic-potential

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

27.8K Aufrufe.  University of California, Davis.  Der Fokus Formation Assay bietet eine einfache Methode, um die transformierende Potential eines Kandidaten Onkogen zu bewerten. 

Serie: Focus Formation: A Cell-based Assay to Determine the Oncogenic Potential of a Gene

Utilizing Functional Genomics Screening to Identify Potentially Novel Drug Targets in Cancer Cell Spheroid Cultures

The identification of functional driver events in cancer is central to furthering our understanding of cancer biology and indispensable for the discovery of the next generation of novel drug targets. It is becoming apparent that more complex models of cancer are required to fully appreciate the contributing factors that drive tumorigenesis in vivo and increase the efficacy of novel therapies that make the transition from pre-clinical models to clinical trials.
Here we present a methodology for generating uniform and reproducible tumor spheroids that can be subjected to siRNA functional screening. These spheroids display many characteristics that are found in solid tumors that are not present in traditional two-dimension culture. We show that several commonly used breast cancer cell lines are amenable to this protocol. Furthermore, we provide proof-of-principle data utilizing the breast cancer cell line BT474, confirming their dependency on amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor HER2 and mutation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3-kinase (PIK3CA) when grown as tumor spheroids. Finally, we are able to further investigate and confirm the spatial impact of these dependencies using immunohistochemistry.

Identifying novel drug targets that transition from pre-clinical testing to human trials is a scientific priority. To that end, here we describe a functional genomics approach for examining the impact of gene depletion on cancer cell line spheroids, which more appropriately model human cancers in vivo.

Functional Genomics Screening Verwendung zur Identifizierung möglicher neuer Wirkstoff-Targets in Cancer Cell Sphäroid-Kulturen

The identification of functional driver events in cancer is central to furthering our understanding of cancer biology and indispensable for the discovery ...

Forschung

Krebsforschung

Colony Forming Cell (CFC) Assay for Human Hematopoietic Cells

Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells are usually obtained from bone marrow, cord blood, or peripheral blood and are used to study hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. They have the capacity to differentiate into lymphoid and myeloid lineages. The colony forming cell (CFC) assay is used to study the proliferation and differentiation pattern of hematopoietic progenitors by their ability to form colonies in a semisolid medium. The number and the morphology of the colonies formed by a fixed number of input cells provide preliminary information about the ability of progenitors to differentiate and proliferate. Cells can be harvested from individual colonies or from the whole plate to further assess their numbers and differentiation states using flow cytometry and morphologic evaluation of Giemsa-stained slides. This assay is useful for assessing myeloid but not lymphoid differentiation. The term myeloid in this context is used in its wider sense to encompass granulocytic, monocytic, erythroid, and megakaryocytic lineages.

We have used this assay to assess the effects of oncogenes on the differentiation of primary human CD34+ cells derived from peripheral blood. For this purpose cells are transduced with either control retroviral construct or a construct expressing the oncogene of interest, in this case NUP98-HOXA9. We employ a commonly used retroviral vector, MSCV-IRES-GFP, that expresses a bicistronic mRNA that produces the gene of interest and a GFP marker. Cells are pre-activated by growing in the presence of cytokines for two days prior to retroviral transduction. After another two days, GFP+ cells are isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and mixed with a methylcellulose-containing semisolid medium supplemented with cytokines and incubated till colonies appear on the surface, typically 14 days. The number and morphology of the colonies are documented. Cells are then removed from the plates, washed, counted, and subjected to flow cytometry and morphologic examination. Flow cytometry with antibodies specific to the cell surface markers expressed during hematopoiesis provides information about lineage and maturation stage. Morphological studies of individual cells under a microscope after Wright- Giemsa staining provide further information with regard to lineage and maturation. Comparison of cells transduced with control empty vector to those transduced with an oncogene reveals the effects of the oncogene on hematopoietic differentiation.

Colony Forming Cell CFC Assay for Human Hematopoietic Cells

The colony forming cell (CFC) assay is an in vitro assay in which hematopoietic progenitors form colonies in a semi-solid medium. A combination of colony morphology, cell morphology, and flow cytometry are used to assess the ability of the progenitors to proliferate and differentiate along the different hematopoietic lineages.

Colony Forming Cell (CFC)-Assay für humanen hämatopoetischen Zellen

Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells are usually obtained from bone marrow, cord blood, or peripheral blood and are used to study hematopoiesis and ...

