该项目得到了德国研究基金会（DFG）的支持，资助号。BI 1639/9-1号文件。

1. 声带模型设计及零件3D打印
<ol><li>使用各种柔软的硅胶材料创建硅胶声带常见 M5 几何形状的多层表示。使用计算机辅助设计 （CAD） 软件设计各个零件。有关详细信息，请查看 补充编码文件 1、补充编码文件 2、补充编码文件 3、补充编码文件 4、补充编码文件 5、补充编码文件 6、补充编码文件 7、补充编码文件 8 。这些文件根据它们在模型中的功能进行命名，并作为后续步骤的基础。</li>
	<li>编译和组织步骤 2 中每个步骤的必要文件。请参阅 补充图 1 中的所需零件及其数量列表。请参阅 补充图 2 中的模具装配示意图。</li>
	<li>将 STL 文件加载到 3D 打印程序中，以生成 3D 打印机可以读取的 G 代码文件。</li>
	<li>准备用于 3D 打印的材料（参见 材料表）。<ol><li>对于 补充编码文件 2 和 补充编码文件 5，请使用导致层线不太明显的材料，例如聚乳酸 （PLA+） 或 PC。</li>
		<li>对于 补充编码文件 1，请使用较硬的材料，例如 Tough PLA 或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 （PETG），因为它容易受到弯曲应力的影响。其余部分对印刷材料的选择没有进一步的限制。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>为相应选定的 3D 打印机调整 3D 打印软件的设置。<ol><li>对于 补充编码文件 2 和 补充编码文件 5，将最大层高设置为 0.1 mm。</li>
		<li>对于 补充编码文件 1，将填充值设置为 100%，将打印图案设置为锯齿形，以获得更好的稳定性。此外，将构建板附着力类别设置为裙边而不是帽檐，因为零件的几何形状会使去除帽檐变得更加困难。</li>
		<li>对于其他零件，请使用默认设置和 0.2 mm 的层高。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>在3D打印机上打印上述零件。清洁零件并去除任何多余的材料，例如帽檐或印刷错误。用砂纸（等于或更细于推荐的 P1000）平滑内部接触面。</li>
</ol>2. 声带模型的制作
<ol><li>收集以下零件和材料来创建身体层：声折正 （2x）、vocalis_mold帽、vocalis_mold主部分、vocalis_mold壳、初级硅胶、脱模剂和稀释剂（有关详细信息 ，请参阅材料表 ）。<ol><li>在所有模具零件的内表面涂抹一些脱模剂。</li>
		<li>将模具的主要部件和盖子组装在正极上，然后将模具包装放入指定的锅中。如有必要，校正两个模具零件的对齐方式。确保浇注硅胶的正极孔朝上，模具在平坦的表面上有稳定的立足点。</li>
		<li>将初级有机硅与三份稀释剂（1：1：3）混合，首先将组分A与稀释剂混合，然后添加组分B。总量为 6 克的硅胶混合物足以从两个声带的一半铸造身体层。</li>
		<li>在真空室中以至少 -1 bar 的次压对硅胶混合物进行真空吸尘，以防止在固化的硅胶体内形成气泡。</li>
		<li>小心地将真空硅胶混合物倒入模具型腔中，直到它看起来充满。填充模具罐的周围区域，以防止非常薄的硅胶混合物通过模具接头下沉。在滴水期间检查硅胶液位，必要时添加更多硅胶。该混合物的滴落时间在1-2小时之间。</li>
