作者要感谢Jennifer Geddes-McAlister博士和Anthony Clarke博士在完善该协议方面的贡献。这项工作得到了CIHR授予C.M.K（PJT 156111）的运营赠款和授予E.M.A.的NSERC Alexander Graham Bell CGS D的支持 BioRender.com。

<ol>
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作者声明不存在利益冲突。

该协议描述了一种从细菌培养物中纯化肽聚糖的方法，LC-MS检测过程并使用生物信息学技术分析成分。在这里，我们专注于革兰氏阴性细菌，需要进行一些轻微的修改才能分析革兰氏阳性细菌。
自 1960 年代首次生产以来，多肽的制备几乎保持不变9，11，15.纯化后，囊（第1.2.18节）使用来自球孢链<...

肽聚糖（PG）是细菌的一个决定性特征，用于维持细胞形态，同时为蛋白质和其他细胞成分提供结构支持1，2。PG的骨架由交替的β-1，4-连接的N-乙酰胞壁酸（MurNAc）和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖（GlcNAc）1，2组成。每个MurNAc都具有一个结合在ᴅ-乳酰残基上的短肽，该肽可以与相邻的二糖连接的肽交联（图1A，B）。这种交联产生一种网状结构，包括整个细胞，通常被称为囊（图1C）。在PG合成过程中，前体在细胞质中产生，并通过翻转酶穿过细胞质膜。前体随后通过转糖基化酶和转肽酶掺入成熟的PG中，分别产生糖苷键和肽键3。然而，一旦组装，细菌产生的许多酶会修饰和/或降解PG以执行许多细胞过程，包括生长和分裂。此外，PG的各种修饰已被证明具有特异性的应变，生长条件和环境应激的适应性，这与细胞信号传导，抗菌素耐药性和宿主免疫逃避有关4。例如，一种常见的修饰是在MurNAc上添加C6乙酰基，通过限制聚糖β-1，4键与宿主产生的溶菌酶的访问来赋予抗性，从而降解PG4，5，6。在肠球菌中，用ᴅ-Lac取代肽侧链的末端ᴅ-Ala赋予抗菌剂万古霉素7，8更大的抗性。
PG分离和纯化的一般程序自1960年代9中描述以来一直保持相对不变。通过SDS热处理溶解细菌膜，然后酶促去除结合的蛋白质，糖脂和剩余的DNA。纯化的完整囊随后可以通过水解GlcNAc和MurNAc之间的β-1，4键消化成单个组分。这种消化产生具有任何结构修饰和/或交联完整的GlcNAc-MurNAc二糖，称为多肽（图1B）。
PG的成分分析最初通过高压液相色谱分离（HPLC）进行，以纯化每种多肽，然后手动鉴定多肽10，11。此后，液相色谱串联质谱（LC-MS）取代了液相色谱串联质谱（LC-MS），提高了检测灵敏度并减少了纯化每种多肽的手动工作量。然而，手动鉴定多肽的耗时性和复杂性仍然是一个限制因素，减少了进行的研究数量。近年来，随着"组学"技术的出现，自动化LC-MS特征提取已成为一种强大的工具，可以从非常大的数据集中快速检测和鉴定复杂样品中的单个化合物。一旦确定了特征，生物信息学软件就会使用差异分析统计比较样本之间的差异，从而隔离复杂数据集之间的最小差异，并以图形方式向用户显示。特征提取软件在PG组成分析中的应用才刚刚开始探索12，13，14，并与生物信息学分析相结合12。蛋白质组学分析得益于现成的蛋白质数据库，可预测肽片段化，可实现全自动鉴定，而蛋白质组学则不同，目前没有用于肽糖组学的片段化库。然而，特征提取可以与已知和预测的结构数据库相结合，以预测多肽鉴定12。在这里，我们提出了一个详细的方案，用于使用基于LC-MS的特征提取与多肽库相结合，对PG组成进行自动鉴定和生物信息差异分析（图2）。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C18 reverse phase column - AdvanceBio Peptide column (100 mm x 2.1 mm 2.7 &amp;micro;m)</td><td>Agilent</td><td></td><td>LC-MS data acquisition</td></tr><tr><td>Heating mantle controller, Optichem</td><td>Fisher</td><td>50-401-788</td><td>for 4% SDS boil</td></tr><tr><td>Heating Mantle, 1000mL Hemispherical</td><td>Fisher</td><td>CG1000008</td><td>for 4% SDS boil</td></tr><tr><td>Incubator, 37&amp;deg;C</td><td></td><td></td><td>for sacculi purification and MS sample prep</td></tr><tr><td>Leibig condenser, 300MM 24/40,</td><td>Fisher</td><td>CG121805</td><td>for 4% SDS boil</td></tr><tr><td>Lyophilizer</td><td>Labconco</td><td></td><td>for lyophilization of sacculi</td></tr><tr><td>Magentic stirrer</td><td>Fisher</td><td>90-691-18</td><td>for 4% SDS boil</td></tr><tr><td>mass spectrometer Q-Tof model UHD 6530</td><td>Aglient</td><td></td><td>LC-MS data acquisition</td></tr><tr><td>microcentrifuge filters, Nanosep MF 0.2 &amp;micro;m</td><td>Fisher</td><td>50-197-9573</td><td>cleanup of sample before MS injection</td></tr><tr><td>Retort stand</td><td>Fisher</td><td>12-000-102</td><td>for 4% SDS boil</td></tr><tr><td>Retort clamp</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S02629</td><td>for 4% SDS boil</td></tr><tr><td>round bottom flask - 1 liter pyrex</td><td>Fisher</td><td>07-250-084</td><td>for 4% SDS boil</td></tr><tr><td>Sonicator model 120</td><td>Fisher</td><td>FB120</td><td>for sacculi purification</td></tr><tr><td>Sonicator - micro tip</td><td>Fisher</td><td>FB4422</td><td>for sacculi purification</td></tr><tr><td>Ultracentrifuge</td><td>Beckman</td><td></td><td>sacculi wash steps</td></tr><tr><td>Ultracentrifuge bottles, Ti45</td><td>Fisher</td><td>NC9691797</td><td>sacculi wash steps</td></tr><tr><td>Water supply</td><td>City</td><td></td><td>for water cooled condenser</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Software&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chemdraw</td><td>Cambridgesoft</td><td></td><td>molecular