Immunologie und Infektion

Genome-wide RNAi Screening to Identify Host Factors That Modulate Oncolytic Virus Therapy

High-throughput genome-wide RNAi (RNA interference) screening technology has been widely used for discovering host factors that impact&#160;virus replication. Here we present the application of this technology to uncovering host targets that specifically modulate the replication of Maraba virus, an oncolytic rhabdovirus, and vaccinia virus with the goal of enhancing therapy. While the protocol has been tested for use with oncolytic Maraba virus and oncolytic vaccinia virus, this approach is applicable to other oncolytic viruses and can also be utilized for identifying host targets that modulate virus replication in mammalian cells in general. This protocol describes the development and validation of an assay for high-throughput RNAi screening in mammalian cells, the key considerations and preparation steps important for conducting a primary high-throughput RNAi screen, and a step-by-step guide for conducting a primary high-throughput RNAi screen; in addition, it broadly outlines the methods for conducting secondary screen validation and tertiary validation studies. The benefit of high-throughput RNAi screening is that it allows one to catalogue, in an extensive and unbiased fashion, host factors that modulate any aspect of virus replication for which one can develop an in vitro assay such as infectivity, burst size, and cytotoxicity. It has the power to uncover biotherapeutic targets unforeseen based on current knowledge.

Here we describe a protocol for employing high-throughput RNAi screening to uncover host targets that can be manipulated to enhance oncolytic virus therapy, specifically rhabodvirus and vaccinia virus therapy, but it can be readily adapted to other oncolytic virus platforms or for discovering host genes that modulate virus replication generally.

Genomweiten RNAi-Screening, Host Faktoren zu identifizieren, die onkolytische Viren Therapie zu modulieren

High-throughput genome-wide RNAi (RNA interference) screening technology has been widely used for discovering host factors that impact&#160;virus ...

Methods for Evaluating the Role of c-Fos and Dusp1 in Oncogene Dependence

The demonstration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in treating chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has heralded a new era in cancer therapeutics. However, a small population of cells does not respond to TKI treatment, resulting in minimal residual disease (MRD); even the most potent TKIs fail to eradicate these cells. These MRD cells serve as a reservoir to develop resistance to therapy. Why TKI treatment is ineffective against MRD cells is not known. Growth factor signaling is implicated in supporting the survival of MRD cells during TKI treatment, but a mechanistic understanding is lacking. Recent studies demonstrated that an elevated c-Fos and Dusp1 expression as a result of convergent oncogenic and growth factor signaling in MRD cells mediate TKI resistance. The genetic and chemical inhibition of c-Fos and Dusp1 renders CML exquisitely sensitive to TKIs and cures CML in both genetic and humanized mouse models. We identified these target genes using multiple microarrays from TKI-sensitive and -resistant cells. Here, we provide methods for target validation using in vitro and in vivo mouse models. These methods can easily be applied to any target for genetic validation and therapeutic development.

Here, we describe protocols for the genetic and chemical validation of c-Fos and Dusp1 as a drug target in leukemia using in vitro and in vivo genetic and humanized mouse models. This method can be applied to any target for genetic validation and therapeutic development.

Methoden zur Bewertung der Rolle von c-Fos und Dusp1 in Abhängigkeit der Onkogen

The demonstration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in treating chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has heralded a new era in cancer therapeutics. However, ...

Yeast As a Chassis for Developing Functional Assays to Study Human P53

The finding that the well-known mammalian P53 protein can act as a transcription factor (TF) in the yeast S. cerevisiae has allowed for the development of different functional assays to study the impacts of 1) binding site [i.e., response element (RE)] sequence variants on P53 transactivation specificity or 2) TP53 mutations, co-expressed cofactors, or small molecules on P53 transactivation activity. Different basic and translational research applications have been developed. Experimentally, these approaches exploit two major advantages of the yeast model. On one hand, the ease of genome editing enables quick construction of qualitative or quantitative reporter systems by exploiting isogenic strains that differ only at the level of a specific P53-RE to investigate sequence-specificity of P53-dependent transactivation. On the other hand, the availability of regulated systems for ectopic P53 expression allows the evaluation of transactivation in a wide range of protein expression. Reviewed in this report are extensively used systems that are based on color reporter genes, luciferase, and the growth of yeast to illustrate their main methodological steps and to critically assess their predictive power. Moreover, the extreme versatility of these approaches can be easily exploited to study different TFs including P63 and P73, which are other members of TP53 gene family.

Presented here are four protocols to construct and exploit yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reporter strains to study human P53 transactivation potential, impacts of its various cancer-associated mutations, co-expressed interacting proteins, and the effects of specific small molecules.