		<li>经过约1天的固化时间，但至少8小时，从锅中取出模具，包括正模。在打开模具之前，请取下模具和锅之间的硅胶。</li>
		<li>打开模具时，首先从正极背面开始小心地取下盖子。然后，取下模具的主体。使用手术刀或侧刀小心去除多余的硅胶。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>准备musosa_mold背、musosa_mold主部和musosa_mold壳部分，以及用于生产上皮层的二级硅酮和脱模剂。（见 材料表）。 注意：步骤 2.1 和 2.2（体和上皮层）可以同时完成。<ol><li>组装两个模具零件并将它们放入船体中。在模具内部准备一些脱模剂，确保内壁按照相应脱模剂的使用说明进行涂覆。在继续操作之前，让组件短暂风干。</li>
		<li>在不使用稀释剂 （1：1：0） 的情况下混合一批二次硅胶。如果在混合时将气泡引入有机硅混合物中，请按照步骤2.1.4对混合物进行脱气。 注意：请注意这种混合物的滴落时间很短，约为 15 分钟。</li>
		<li>将一些混合物倒入模具中并旋转（将模具留在船体中），直到所有内表面都涂有硅胶。</li>
		<li>将模具翻转过来，让多余的硅胶排出。将模具固定在网眼、炉排上或允许进一步硅胶排水的角度的此位置。</li>
		<li>在固化过程中，通过定期抚平硅胶来防止硅胶中形成悬垂，尤其是在空气通道所在的区域。 注意： 这些也可以稍后用钳子小心地去除。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>通过制备步骤2.1中的vocalis硅胶层的正片，用步骤2.2中的上皮层制备的模具以及 材料表中列出的硅胶和稀释剂来准备粘膜中间层的生产。<ol><li>将初级硅胶与五份稀释剂（1：1：5）混合，首先将组分A与稀释剂混合，然后加入组分B。总量为4克硅胶混合物就足够了。</li>
		<li>如步骤2.1.4所示，在真空室中对硅胶混合物进行真空吸尘。</li>
		<li>用制备的上皮硅胶将一部分硅胶混合物填充到粘膜模具中。倾斜模具，直到上皮硅胶的所有内表面都覆盖一层薄薄的油，以利于插入正极。 注意：可选：由于稀释剂比例高，混合物具有数小时的漫长滴滴时间，在此期间混合物可以通过蒸发收缩。因此，在继续下一步之前，请等待大约 2-3 小时。</li>
		<li>小心地将带有声体的正极插入模具中。如果正极漂浮在硅胶上，请将正极固定在模具中，例如用夹子夹住。根据之前添加的硅胶量，它可能会在填充点逸出。</li>
		<li>以与铸造人声层相同的方式填充模具，如果材料下沉，则相应地加满。</li>
		<li>滴水时间结束后等待 24 小时，让硅胶完全固化。</li>
		<li>24小时后，将阀体从模具中取出。首先，从外壳上取下模具。然后，从后部开始，打开模具并卸下模具的主要部分。</li>
		<li>小心地去除多余的硅胶，清洗表面并让身体干燥。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>将两个声带安装在 补充编码文件 8 中测量和组装模块上的指定位置。该连接设计用于两个 M3 螺钉和 M3 方形螺母 （DIN 562），但它们不是强制性的。</li>
</ol>