editor for muropeptide fragmentation prediction</td></tr><tr><td>Excel</td><td>Microsoft</td><td></td><td>viewing lists of annotated muropeptides, abundance, isotopic patterns, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>MassHunter Acquisition</td><td>Aglient</td><td></td><td>running QTOF instrument</td></tr><tr><td>MassHunter Mass Profiler Professional</td><td>Aglient</td><td></td><td>bioinformatic differential analysis</td></tr><tr><td>MassHunter Personal Compound Database and Library Manager</td><td>Aglient</td><td></td><td>muropeptide m/z MS database</td></tr><tr><td>MassHunter Profinder</td><td>Aglient</td><td></td><td>recursive feature extraction</td></tr><tr><td>MassHunter Qualitative analysis</td><td>Aglient</td><td></td><td>viewing MS and MS/MS chromatograms</td></tr><tr><td>Prism</td><td>Graphpad</td><td></td><td>Graphing software</td></tr><tr><td>Perseus</td><td>Max Plank Institute of Biochemistry</td><td></td><td>1D annotation</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Material&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A998-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium acetate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A637</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amylase</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A6380</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boric acid</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP168-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNase</td><td>Fisher</td><td>EN0521</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>27001-500ML-R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LC-MS tuning mix - HP0321</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G1969-85000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M8266</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulfate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M7506</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mutanolysin from Streptomyces globisporus ATCC 21553</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M9901</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen gas (&gt;99% purity)</td><td>Praxair</td><td>NI 5.0UH-T</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphoric acid</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A242</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pronase E from Streptomyces griseus</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P5147</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNase</td><td>Fisher</td><td>EN0531</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium azide</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S0489</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium borohydride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>452890</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP166</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S318</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Phosphate (dibasic)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S373</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Phosphate (monobasic)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S369</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stains-all</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E9379</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

semi-quantitative analysis of peptidoglycan by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and bioinformatics