Hefe als Chassis für die Entwicklung von funktionellen Assays zur Untersuchung von Human P53

The finding that the well-known mammalian P53 protein can act as a transcription factor (TF) in the yeast S. cerevisiae has allowed for the development of ...

Oncogenic Gene Fusion Detection Using Anchored Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Followed by Next Generation Sequencing

Gene fusions frequently contribute to the oncogenic phenotype of many different types of cancer. Additionally, the presence of certain fusions in samples from cancer patients often directly influences diagnosis, prognosis, and/or therapy selection. As a result, the accurate detection of gene fusions has become a critical component of clinical management for many disease types. Until recently, clinical gene fusion detection was predominantly accomplished through the use of single-gene assays. However, the ever-growing list of gene fusions with clinical significance has created a need for assessing fusion status of multiple genes simultaneously. Next generation sequencing (NGS)-based testing has met this demand through the ability to sequence nucleic acid in massively parallel fashion. Multiple NGS-based approaches that employ different strategies for gene target enrichment are now available for use in clinical molecular diagnostics, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. This article describes the use of anchored multiplex PCR (AMP)-based target enrichment and library preparation followed by NGS to assess for gene fusions in clinical solid tumor specimens. AMP is unique among amplicon-based enrichment approaches in that it identifies gene fusions regardless of the identity of the fusion partner. Detailed here are both the wet-bench and data analysis steps that ensure accurate gene fusion detection from clinical samples.

This article details the use of an anchored multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based library preparation kit followed by next-generation sequencing to assess for oncogenic gene fusions in clinical solid tumor samples. Both wet-bench and data analysis steps are described.

Onkogene Genfusionsdetektion mit verankerter Multiplex-Polymerase-Kettenreaktion gefolgt von Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation

Gene fusions frequently contribute to the oncogenic phenotype of many different types of cancer. Additionally, the presence of certain fusions in samples ...

Mapping the Structure-Function Relationships of Disordered Oncogenic Transcription Factors Using Transcriptomic Analysis

Many cancers are characterized by chromosomal translocations which result in the expression of oncogenic fusion transcription factors. Typically, these proteins contain an intrinsically disordered domain (IDD) fused with the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of another protein and orchestrate widespread transcriptional changes to promote malignancy. These fusions are often the sole recurring genomic aberration in the cancers they cause, making them attractive therapeutic targets. However, targeting oncogenic transcription factors requires a better understanding of the mechanistic role that low-complexity, IDDs play in their function. The N-terminal domain of EWSR1 is an IDD involved in a variety of oncogenic fusion transcription factors, including EWS/FLI, EWS/ATF, and EWS/WT1. Here, we use RNA-sequencing to investigate the structural features of the EWS domain important for transcriptional function of EWS/FLI in Ewing sarcoma. First shRNA-mediated depletion of the endogenous fusion from Ewing sarcoma cells paired with ectopic expression of a variety of EWS-mutant constructs is performed. Then RNA-sequencing is used to analyze the transcriptomes of cells expressing these constructs to characterize the functional deficits associated with mutations in the EWS domain. By integrating the transcriptomic analyses with previously published information about EWS/FLI DNA binding motifs, and genomic localization, as well as functional assays for transforming ability, we were able to identify structural features of EWS/FLI important for oncogenesis and define a novel set of EWS/FLI target genes critical for Ewing sarcoma. This paper demonstrates the use of RNA-sequencing as a method to map the structure-function relationship of the intrinsically disordered domain of oncogenic transcription factors.

Intrinsically disordered domains are important for oncogenic fusion transcription factor function. To therapeutically target these proteins, a more detailed understanding of the regulatory mechanisms employed by these domains is required. Here, we use transcriptomics to map important structural features of the intrinsically disordered EWS domain in Ewing sarcoma.

Kartierung der Struktur-Funktions-Beziehungen ungeordneter onkogener Transkriptionsfaktoren mittels Transkriptomanalyse

Many cancers are characterized by chromosomal translocations which result in the expression of oncogenic fusion transcription factors. Typically, these ...

A Multiplexed Luciferase-based Screening Platform for Interrogating Cancer-associated Signal Transduction in Cultured Cells

Genome-scale interrogation of gene function using RNA interference (RNAi) holds tremendous promise for the rapid identification of chemically tractable cancer cell vulnerabilities. Limiting the potential of this technology is the inability to rapidly delineate the mechanistic basis of phenotypic outcomes and thus inform the development of molecularly targeted therapeutic strategies. We outline here methods to deconstruct cellular phenotypes induced by RNAi-mediated gene targeting using multiplexed reporter systems that allow monitoring of key cancer cell-associated processes. This high-content screening methodology is versatile and can be readily adapted for the screening of other types of large molecular libraries.

