NSFC-RSE联合项目（81911530253）、中国国家重点研发项目（2018YFF0300905）和宁波大学王麦格纳基金K.C。

宁波大学人类伦理委员会批准了这项实验。所有书面知情同意均在被告知 UGT 实验的目标、要求和实验程序后获得所有受试者。
1. 步态的实验室准备
<ol><li>运动学:运动捕捉系统<ol>
<li>校准系统时，关闭白炽灯并移除任何可能被误认为是被动反光标记的反光对象。确保 8 台红外摄像机正确瞄准，视野清晰合理。</li>
		<li>将适当的 USB 加密狗插入 PC 的平行端口。打开运动捕捉红外摄像机和模拟数字转换器。</li>
		<li>打开 PC 中的跟踪软件，为 8 台红外摄像机的初始化留出时间。选择"资源"窗格的"本地系统"节点。如果硬件连接属实，每个摄像机节点都将显示绿灯。</li>
		<li>调整相机视图窗格中的系统参数:将频闪强度设置为 0.95 - 1，阈值设置为 0.2 - 0.4，增益到倍 1 （x1），灰度模式到自动，最小圆形比率设置为 0.5，最大 Blob 高度设置为 50。</li>
		<li>将由 5 个标记组成的 T 帧放在运动捕获区域的中心。使用 2D 模式选择所有摄像机，并确认它们可以在没有任何干扰和/或人工制品的情况下查看校准棒 （T 帧）。单击工具栏中的"系统准备"项，从 T 帧下拉列表中选择5 个标记 Wand & T 帧校准对象。</li>
		<li>在"工具"窗格中，选择"系统准备"按钮，然后单击"校准摄像机"部分中的"开始"按钮。然后在捕获范围内实际挥动 T 帧。当红外摄像机上的蓝光停止闪烁时，停止操作。监控进度栏，直到校准过程以"100%"完成，并返回到"0%"。 注意:确保 图像错误 值小于 0.3。</li>
		<li>将 T 帧放在地板上（运动捕获区域的中心），并确保 T 帧的轴与标题方向一致。</li>
		<li>在工具窗格中的"设置音量原点"部分下选择"开始"按钮。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>植物压力:压力平台<ol>
<li>将2米压力平台放在测试区中心。请注意压力平台周围显示的八台红外摄像机。</li>
		<li>以线性方式将压力平台分为四个平均区域，A、B、C 和 D（每个区域为 50 厘米 * 50 厘米），并使用字母标签 /贴纸（图 1）来区分它们。</li>
		<li>通过专有数据电缆保持 PC 和压力平台连接。</li>
		<li>双击桌面上的软件图标。</li>
		<li>单击校准屏幕上的"重量校准"，输入工作人员的身体质量。请他或她站在压力平台上，等待系统自动完成校准，然后他/她才能离开压力平台。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61558/61558fig01.jpg"> 图1:实验协议。如果受试者在脚跟接触区域（A）时收到终止信号，则执行 UGT，以便受试者停止在区域（B）内。运动和植物压力数据是同步收集的。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/61558/61558fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的更大版本。</a>
2. 参与者准备
<ol><li>在 UGT 测试之前，面试所有受试者，并给他们提供有关实验目标和程序的简单解释。获得符合关键包容性标准的受试者的书面知情同意。<ol>
<li>包括身体活跃的男性成年人，以右腿为主，没有任何听力障碍，没有下肢障碍，在过去六个月没有受伤。 注:15名男性受试者（年龄:24.1岁±0.8岁;身高:175.7±2.8厘米;体重:68.3±3.3公斤;脚长:252.7±2.1毫米）符合实验条件的受试者包括在本次测试中。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>允许所有受试者填写问卷调查。 注:问题包括:您是否有过跑步或其他体育活动的历史？你一周多久做一次体育活动？你有专业的运动训练吗？在过去的六个月里，你是否患有任何下肢疾病和受伤？</li>
	<li>确保所有受试者都穿相同的T恤和紧身裤。</li>
	<li>使用 Vernier 卡钳或小型人类计测量受试者的站立高度（mm）和体重（kg）、下肢长度（mm）、膝盖宽度（mm）和左腿和右腿的脚踝宽度（mm）。 注意:测量从上部小脊椎到脚踝内膜的下肢长度:膝盖宽度从横向到中膝慰问:脚踝宽度从横向到中间脚踝宽度。</li>
	<li>酌情剃掉体毛，用酒精湿巾去除多余的汗液。准备解剖骨质地标的皮肤区域，用于在关节和段上放置标记。 注:本研究使用了16个反射标记18个，包括前上级腹腔脊柱（LASI/RASI）、后部侧脊柱（LPSI/RPSI）、横向中大腿（LTHI/RTHI）、侧膝 （LKNE/RKNE）、横向中棚（LTIB/RTIB）、横向马列奥卢斯（LANK/RANK）、第二个元骨头（LTOE/RTOE）和卡尔卡努斯（LHEE/RHEE）（图2）。</li>
	<li>识别 16 个解剖地标。在地标上，用双面胶带附加被动反光标记。</li>
	<li>给每个科目5分钟来适应测试环境，用轻盈的跑步和伸展来热身。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61558/61558fig02.jpg"> 图2:连接到下肢的反光标记。（A） 侧、 （B） 正面和（C）后方。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/61558/61558fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的更大版本。</a>