肽聚糖是细菌细胞壁的重要组成部分，也是抗菌剂的常见细胞靶标。尽管肽聚糖结构的各个方面在所有细菌中都相当保守，但革兰氏阳性/阴性之间以及物种之间也存在相当大的差异。此外，肽聚糖有许多已知的变异、修饰或适应，这些变异、修改或适应可能发生在细菌物种内，以响应生长阶段和/或环境刺激。这些变异产生一种高度动态的结构，已知该结构参与许多细胞功能，包括生长/分裂、抗生素耐药性和宿主防御避免。为了了解肽聚糖内的变化，必须将整体结构分解为其组成部分（称为多肽）并评估整体细胞组成。肽糖组学使用先进的质谱法结合高功率生物信息学数据分析来详细检查肽聚糖组成。以下协议描述了从细菌培养物中纯化肽聚糖，通过液相色谱仪 - 质谱仪获取多肽强度数据，以及使用生物信息学对肽聚糖组成进行差异分析。

MS机器的检测灵敏度提高，加上高性能峰识别软件，提高了分离、监测和分析复杂样品物质成分的能力。利用这些技术进步，最近对肽聚糖组成的研究已开始使用自动化LC-MS特征提取技术12，13，14，24，而不是旧的基于HPLC的方法11，25，26，27，28，29，<sup c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Peptidoglycan by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and Bioinformatics at JoVE.com

Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Peptidoglycan by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and Bioinformatics

该协议涵盖了使用液相色谱质谱结合高级特征提取和生物信息学分析软件对肽聚糖组成的详细分析。

肽聚糖的液相色谱质谱和生物信息学半定量分析

Peptidoglycan is an important component of bacterial cell walls and a common cellular target for antimicrobials. Although aspects of peptidoglycan ...

semi-quantitative-analysis-peptidoglycan-liquid-chromatography-mass

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

4.2K 次观看.  University of Guelph. 该协议涵盖了使用液相色谱质谱结合高级特征提取和生物信息学分析软件对肽聚糖组成的详细分析。

视频: Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Peptidoglycan by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and Bioinformatics

Subtyping of Campylobacter jejuni ssp. doylei Isolates Using Mass Spectrometry-based PhyloProteomics (MSPP)

MALDI-TOF MS offers the possibility to differentiate some bacteria not only at the species and subspecies level but even below, at the strain level. Allelic isoforms of the detectable biomarker ions result in isolate-specific mass shifts. Mass spectrometry-based phyloproteomics (MSPP) is a novel technique that combines the mass spectrometric detectable biomarker masses in a scheme that allows deduction of phyloproteomic relations from isolate specific mass shifts compared to a genome sequenced reference strain. The deduced amino acid sequences are then used to calculate MSPP-based dendrograms.
Here we describe the workflow of MSPP by typing a Campylobacter jejuni ssp. doylei isolate collection of seven strains. All seven strains were of human origin and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) demonstrated their genetic diversity. MSPP-typing resulted in seven different MSPP sequence types, sufficiently reflecting their phylogenetic relations.
The C. jejuni ssp. doylei MSPP scheme includes 14 different biomarker ions, mostly ribosomal proteins in the mass range of 2 to 11 kDa. MSPP can in principle, be adapted to other mass spectrometric platforms with an extended mass range. Therefore, this technique has the potential to become a useful tool for strain level microbial typing.

Subtyping of Campylobacter jejuni ssp. doylei Isolates Using Mass Spectrometry-based PhyloProteomics MSPP

Mass spectrometry-based phyloproteomics (MSPP) was used to type a collection of Campylobacter jejuni ssp. doylei isolates at the strain level in comparison to multilocus sequence typing (MLST).

器的子类型<em&gt;空肠弯曲菌</em&gt; SSP。<em&gt; doylei</em&gt;分离株使用基于光谱质谱PhyloProteomics（MSPP）

MALDI-TOF MS offers the possibility to differentiate some bacteria not only at the species and subspecies level but even below, at the strain level. ...

科研

遗传学

Isolation and Preparation of Bacterial Cell Walls for Compositional Analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography

The bacterial cell wall is critical for the determination of cell shape during growth and division, and maintains the mechanical integrity of cells in the face of turgor pressures several atmospheres in magnitude. Across the diverse shapes and sizes of the bacterial kingdom, the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan, a macromolecular network of sugar strands crosslinked by short peptides. Peptidoglycan&#8217;s central importance to bacterial physiology underlies its use as an antibiotic target and has motivated genetic, structural, and cell biological studies of how it is robustly assembled during growth and division. Nonetheless, extensive investigations are still required to fully characterize the key enzymatic activities in peptidoglycan synthesis and the chemical composition of bacterial cell walls. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a powerful analytical method for quantifying differences in the chemical composition of the walls of bacteria grown under a variety of environmental and genetic conditions, but its throughput is often limited. Here, we present a straightforward procedure for the isolation and preparation of bacterial cell walls for biological analyses of peptidoglycan via HPLC and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC), an extension of HPLC that utilizes pumps to deliver ultra-high pressures of up to 15,000 psi, compared with 6,000 psi for HPLC. In combination with the preparation of bacterial cell walls presented here, the low-volume sample injectors, detectors with high sampling rates, smaller sample volumes, and shorter run times of UPLC will enable high resolution and throughput for novel discoveries of peptidoglycan composition and fundamental bacterial cell biology in most biological laboratories with access to an ultracentrifuge and UPLC.

The bacterial cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan, a macromolecular network of sugar strands crosslinked by peptides. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography provides high resolution and throughput for novel discoveries of peptidoglycan composition. We present a procedure for the isolation of cell walls (sacculi) and their subsequent preparation for analysis via UPLC.

通过超性能液相色谱对细菌细胞壁进行隔离和制备，进行组成分析

The bacterial cell wall is critical for the determination of cell shape during growth and division, and maintains the mechanical integrity of cells in the ...

化学

Resolving Affinity Purified Protein Complexes by Blue Native PAGE and Protein Correlation Profiling

Most proteins act in association with others; hence, it is crucial to characterize these functional units in order to fully understand biological processes. Affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (AP-MS) has become the method of choice for identifying protein-protein interactions. However, conventional AP-MS studies provide information on protein interactions, but the organizational information is lost. To address this issue, we developed a strategy to unravel the distinct functional assemblies a protein might be involved in, by resolving affinity-purified protein complexes prior to their characterization by mass spectrometry. Protein complexes isolated through affinity purification of a bait protein using an epitope tag and competitive elution are separated through blue native electrophoresis. Comparison of protein migration profiles through correlation profiling using quantitative mass spectrometry allows assignment of interacting proteins to distinct molecular entities. This method is able to resolve protein complexes of close molecular weights that might not be resolved by traditional chromatographic techniques such as gel filtration. With little more work than conventional AP-geLC-MS/MS, we demonstrate this strategy may in many cases be adequate for obtaining protein complex topological information concomitantly to identifying protein interactions.

Here we present protocols for affinity purification of protein complexes and their separation by blue native PAGE, followed by protein correlation profiling using label free quantitative mass spectrometry. This method is useful to resolve interactomes into distinct protein complexes.

解决由蓝变性PAGE和蛋白质相关剖析亲和纯化的蛋白复合物

Most proteins act in association with others; hence, it is crucial to characterize these functional units in order to fully understand biological ...

生物化学

A Quantitative Glycomics and Proteomics Combined Purification Strategy

There is a growing desire in the biological and clinical sciences to integrate and correlate multiple classes of biomolecules to unravel biology, define pathways, improve treatment, understand disease, and aid biomarker discovery. N-linked glycosylation is one of the most important and robust post-translational modifications on proteins and regulates critical cell functions such as signaling, adhesion, and enzymatic function. Analytical techniques to purify and analyze N-glycans have remained relatively static over the last decade. While accurate and effective, they commonly require significant expertise and resources. Though some high-throughput purification schemes have been developed, they have yet to find widespread adoption and often rely on the enrichment of glycopeptides. One promising method, developed by Thomas-Oates et al., filter aided N-glycan separation (FANGS), was qualitatively demonstrated on tissues. Herein, we adapted FANGS to plasma and coupled it to the individuality normalization when labeling with glycan hydrazide tags strategy in order to achieve accurate relative quantification by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and enhanced electrospray ionization. Furthermore, we designed new functionality to the protocol by achieving tandem, shotgun proteomics and glycosylation site analysis on hen plasma. We showed that N-glycans purified on filter and derivatized by hydrophobic hydrazide tags were comparable in terms of abundance and class to those by solid phase extraction (SPE); the latter is considered a gold standard in the field. Importantly, the variability in the two protocols was not statistically different. Proteomic data that was collected in-line with glycomic data had the same depth compared to a standard trypsin digest. Peptide deamidation is minimized in the protocol, limiting non-specific deamidation detected at glycosylation motifs. This allowed for direct glycosylation site analysis, though the protocol can accommodate 18O site labeling as well. Overall, we demonstrated a new in-line high-throughput, unbiased, filter based protocol for quantitative glycomics and proteomics analysis.