多层硅胶声带模型的 3D 打印

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作者声明，他们没有已知的相互竞争的经济利益或个人关系，这些利益或关系可能会影响本文所报告的工作。

这里介绍的制造过程涉及对其成功产生重大影响的关键步骤。首先，应该注意的是，所提出的制造工艺并没有解决声带体材料中的油饱和问题，而是规避了某些负面的副作用。释气以及相关的收缩和表面波纹仍然存在，尽管程度较小。解决这些问题的方法包括使用超软硅胶或替代材料，将真实声带的弹性模量与稳定耐用的聚合物结构相结合。然而，缺乏这种材料突出表明，在全面解决这些问题方?...

声带模型用于模拟和研究正常和病理条件下的人声产生 1,2。创建声带模型的最大挑战之一是实现逼真的柔软度和灵活性，使其非常接近人类。为了实现这些性能，通常使用有机硅弹性体，用大量硅油稀释以达到相应的弹性模量3,4。创建逼真的声带模型的另一个关键因素是分层，因为声带由多层不同的柔软度组成，这决定了流动引起的振动模式和可能振动的频率。
在这项研究中，我们创建了一个典型的声带模型。我们使用了 Scherer5 提供的通用几何形状，它代表了 Zhang6 中长度为 17 mm 的男性声带的典型尺寸，由三层组成：一层用于声带肌肉（身体层），一层用于整个粘膜层（覆盖层），一层用于上皮。这种结构可以在 图1的日冕横截面图中看到。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66222/66222fig01v2.jpg"> 图 1：喉模块的冠状横截面。 喉部模块的冠状横截面显示了声带的最宽宽度（8.5 mm）。每个声带包括身体层、覆盖层和上皮层。这个数字是从13修改而来的。转载自 Häsner， P.， Prescher， A.， Birkholz， P. 波浪形气管壁对硅胶声带振荡起始压力的影响。 J Acoust Soc Am.149 （1）， 466-475 （2021） 经美国声学学会许可。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/66222/66222fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
其他出版物仅部分使用一层7，两层没有上皮层2 或用多层3模拟粘膜。通常，这些层是从内到外铸造的，即从最深的层开始。上皮非常薄，厚度为 30 μm，末端覆盖整个身体，用坚固的皮肤包裹它8.
模型中的覆盖层是最柔软的部分，杨氏模量约为 1.1 kPa9。对于体层，使用 体外 测量10 在横向上的近似杨氏模量为 2 kPa。 在体内，由于纵向纤维的存在以及肌肉的可能绷紧，甲状杓肌的杨氏模量可能更高。为了达到这种极低的杨氏模量，有必要在有机硅混合物中加入大量的硅油（约72%）。但是，制造商强烈建议不要使用大于 5% 的油比例。通常，在弹性体中添加硅油旨在增加流动和滴水时间，以及减少固化有机硅聚合物的收缩率。它有助于有机硅更均匀地固化，从而减少材料中的应力。其目的是优化固化材料的可塑性和性能，而不是增加其柔软度，尽管这也是一个结果。这是因为硅油具有化学惰性，这意味着它不能聚合自身，并且不会集成到有机硅聚合物11的网络中。相反，它以液相的形式保留在聚合物基体中，在更高的水平上削弱聚合物结构，并可能导致其溶解出固化材料并粘附在表面。因此，其他负面特性，如固化障碍、硫化不均匀、化学收缩和脆性是可能的。研究了硅油含量高的声带模型的老化和再现性，发现不同模型的特性存在高度变异性，其特性随时间变化11。
当以传统方式7,12生产声带模型时，上皮层的粘性可能是一个问题，因为它会影响振动的均匀性并导致上皮破裂。尽管用于制造上皮的硅胶是未稀释的，但可以假设从邻近粘膜层泄漏的油对硅胶具有与稀释相似的影响。通过添加各种粉末（例如滑石粉或碳粉）作为粘膜和上皮层之间的中间层来解决粘性问题12。这种方法可能是成功的，因为油被粉末部分吸收，因此可以降低上皮表面的粘性。
在本出版物中，我们表明可以通过对声带制造过程进行轻微修改来规避粘性问题。通过改变分层顺序，从未稀释的上皮硅胶（所谓的闭合硅胶）开始，可以生产出不粘的超软声带模型。这种变化涉及不寻常的模具和方法类型，最好以视频的形式呈现和解释。在本文中，我们详细描述了我们的制造过程，并演示了如何在应用中表征声带模型的特性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>3D Printer</td><td>ULTIMAKER</td><td></td><td>Type S5</td></tr><tr><td>3D Printing software</td><td>ULTIMAKER CURA</td><td></td><td>Version 5.2.2</td></tr><tr><td>CAD Software</td><td>Autodesk Inventor&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td>Version 2023</td></tr><tr><td>High Speed Camera</td><td>XIMEA GmbH</td><td></td><td>MQ013CG-ON</td></tr><tr><td>PLA+ 3D Printer Material&amp;nbsp;</td><td>eSun</td><td>none</td><td>white</td></tr><tr><td>Primary silicone</td><td>KauPo Plankenhorn</td><td>09301-005-000041</td><td>EcoFlex 00-30</td></tr><tr><td>Release Agent</td><td>KauPo Plankenhorn</td><td>09291-006-000001</td><td>UTS Universal</td></tr><tr><td>Secondary silicone</td><td>KauPo Plankenhorn</td><td>09301-005-000181</td><td>DragonSkin NV10</td></tr><tr><td>Silicone Thinner</td><td>KauPo Plankenhorn</td><td>09301-010-000002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tougth PLA 3D Printer Material&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BASF</td><td></td><td>black</td></tr></tbody></table>