3. 静态校准
<ol><li>运动学:运动捕捉系统<ol>
<li>在跟踪软件中，在工具栏中查找"新数据库"以构建数据库。单击"数据管理"以打开"数据管理"窗格并单击"新患者分类"、"新患者"和"新会话"按钮。返回"资源"窗口，选择"创建新主题"按钮创建主题，并在"属性"窗格中输入高度（mm）、体重（kg）、腿长（mm）、膝盖宽度（mm）和脚踝宽度（mm）值。</li>
		<li>单击"上线"，然后单击"视图"窗格中的"水平拆分"。然后选择图形来查看轨迹计数。 注:检查"3D 透视"窗格，以确保所有 16 个标记均可见。</li>
		<li>要求受试者在区域 A. 单击主题捕获部分中的"开始"以捕获静态模型。在单击"停止"按钮之前，捕获了大约 200 帧图像。</li>
		<li>在"工具"窗格中，查找"管道"按钮，然后单击"运行重建管道"，以构建所有捕获标记的新 3D 图像。在标记列表中标识，并手动将相应的标签应用到标记上。保存并按"ESC"键退出。</li>
		<li>在工具栏中选择"主题准备"和"主题校准"，并在下拉菜单中选择"静态插件步态"选项。</li>
		<li>在"静态设置"窗格中选择"左脚"和"右脚"，然后单击"开始"。然后保存静态模型。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>植物压力:压力平台<ol>
<li>在软件中，单击"数据库"以添加新患者。并在"添加患者"窗格中输入指定的主题编号。然后，单击"添加"。</li>
		<li>单击"动态"并输入体重和鞋码。然后，单击"确定"。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 动态试验
<ol><li>要求主题处于起始位置。</li>
	<li>软件操作 注:两种软件启动（运动捕捉系统:点击"捕获"按钮:压力平台:单击"捕获"按钮并结束（运动捕获系统:单击"停止"按钮:压力平台:同时单击"保存测量"按钮。<ol>
<li>运动学:运动捕捉系统<ol>
<li>在"资源"窗格中选择"上线"按钮，然后单击右侧工具栏中的"捕获"。从上到下查找"试用类型"和"会话"并编辑"试用"描述。</li>
			<li>要求受试者执行 4.3 中描述的 UGT 测试。</li>
			<li>完成 UGT 测试后，单击"停止"以结束数据收集试用。重复上述步骤5次。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>植物压力:压力平台<ol>
<li>在开始 UGT 试验之前，请选择"测量"按钮。</li>
			<li>完成 UGT 测试后，单击"保存测量"按钮以保存数据。重复上述步骤5次。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>乌格特试验<ol>
<li>要求受试者在 NWS 的走道上行走，并指示他们分别使用占统治地位的腿部和非支配腿通过 A 区和 B 区，最后在压力平台的 D 区停留。</li>
		<li>当提供终止信号时，请告知受试者，他们需要在 B 区快速停止。</li>
		<li>脚跟接触 A 区时随机提供终止信号，确保执行 UGT 并在 B 区（图 1）上快速停止受试者。工作人员通过随机敲响红铃发出终止信号，振铃概率控制在20%左右。至少连续捕获五次 UGT 试验。 注:两次试验之间有2分钟的休息间隔。</li>
		<li>使用压力平台软件计算每个受试者的行走速度。然后，将 FWS 计算为 NWS 的 125%。</li>
		<li>重复上述 FWS 的 UGT 测试。使用 FWS 协议捕获至少 5 次连续的 UGT 试验。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>5. 后处理
<ol><li>运动学:运动捕捉系统<ol>
<li>在工具栏中查找"数据管理"按钮，并在"数据管理"窗格中双击试用名称。然后选择"重建"和"标签"来重建3D动态模型。</li>
		<li>在"时间"栏上，移动蓝色三角形以设置所需的时间范围（用于 UGT 期间的姿态阶段）。</li>
		<li>点击"时间"栏。然后单击"上下文"菜单中的"放大到感兴趣的区域"。</li>
		<li>单击"标签"按钮以识别和检查标签点。确保步骤与静态识别过程相同。 注意:填写一些不完整的标识标记并删除未标记标记（如有必要）。</li>
		<li>选择"主题校准"窗格中的"动态插件盖特"。然后单击"开始"按钮以运行数据。以".csv"格式导出动态试验，用于以下数据分析。</li>
		<li>使用截断频率为 10 Hz 的第四阶低通黄油沃思过滤器，并导出联合角度的数据。</li>
		<li>计算下垂平面中三个关节（臀部、膝盖和脚踝）的运动范围（ROM）。 注意:定义下垂运动平面上臀部、膝盖和脚踝的最大角度和最小角度之间的差异。</li>
		<li>计算每个试验的十项试验（NWS为5项，FWS为5项）的均值（M）和标准偏差（SD）。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>植物压力:压力平台<ol>
<li>从相应科目的"测量"菜单中选择试用名称。单击"动态"按钮以打开数据。</li>
		<li>单击"手册"选择。使用"左鼠标"按钮选择感兴趣的步骤（GT 期间的姿态阶段）。单击"确定"按钮以保存。</li>
		<li>单击"区域划分"和"手动区域选择"进行调整。然后单击"接受"按钮进行保存。</li>