A high-throughput protocol was developed for combined proteomics and glycomics purification and LC-MS/MS quantification in plasma. Deamidation analysis of N-linked glycosylation motifs was specific to deglycosylated sites. Accurate quantitation of N-glycans was achieved by coupling filter aided N-glycan separation to the individuality normalization when labeling with glycan hydrazide tags strategy.

定量糖组学和蛋白质组学组合式净化策略

There is a growing desire in the biological and clinical sciences to integrate and correlate multiple classes of biomolecules to unravel biology, define ...

Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Oligo-peptoids

Peptoids are sequence-controlled peptide-mimicking oligomers consisting of N-alkylated glycine units. Among many potential applications, peptoids have been thought of as a type of molecular information storage. Mass spectrometry analysis has been considered the method of choice for sequencing peptoids. Peptoids can be synthesized via solid phase chemistry using a repeating two-step reaction cycle. Here we present a method to manually synthesize oligo-peptoids and to analyze the sequence of the peptoids using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques. The sample peptoid is a nonamer consisting of alternating N-(2-methyloxyethyl)glycine (Nme) and N-(2-phenylethyl)glycine (Npe), as well as an N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (Nae) at the N-terminus. The sequence formula of the peptoid is Ac-Nae-(Npe-Nme)4-NH2, where Ac is the acetyl group. The synthesis takes place in a commercially available solid-phase reaction vessel. The rink amide resin is used as the solid support to yield the peptoid with an amide group at the C-terminus. The resulting peptoid product is subjected to sequence analysis using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled to an electrospray ionization source. The MS/MS measurement produces a spectrum of fragment ions resulting from the dissociation of charged peptoid. The fragment ions are sorted out based on the values of their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The m/z values of the fragment ions are compared against the nominal masses of theoretically predicted fragment ions, according to the scheme of peptoid fragmentation. The analysis generates a fragmentation pattern of the charged peptoid. The fragmentation pattern is correlated to the monomer sequence of the neutral peptoid. In this regard, MS analysis reads out the sequence information of the peptoids.

A protocol is described for the manual synthesis of oligo-peptoids followed by sequence analysis by mass spectrometry.

寡 peptoids 的合成及质谱分析

Peptoids are sequence-controlled peptide-mimicking oligomers consisting of N-alkylated glycine units. Among many potential applications, peptoids have ...

Quantitative Analysis of the Cellular Lipidome of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Lipids are structurally diverse amphipathic molecules that are insoluble in water. Lipids are essential contributors to the organization and function of biological membranes, energy storage and production, cellular signaling, vesicular transport of proteins, organelle biogenesis, and regulated cell death. Because the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a unicellular eukaryote amenable to thorough molecular analyses, its use as a model organism helped uncover mechanisms linking lipid metabolism and intracellular transport to complex biological processes within eukaryotic cells. The availability of a versatile analytical method for the robust, sensitive, and accurate quantitative assessment of major classes of lipids within a yeast cell is crucial for getting deep insights into these mechanisms. Here we present a protocol to use liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantitative analysis of major cellular lipids of S. cerevisiae. The LC-MS/MS method described is versatile and robust. It enables the identification and quantification of numerous species (including different isobaric or isomeric forms) within each of the 10 lipid classes. This method is sensitive and allows identification and quantitation of some lipid species at concentrations as low as 0.2 pmol/&#181;L. The method has been successfully applied to assessing lipidomes of whole yeast cells and their purified organelles. The use of alternative mobile phase additives for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in this method can increase the efficiency of ionization for some lipid species and can be therefore used to improve their identification and quantitation.

Quantitative Analysis of the Cellular Lipidome of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

We present a protocol using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to identify and quantify major cellular lipids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The described method for a quantitative assessment of major lipid classes within a yeast cell is versatile, robust, and sensitive.

使用液色谱结合串联质谱法对糖皮质酶细胞脂质的定量分析

Lipids are structurally diverse amphipathic molecules that are insoluble in water. Lipids are essential contributors to the organization and function of ...