manufacturing process for non-adhesive super-soft vocal fold models

本研究旨在开发用于语音研究的超柔和、不粘性声带模型。基于硅胶的声带模型的传统制造工艺会导致模型具有不良特性，例如粘性和可重复性问题。这些声带模型容易快速老化，导致不同测量值之间的可比性较差。在这项研究中，我们建议通过改变有机硅材料的分层顺序来修改制造工艺，从而产生不粘性和高度一致的声带模型。我们还将使用这种方法制作的模型与传统制造的声带模型进行了比较，该模型受到其粘性表面的不利影响。我们详细介绍了制造过程，并表征了模型的潜在应用特性。研究结果证明了改良制造方法的有效性，突出了我们无粘性声带模型的卓越品质。这些发现有助于开发用于研究和临床应用的逼真可靠的声带模型。

将制造的声带模型集成到 补充图 3 中描述的声带位置的测量设置中。该装置在之前的出版物13 中进行了详细介绍，包括一个多级可控气流源，可刺激声带模型振荡，以及一系列测量仪器，用于记录声压、特定位置的静压和体积速度等数据。对于测量，气流逐渐增加，直到声带模型开始振荡。随后，气压比起始压力高出 200 Pa，以实现稳定而稳健的振荡。增加了一个额...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Manufacturing Process for Non-Adhesive Super-Soft Vocal Fold Models at JoVE.com

作者聚焦：用于语音和机器人应用的合成声带模型的制造进展

本研究通过介绍一种创建声带层的特定方法，提供了制造过程的详细说明，并表征了模型的特性，展示了无粘性和超软声带模型的制造。

非粘性超软人声折叠模型的制造工艺

This study aims to develop super-soft, non-sticky vocal fold models for voice research. The conventional manufacturing process of silicone-based vocal ...

我们的研究旨在改进合成声带的制造工艺。这些模型可用于基本的语音和语音研究、医学研究，以及创建像人类一样产生语音的人类声道模型。合成声带模型通常由多层柔软度不同的软硅胶制成。它们对应于人类声带组织的特性。用于制作这些模型的技术包括计算机辅助设计、3D 打印和硅胶铸造。高度稀释的硅胶声带型号由于粘性和快速老化而降低了质量。这降低了使用这些模型进行研究的可重复性。该协议解决了声带粘性问题。我们在制造过程中颠倒了生产有机硅层的顺序。我们从上皮层开始。这使我们能够用稀释的硅胶创建一个非常柔软的粘膜层，而不会导致上皮层变得粘稠。

manufacturing-process-for-non-adhesive-super-soft-vocal-fold-models

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Manufacturing Process for Non-Adhesive Super-Soft Vocal Fold Models

728 次观看.  Technische Universität Dresden. 我们的研究旨在改进合成声带的制造工艺。这些模型可用于基本的语音和语音研究、医学研究，以及创建像人类一样产生语音的人类声道模型。合成声带模型通常由多层柔软度不同的软硅胶制成。它们对应于人类声带组织的特性。用于制作这些模型的技术包括计算机辅助设计、3D 打印和硅胶铸造。高度稀释的硅胶声带型号由于粘性和快速老化而降低了质量。这降低...

视频: 作者聚焦：用于语音和机器人应用的合成声带模型的制造进展

Microfabricated Platforms for Mechanically Dynamic Cell Culture

The ability to systematically probe in vitro cellular response to combinations of mechanobiological stimuli for tissue engineering, drug discovery or fundamental cell biology studies is limited by current bioreactor technologies, which cannot simultaneously apply a variety of mechanical stimuli to cultured cells. In order to address this issue, we have developed a series of microfabricated platforms designed to screen for the effects of mechanical stimuli in a high-throughput format. In this protocol, we demonstrate the fabrication of a microactuator array of vertically displaced posts on which the technology is based, and further demonstrate how this base technology can be modified to conduct high-throughput mechanically dynamic cell culture in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture paradigms.

In this protocol, we demonstrate the fabrication of a microactuator array of vertically displaced posts on which the technology is based, and how this base technology can be modified to conduct high-throughput mechanically dynamic cell culture in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture paradigms.

微机械动态细胞培养平台

The ability to systematically probe in vitro cellular response to combinations of mechanobiological stimuli for tissue engineering, drug discovery or ...