		<li>打开"压力力"屏幕，单击"图形构图"按钮，打开"区域图形构图"窗口。划分 10 个解剖区域，包括大脚趾 （BT）、其他脚趾 （OT）、第一元音 （M1）、第二元音体 （M2）、第三元数据（M3）、第四元音 （M4）、第五元音 （M5）、中脚 （MF）、中脚跟 （MH） 和横向脚跟 （LH）。然后单击"确定"按钮以保存。</li>
		<li>单击"参数表"以导出植物压力数据，包括最大压力、最大力和接触区域。</li>
		<li>计算每个试题 10 次试验的均值和 SD（NWS 为 5 次，FWS 为 5 次）。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>6. 统计分析
<ol><li>执行夏皮罗-威尔克斯测试，检查所有变量的正常分布。使用配对采样的 T 测试来比较 NWS 和 FWS 的 UGT 期间的下肢运动学和植物压力数据。将意义级别设置为p&lt;0.05。</li>
</ol>

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age+and+walking+speed+effects+on+muscle+recruitment+in+gait+termination.">Age and walking speed effects on muscle recruitment in gait termination.</a> Gait &amp; Posture. 21 (3), 279-288 (2005).</li><li>Xiang, L., Mei, Q., Fernandez, J., Gu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+biomechanical+assessment+of+the+acute+hallux+abduction+manipulation+intervention.">A biomechanical assessment of the acute hallux abduction manipulation intervention.</a> Gait &amp; Posture. 76, 210-217 (2020).</li><li>Zhou, H., Ugbolue, U. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+There+a+Relationship+Between+Strike+Pattern+and+Injury+During+Running:+A+Review.">Is There a Relationship Between Strike Pattern and Injury During Running: A Review.</a> Physical Activity and Health. 3 (1), 127-134 (2019).</li><li>Serrao, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sudden+Stopping+in+Patients+with+Cerebellar+Ataxia.">Sudden Stopping in Patients with Cerebellar Ataxia.</a> The Cerebellum. 12 (5), 607-616 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+Gold-standard+Gait+Analysis+Methods+to+Assess+Experience+Effects+on+Lower-limb+Mechanics+During+Moderate+High-heeled+Jogging+and+Running.">Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (127), e55714 (2017).</li><li>Buddhadev, H. H., Barbee, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redistribution+of+joint+moments+and+work+in+older+women+with+and+without+hallux+valgus+at+two+walking+speeds.">Redistribution of joint moments and work in older women with and without hallux valgus at two walking speeds.</a> Gait &amp; Posture. 77, 112-117 (2020).</li><li>Yu, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphology-Related+Foot+Function+Analysis:+Implications+for+Jumping+and+Running.">Morphology-Related Foot Function Analysis: Implications for Jumping and Running.</a> Applied Sciences. 9 (16), 3236 (2019).