Achieving a systems level understanding of cellular processes is a goal of modern-day cell biology. We describe here strategies for multiplexing luciferase reporters of various cellular function end-points to interrogate gene function using genome-scale RNAi libraries.

Ein Multiplex-Luciferase-basierte Screening-Plattform zur Abfrage Krebs-assoziierte Signaltransduktion in kultivierten Zellen

Genome-scale interrogation of gene function using RNA interference (RNAi)  holds tremendous promise for the rapid identification of chemically tractable  ...

Medizin

Oncogene Expression Analysis with Alterations in pH in a Pancreatic Ductal Cell Line

The fourth leading cause of cancer-related death, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), has a 12% five-year survival rate. This disease has a poor prognosis and is characterized by a rigid stromal microenvironment, which represents a tangible challenge in its treatment. Chronic pancreatitis patients have a 10-fold greater risk of developing PDAC; in these patients, the ductal pH decreases from pH 8.0 to pH 6.0 due to bicarbonate insufficiency and the inflammatory milieu. Our goal was to understand the role of the acidic environment observed in chronic pancreatitis on oncogene expression in a pancreatic ductal cell line.
Therefore, 80% confluent human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells were incubated at pH 6.0 to pH 7.2 for 6 h. Total RNA from the cells was processed to enrich the total mRNA in the samples. Gene expression was evaluated via next-generation sequencing (NGS) of biological replicates. RNA-seq analysis was carried out with the aid of an online tool, and the differentially expressed genes (FCs &#60; &#177; 2.0) were identified; there were 90, 148, and 109 upregulated genes and 20, 14, and 23 downregulated genes at pH 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0, respectively. Four oncogenes were upregulated at pH 6.0, seven were upregulated at pH 6.5, and seven were upregulated at pH 7.0. The common genes that were upregulated at pH 6.0, pH 6.5, and pH 7.0 were lymphocyte cell-specific protein-tyrosine kinase (LCK) [pH 6.0, FC: 2.93; pH 6.5, FC: 2.93; pH 7.0, FC: 3.32], FGR proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase (FGR) [pH 6.0, FC: 4.17; pH 6.5, FC: 5.25; pH 7.0, FC: 5.09], and ArfGAP With SH3 domain, ankyrin repeat, and PH domain 3 (ASAP3) [pH 6.0, FC: 2.37; pH 6.5, FC: 3.84; pH 7.0, FC: 2.51]. The acidic environment triggers the activation of proto-oncogenes, which may trigger tumor initiation in chronic pancreatitis.

This study describes a protocol for exploring the effects of altered pH on oncogene expression via RNA-seq analysis of a pancreatic ductal cell line.

Onkogen-Expressionsanalyse mit Veränderungen des pH-Werts in einer duktalen Pankreaszelllinie

The fourth leading cause of cancer-related death, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), has a 12% five-year survival rate. This disease has a poor ...

The Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay

Anchorage-independent growth is the ability of transformed cells to grow independently of a solid surface, and is a hallmark of carcinogenesis. The soft agar colony formation assay is a well-established method for characterizing this capability in vitro and is considered to be one of the most stringent tests for malignant transformation in cells. This assay also allows for semi-quantitative evaluation of this capability in response to various treatment conditions. Here, we will demonstrate the soft agar colony formation assay using a murine lung carcinoma cell line, CMT167, to demonstrate the tumor suppressive effects of two members of the Wnt signaling pathway, Wnt7A and Frizzled-9 (Fzd-9). Concurrent overexpression of Wnt7a and Fzd-9 caused an inhibition of colony formation in CMT167 cells. This shows that expression of Wnt7a ligand and its Frizzled-9 receptor is sufficient to suppress tumor growth in a murine lung carcinoma model.

The soft agar colony formation assay is a method used to confirm cellular anchorage-independent growth in vitro. The goal of this protocol is to illustrate a stringent method for the detection of the tumorigenic potential of transformed cells and the tumor suppressive effects of proteins on transformed cells.

Die Soft-Agar Koloniebildungstest

Anchorage-independent growth is the ability of transformed cells to grow independently of a solid surface, and is a hallmark of carcinogenesis. The soft ...