Synthesis of Masarimycin, a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Gram-Positive Bacterial Growth

Peptidoglycan (PG) in the cell wall of bacteria is a unique macromolecular structure that confers shape, and protection from the surrounding environment. Central to understanding cell growth and division is the knowledge of how PG degradation influences biosynthesis and cell wall assembly. Recently, the metabolic labeling of PG through the introduction of modified sugars or amino acids has been reported. While chemical interrogation of biosynthetic steps with small molecule inhibitors is possible, chemical biology tools to study PG degradation by autolysins are underdeveloped. Bacterial autolysins are a broad class of enzymes that are involved in the tightly coordinated degradation of PG. Here, a detailed protocol is presented for preparing a small molecule probe, masarimycin, which is an inhibitor of N-acetylglucosaminidase LytG in Bacillus subtilis, and cell wall metabolism in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Preparation of the inhibitor via microwave-assisted and classical organic synthesis is provided. Its applicability as a tool to study Gram-positive physiology in biological assays is presented.

A detailed protocol is presented for preparing the bacteriostatic diamide masarimycin, a small molecule probe that inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae by targeting cell wall degradation. Its application as a chemical probe is demonstrated in synergy/antagonism assays and morphological studies with B. subtilis and S. pneumoniae.

马萨霉素的合成，一种革兰氏阳性细菌生长的小分子抑制剂

Peptidoglycan (PG) in the cell wall of bacteria is a unique macromolecular structure that confers shape, and protection from the surrounding environment. ...

The Application of Open Searching-based Approaches for the Identification of Acinetobacter baumannii O-linked Glycopeptides

Protein glycosylation is increasingly recognized as a common modification within bacterial organisms, contributing to prokaryotic physiology and optimal infectivity of pathogenic species. Due to this, there is increasing interest in characterizing bacterial glycosylation and a need for high-throughput analytical tools to identify these events. Although bottom-up proteomics readily enables the generation of rich glycopeptide data, the breadth and diversity of glycans observed in prokaryotic species make the identification of bacterial glycosylation events extremely challenging.
Traditionally, the manual determination of glycan compositions within bacterial proteomic datasets made this a largely bespoke analysis restricted to field-specific experts. Recently, open searching-based approaches have emerged as a powerful alternative for the identification of unknown modifications. By analyzing the frequency of unique modifications observed on peptide sequences, open searching techniques allow the identification of common glycans attached to peptides within complex samples. This article presents a streamlined workflow for the interpretation and analysis of glycoproteomic data, demonstrating how open searching techniques can be used to identify bacterial glycopeptides without prior knowledge of the glycan compositions.
Using this approach, glycopeptides within samples can rapidly be identified to understand glycosylation differences. Using Acinetobacter baumannii as a model, these approaches enable the comparison of glycan compositions between strains and the identification of novel glycoproteins. Taken together, this work demonstrates the versatility of open database-searching techniques for the identification of bacterial glycosylation, making the characterization of these highly diverse glycoproteomes easier than ever before.

The Application of Open Searching-based Approaches for the Identification of Acinetobacter baumannii O-linked Glycopeptides

Open searching enables the identification of glycopeptides decorated with previously unknown glycan compositions. Within this article, a streamlined approach for undertaking open searching and subsequent glycan-focused glycopeptide searches are presented for bacterial samples using Acinetobacter baumannii as a model.

基于开放搜索的方法在 鲍曼不动杆菌 O-连锁糖肽鉴定中的应用

Protein glycosylation is increasingly recognized as a common modification within bacterial organisms, contributing to prokaryotic physiology and optimal ...

Enrichment of Bacterial Lipoproteins and Preparation of N-terminal Lipopeptides for Structural Determination by Mass Spectrometry

Lipoproteins are important constituents of the bacterial cell envelope and potent activators of the mammalian innate immune response. Despite their significance to both cell physiology and immunology, much remains to be discovered about novel lipoprotein forms, how they are synthesized, and the effect of the various forms on host immunity. To enable thorough studies on lipoproteins, this protocol describes a method for bacterial lipoprotein enrichment and preparation of N-terminal tryptic lipopeptides for structural determination by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Expanding on an established Triton X-114 phase partitioning method for lipoprotein extraction and enrichment from the bacterial cell membrane, the protocol includes additional steps to remove non-lipoprotein contaminants, increasing lipoprotein yield and purity. Since lipoproteins are commonly used in Toll-like receptor (TLR) assays, it is critical to first characterize the N-terminal structure by MALDI-TOF MS. Herein, a method is presented to isolate concentrated hydrophobic peptides enriched in N-terminal lipopeptides suitable for direct analysis by MALDI-TOF MS/MS. Lipoproteins that have been separated by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) are transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, digested in situ with trypsin, sequentially washed to remove polar tryptic peptides, and finally eluted with chloroform-methanol. When coupled with MS of the more polar trypsinized peptides from wash solutions, this method provides the ability to both identify the lipoprotein and characterize its N-terminus in a single experiment. Intentional sodium adduct formation can also be employed as a tool to promote more structurally informative fragmentation spectra. Ultimately, enrichment of lipoproteins and determination of their N-terminal structures will permit more extensive studies on this ubiquitous class of bacterial proteins.