科研

生物工程

Synthetic, Multi-Layer, Self-Oscillating Vocal Fold Model Fabrication

Sound for the human voice is produced via flow-induced vocal fold vibration. The vocal folds consist of several layers of tissue, each with differing material properties 1. Normal voice production relies on healthy tissue and vocal folds, and occurs as a result of complex coupling between aerodynamic, structural dynamic, and acoustic physical phenomena. Voice disorders affect up to 7.5 million annually in the United States alone 2 and often result in significant financial, social, and other quality-of-life difficulties. Understanding the physics of voice production has the potential to significantly benefit voice care, including clinical prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of voice disorders.
Existing methods for studying voice production include in vivo experimentation using human and animal subjects, in vitro experimentation using excised larynges and synthetic models, and computational modeling. Owing to hazardous and difficult instrument access, in vivo experiments are severely limited in scope. Excised larynx experiments have the benefit of anatomical and some physiological realism, but parametric studies involving geometric and material property variables are limited. Further, they are typically only able to be vibrated for relatively short periods of time (typically on the order of minutes).
Overcoming some of the limitations of excised larynx experiments, synthetic vocal fold models are emerging as a complementary tool for studying voice production. Synthetic models can be fabricated with systematic changes to geometry and material properties, allowing for the study of healthy and unhealthy human phonatory aerodynamics, structural dynamics, and acoustics. For example, they have been used to study left-right vocal fold asymmetry 3,4, clinical instrument development 5, laryngeal aerodynamics 6-9, vocal fold contact pressure 10, and subglottal acoustics 11 (a more comprehensive list can be found in Kniesburges et al. 12)
Existing synthetic vocal fold models, however, have either been homogenous (one-layer models) or have been fabricated using two materials of differing stiffness (two-layer models). This approach does not allow for representation of the actual multi-layer structure of the human vocal folds 1 that plays a central role in governing vocal fold flow-induced vibratory response. Consequently, one- and two-layer synthetic vocal fold models have exhibited disadvantages 3,6,8 such as higher onset pressures than what are typical for human phonation (onset pressure is the minimum lung pressure required to initiate vibration), unnaturally large inferior-superior motion, and lack of a "mucosal wave" (a vertically-traveling wave that is characteristic of healthy human vocal fold vibration).
In this paper, fabrication of a model with multiple layers of differing material properties is described. The model layers simulate the multi-layer structure of the human vocal folds, including epithelium, superficial lamina propria (SLP), intermediate and deep lamina propria (i.e., ligament; a fiber is included for anterior-posterior stiffness), and muscle (i.e., body) layers 1. Results are included that show that the model exhibits improved vibratory characteristics over prior one- and two-layer synthetic models, including onset pressure closer to human onset pressure, reduced inferior-superior motion, and evidence of a mucosal wave.

The methodology for fabricating synthetic vocal fold models is described. The models are life-sized and mimic the multi-layer structure of the human vocal folds. Results show the models to self-oscillate at pressures comparable to lung pressure and demonstrate flow-induced vibratory responses that are similar to those of human vocal folds.

合成，多层，自激振荡的声带模型制作

Sound for the human voice is produced via flow-induced vocal fold vibration. The vocal folds consist of several layers of tissue, each with differing ...

Fabrication Process of Silicone-based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an elastomeric dielectric membrane sandwiched between two compliant electrodes. The large actuation strains of these transducers when used as actuators (over 300% area strain) and their soft and compliant nature has been exploited for a wide range of applications, including electrically tunable optics, haptic feedback devices, wave-energy harvesting, deformable cell-culture devices, compliant grippers, and propulsion of a bio-inspired fish-like airship. In most cases, DETs are made with a commercial proprietary acrylic elastomer and with hand-applied electrodes of carbon powder or carbon grease. This combination leads to non-reproducible and slow actuators exhibiting viscoelastic creep and a short lifetime. We present here a complete process flow for the reproducible fabrication of DETs based on thin elastomeric silicone films, including casting of thin silicone membranes, membrane release and prestretching, patterning of robust compliant electrodes, assembly and testing. The membranes are cast on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates coated with a water-soluble sacrificial layer for ease of release. The electrodes consist of carbon black particles dispersed into a silicone matrix and patterned using a stamping technique, which leads to precisely-defined compliant electrodes that present a high adhesion to the dielectric membrane on which they are applied.

This manuscript shows the fabrication process for the manufacture of dielectric elastomer soft actuators based on silicone membranes. The three key stages of production are presented in detail: blade casting of thin silicone membranes; pad printing of compliant electrodes; and the assembly of all the components.

有机硅为基础的介电弹性体致动器的制作工艺

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an ...

工程学

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

The fluid-structure energy exchange process for normal speech has been studied extensively, but it is not well understood for pathological conditions. Polyps and nodules, which are geometric abnormalities that form on the medial surface of the vocal folds, can disrupt vocal fold dynamics and thus can have devastating consequences on a patient&#39;s ability to communicate. Our laboratory has reported particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements, within an investigation of a model polyp located on the medial surface of an in&#160;vitro driven vocal fold model, which show that such a geometric abnormality considerably disrupts the glottal jet behavior. This flow field adjustment is a likely reason for the severe degradation of the vocal quality in patients with polyps. A more complete understanding of the formation and propagation of vortical structures from a geometric protuberance, such as a vocal fold polyp, and the resulting influence on the aerodynamic loadings that drive the vocal fold dynamics, is necessary for advancing the treatment of this pathological condition. The present investigation concerns the three-dimensional flow separation induced by a wall-mounted prolate hemispheroid with a 2:1 aspect ratio in cross flow, i.e. a model vocal fold polyp, using an oil-film visualization technique. Unsteady, three-dimensional flow separation and its impact of the wall pressure loading are examined using skin friction line visualization and wall pressure measurements.

Vocal fold polyps can disrupt vocal fold dynamics and thus can have devastating consequences on a patient&#39;s ability to communicate. Three-dimensional flow separation induced by a wall-mounted model polyp and its impact on the wall pressure loading are examined using particle image velocimetry, skin friction line visualization, and wall pressure measurements.

研究模型声乐折叠聚合物引起的三维流量分离

The fluid-structure energy exchange process for normal speech has been studied extensively, but it is not well understood for pathological conditions. ...

Construction and Characterization of a Novel Vocal Fold Bioreactor

In vitro engineering of mechanically active tissues requires the presentation of physiologically relevant mechanical conditions to cultured cells. To emulate the dynamic environment of vocal folds, a novel vocal fold bioreactor capable of producing vibratory stimulations at fundamental phonation frequencies is constructed and characterized. The device is composed of a function generator, a power amplifier, a speaker selector and parallel vibration chambers. Individual vibration chambers are created by sandwiching a custom-made silicone membrane between a pair of acrylic blocks. The silicone membrane not only serves as the bottom of the chamber but also provides a mechanism for securing the cell-laden scaffold. Vibration signals, generated by a speaker mounted underneath the bottom acrylic block, are transmitted to the membrane aerodynamically by the oscillating air. Eight identical vibration modules, fixed on two stationary metal bars, are housed in an anti-humidity chamber for long-term operation in a cell culture incubator. The vibration characteristics of the vocal fold bioreactor are analyzed non-destructively using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV). The utility of the dynamic culture device is demonstrated by culturing cellular constructs in the presence of 200-Hz sinusoidal vibrations with a mid-membrane displacement of 40 &#181;m. Mesenchymal stem cells cultured in the bioreactor respond to the vibratory signals by altering the synthesis and degradation of vocal fold-relevant, extracellular matrix components. The novel bioreactor system presented herein offers an excellent in vitro platform for studying vibration-induced mechanotransduction and for the engineering of functional vocal fold tissues.

A novel vocal fold bioreactor capable of delivering physiologically relevant, vibratory stimulation to cultured cells is constructed and characterized. This dynamic culture device, when combined with a fibrous poly(&#949;-caprolactone) scaffold, creates a vocal fold-mimetic environment that modulates the behaviors of mesenchymal stem cells.

一种新型声带生物反应器的构建与鉴定

In vitro engineering of mechanically active tissues requires the presentation of physiologically relevant mechanical conditions to cultured cells. To ...