The enrichment of bacterial lipoproteins using a non-ionic surfactant phase partitioning method is described for direct use in TLR assays or other applications. Further steps are detailed to prepare N-terminal tryptic lipopeptides for structural characterization by mass spectrometry.

质谱法富集细菌脂蛋白及 n-端脂肽的制备结构测定

Lipoproteins are important constituents of the bacterial cell envelope and potent activators of the mammalian innate immune response. Despite their ...

免疫与感染

Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry - A Powerful Tool to Identify Novel c-di-GMP Effector Proteins

Considerable progress has been made during the last decade towards the identification and characterization of enzymes involved in the synthesis (diguanylate cyclases) and degradation (phosphodiesterases) of the second messenger c-di-GMP. In contrast, little information is available regarding the molecular mechanisms and cellular components through which this signaling molecule regulates a diverse range of cellular processes. Most of the known effector proteins belong to the PilZ family or are degenerated diguanylate cyclases or phosphodiesterases that have given up on catalysis and have adopted effector function. Thus, to better define the cellular c-di-GMP network in a wide range of bacteria experimental methods are required to identify and validate novel effectors for which reliable in silico predictions fail.
We have recently developed a novel Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry (CCMS) based technology as a powerful tool to biochemically identify and characterize c-di-GMP binding proteins. This technique has previously been reported to be applicable to a wide range of organisms1. Here we give a detailed description of the protocol that we utilize to probe such signaling components. As an example, we use Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen in which c-di-GMP plays a critical role in virulence and biofilm control. CCMS identified 74% (38/51) of the known or predicted components of the c-di-GMP network. This study explains the CCMS procedure in detail, and establishes it as a powerful and versatile tool to identify novel components involved in small molecule signaling.

The ubiquitous second messenger c-di-GMP controls growth and behavior of many bacteria. We have developed a novel Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry based technology to biochemically identify and characterize c-di-GMP binding proteins in virtually any bacterial species.

肽聚糖的液相色谱质谱和生物信息学半定量分析

摘要

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器的子类型

通过超性能液相色谱对细菌细胞壁进行隔离和制备，进行组成分析

解决由蓝变性PAGE和蛋白质相关剖析亲和纯化的蛋白复合物

定量糖组学和蛋白质组学组合式净化策略

寡 peptoids 的合成及质谱分析

使用液色谱结合串联质谱法对糖皮质酶细胞脂质的定量分析

马萨霉素的合成，一种革兰氏阳性细菌生长的小分子抑制剂

基于开放搜索的方法在鲍曼不动杆菌 O-连锁糖肽鉴定中的应用

质谱法富集细菌脂蛋白及 n-端脂肽的制备结构测定

捕获复合质谱 - 一个强大的工具来确定新型C-二GMP效应蛋白

肽聚糖的液相色谱质谱和生物信息学半定量分析

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

器的子类型

通过超性能液相色谱对细菌细胞壁进行隔离和制备，进行组成分析

解决由蓝变性PAGE和蛋白质相关剖析亲和纯化的蛋白复合物

定量糖组学和蛋白质组学组合式净化策略

寡 peptoids 的合成及质谱分析

使用液色谱结合串联质谱法对糖皮质酶细胞脂质的定量分析

马萨霉素的合成，一种革兰氏阳性细菌生长的小分子抑制剂

基于开放搜索的方法在 鲍曼不动杆菌 O-连锁糖肽鉴定中的应用

质谱法富集细菌脂蛋白及 n-端脂肽的制备结构测定

捕获复合质谱 - 一个强大的工具来确定新型C-二GMP效应蛋白

基于开放搜索的方法在鲍曼不动杆菌 O-连锁糖肽鉴定中的应用