Production, Characterization and Potential Uses of a 3D Tissue-engineered Human Esophageal Mucosal Model

The incidence of both esophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor, Barrett&#8217;s Metaplasia, are rising rapidly in the western world. Furthermore esophageal adenocarcinoma generally has a poor prognosis, with little improvement in survival rates in recent years. These are difficult conditions to study and there has been a lack of suitable experimental platforms to investigate disorders of the esophageal mucosa.
A model of the human esophageal mucosa has been developed in the MacNeil laboratory which, unlike conventional 2D cell culture systems, recapitulates the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions present in vivo and produces a mature, stratified epithelium similar to that of the normal human esophagus. Briefly, the model utilizes non-transformed normal primary human esophageal fibroblasts and epithelial cells grown within a porcine-derived acellular esophageal scaffold. Immunohistochemical characterization of this model by CK4, CK14, Ki67 and involucrin staining demonstrates appropriate recapitulation of the histology of the normal human esophageal mucosa.
This model provides a robust, biologically relevant experimental model of the human esophageal mucosa. It can easily be manipulated to investigate a number of research questions including the effectiveness of pharmacological agents and the impact of exposure to environmental factors such as alcohol, toxins, high temperature or gastro-esophageal refluxate components. The model also facilitates extended culture periods not achievable with conventional 2D cell culture, enabling, inter alia, the study of the impact of repeated exposure of a mature epithelium to the agent of interest for up to 20 days. Furthermore, a variety of cell lines, such as those derived from esophageal tumors or Barrett&#8217;s Metaplasia, can be incorporated into the model to investigate processes such as tumor invasion and drug responsiveness in a more biologically relevant environment.

This manuscript describes the production, characterization and potential uses of a tissue engineered 3D esophageal construct prepared from normal primary human esophageal fibroblast and squamous epithelial cells seeded within a de-cellularized porcine scaffold. The results demonstrate the formation of a mature stratified epithelium similar to the normal human esophagus.

三维组织工程人食管黏膜型号生产，表征和潜在用途

The incidence of both esophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor, Barrett&#8217;s Metaplasia, are rising rapidly in the western world. Furthermore ...

Design and Fabrication of an Elastomeric Unit for Soft Modular Robots in Minimally Invasive Surgery

In recent years, soft robotics technologies have aroused increasing interest in the medical field due to their intrinsically safe interaction in unstructured environments. At the same time, new procedures and techniques have been developed to reduce the invasiveness of surgical operations. Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) has been successfully employed for abdominal interventions, however standard MIS procedures are mainly based on rigid or semi-rigid tools that limit the dexterity of the clinician. This paper presents a soft and high dexterous manipulator for MIS. The manipulator was inspired by the biological capabilities of the octopus arm, and is designed with a modular approach. Each module presents the same functional characteristics, thus achieving high dexterity and versatility when more modules are integrated. The paper details the design, fabrication process and the materials necessary for the development of a single unit, which is fabricated by casting silicone inside specific molds. The result consists in an elastomeric cylinder including three flexible pneumatic actuators that enable elongation and omni-directional bending of the unit. An external braided sheath improves the motion of the module. In the center of each module a granular jamming-based mechanism varies the stiffness of the structure during the tasks. Tests demonstrate that the module is able to bend up to 120&#176; and to elongate up to 66% of the initial length. The module generates a maximum force of 47 N, and its stiffness can increase up to 36%.

This paper describes the design and fabrication of a soft unit for surgical manipulators. The base module includes three flexible fluidic actuators to achieve omnidirectional bending and elongation, and a granular jamming-based mechanism to enable stiffness control. A complete mechanical characterization is also reported.

设计和弹性股软模块化机器人微创手术制造

In recent years, soft robotics technologies have aroused increasing interest in the medical field due to their intrinsically safe interaction in ...

Manufacture of a Multi-Purpose Low-Cost Animal Bench-Model for Teaching Tracheostomy

Tracheostomy is one of the most frequent procedures, performed through various techniques in the intensive care unit and emergency situations. Despite this, there is a lack of training on this procedure that affects its outcome, which is also dependent on operator's dexterity. Here, we take the specific training and simulation into consideration. This article aims to describe every step of the manufacture of a new multi-purpose low-cost animal bench-model, with the support of video and images, and to obtain an opinion about the quality of this model by administering a questionnaire to professionals with experience in the procedures. 
Ten experts in the technique were enrolled. The model scored an average of 3.45/5 for its anatomical realism; 4.75/5 for its usefulness as a training tool for simulation courses and assessments. The time necessary to build the model was 15 minutes, and the cost amounted to 10&#8364;. The animal bench-model was considered a very useful simulator for tracheostomy training and assessments. Therefore, it could be used as a tool for medical courses and residencies.

This article illustrates every step of the manufacture of a new multi-purpose low-cost animal bench-model for subglottic airway access management. All the procedures are shown in the video. The model's realism and its suitability for training the given clinical maneuvers were assessed by independent senior otolaryngologists and anesthesiologists.

一种用于气管造口术教学的多功能低成本动物模型的制作

Tracheostomy is one of the most frequent procedures, performed through various techniques in the intensive care unit and emergency situations. Despite ...

医学

Preparation of the Rat Vocal Fold for Neuromuscular Analyses

The purpose of this tutorial is to describe the preparation of the rat vocal fold for histochemical neuromuscular study. This protocol outlines procedures for rat laryngeal dissection, flash-freezing, and cryosectioning of the vocal folds. This study describes how to cryosection vocal folds in both longitudinal and cross-sectional planes. A novelty of this protocol is the laryngeal tracking during cryosectioning that ensures accurate identification of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and reduces the chance of tissue loss. Figures demonstrate the progressive cryosectioning in both planes. Twenty-nine rat hemi-larynges were cryosectioned and tracked from the emergence of the thyroid cartilage to the appearance of the first section that included the full vocal fold. The full vocal fold was visualized for all animals in both planes. There was high variability in the distance from the appearance of the thyroid cartilage to the appearance of the full vocal fold in both planes. Weight was not correlated to depth of laryngeal landmarks, suggesting individual variability and other factors related to tissue preparation may be responsible for the high variability in the appearance of landmarks during sectioning. This study details a methodology and presents morphological data for preparing the rat vocal fold for histochemical neuromuscular investigation. Due to high individual variability, laryngeal landmarks should be closely tracked during cryosectioning to prevent oversectioning tissue and tissue loss. The use of a consistent methodology, including adequate tissue preparation and awareness of landmarks within the rat larynx, will assist with consistent results across studies and aid new researchers interested in using the rat vocal fold as a model to investigate laryngeal neuromuscular mechanisms.

This protocol describes methods used to prepare rat vocal folds for histochemical neuromuscular study.

用于神经肌肉分析的大鼠声带的制备

The purpose of this tutorial is to describe the preparation of the rat vocal fold for histochemical neuromuscular study. This protocol outlines procedures ...

神经科学

Hemi-laryngeal Setup for Studying Vocal Fold Vibration in Three Dimensions

The voice of humans and most non-human mammals is generated in the larynx through self-sustaining oscillation of the vocal folds. Direct visual documentation of vocal fold vibration is challenging, particularly in non-human mammals. As an alternative, excised larynx experiments provide the opportunity to investigate vocal fold vibration under controlled physiological and physical conditions. However, the use of a full larynx merely provides a top view of the vocal folds, excluding crucial portions of the oscillating structures from observation during their interaction with aerodynamic forces. This limitation can be overcome by utilizing a hemi-larynx setup where one half of the larynx is mid-sagittally removed, providing both a superior and a lateral view of the remaining vocal fold during self-sustained oscillation.
Here, a step-by-step guide for the anatomical preparation of hemi-laryngeal structures and their mounting on the laboratory bench is given. Exemplary phonation of the hemi-larynx preparation is documented with high-speed video data captured by two synchronized cameras (superior and lateral views), showing three-dimensional vocal fold motion and corresponding time-varying contact area. The documentation of the hemi-larynx setup in this publication will facilitate application and reliable repeatability in experimental research, providing voice scientists with the potential to better understand the biomechanics of voice production.

This paper introduces a protocol for the preparation of hemi-larynx specimens facilitating a multi-dimensional view of vocal fold vibration, in order to investigate various biophysical aspects of voice production in humans and non-human mammals.