</li><li>Ridge, S. T., Henley, J., Manal, K., Miller, F., Richards, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+and+kinetic+analysis+of+planned+and+unplanned+gait+termination+in+children.">Kinematic and kinetic analysis of planned and unplanned gait termination in children.</a> Gait &amp; Posture. 37 (2), 178-182 (2013).</li><li>Burnfield, J. M., Few, C. D., Mohamed, O. S., Perry, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+walking+speed+and+footwear+on+plantar+pressures+in+older+adults.">The influence of walking speed and footwear on plantar pressures in older adults.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 19 (1), 78-84 (2004).</li><li>Cen, X., Xu, D., Baker, J. S., Gu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+additional+body+weight+on+arch+index+and+dynamic+plantar+pressure+distribution+during+walking+and+gait+termination.">Effect of additional body weight on arch index and dynamic plantar pressure distribution during walking and gait termination.</a> PeerJ. 8, 8998 (2020).</li><li>Chatzipapas, C. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+Fractures+in+Military+Men+and+Bone+Quality+Related+Factors.">Stress Fractures in Military Men and Bone Quality Related Factors.</a> International Journal of Sports Medicine. 29 (11), 922-926 (2008).</li><li>Cen, X., Xu, D., Baker, J. S., Gu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+of+Arch+Stiffness+with+Plantar+Impulse+Distribution+during+Walking,+Running,+and+Gait+Termination.">Association of Arch Stiffness with Plantar Impulse Distribution during Walking, Running, and Gait Termination.</a> International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (6), 2090 (2020).</li></ol>

作者没有报告任何潜在的利益冲突。

在 UGT 期间分析步态生物力学的大多数先前研究在生物力学评估中忽略了行走速度的重要性。因此，本研究调查了 NWS 和 FWS UGT 中发生的下肢生物力学变化，目的是揭示与速度相关的影响。
在 Nws 和 Fws 的 Ugt 期间， 在下垂平面的臀部、膝盖和脚踝关节的 ROM 上发现了显著差异。我们的发现显示，在 FWS 的 UGT 期间，下垂平面中 3 个关节的 ROM 与 NWS 相比更大。这些结果与先前关?...

人类运动被认为是一个极其复杂的过程，需要用多学科的方法1，2来描述。最具代表性的方面是生物力学方法的步态分析。人类步态旨在维持从启动到终止的进展，在位置运动中应保持动态平衡。虽然步态终止（GT）作为步态的子任务被广泛研究，但它受到的关注较少。麻雀和Tirosh3在其审查中将GT定义为运动控制期，当双脚根据位移和时间特征停止向前或向后移动时。与稳态步态相比，GT的执行过程要求对神经肌肉系统4的姿势稳定性和复杂的整合与合作进行更高的控制。在GT期间，身体需要迅速增加制动冲动和减少推进冲动，以形成一个新的身体平衡5，6。计划外的步态终止（UGT）是对未知刺激6的压力反应。当面对需要突然停止的意外刺激时，最初的动态平衡将会被打破。由于需要持续控制身体的质量中心（COM）和反馈控制，UGT对姿势控制和稳定性3，7提出了更大的挑战。
据报道，UGT是导致跌倒和受伤的一个重要因素，特别是在老年人和平衡障碍患者3，8。在 UGT9期间，更快的步行速度可能导致电机控制进一步下降。Ridge 等人10调查了 UGT 期间儿童在正常行走速度 （NWS） 和快速行走速度 （FWS） 期间的峰值关节角度和内部关节时刻数据。结果显示，与首选速度相比，膝盖弯曲角度和延长时刻的速度更大。他们指出，加强下肢关节周围的相关肌肉可能是在GT期间预防伤害的有用干预。
虽然在稳态步态下行走速度对下肢生物力学特征的影响已得到广泛研究，但不同行走速度下的UGT生物力学机制有限。据我们所知，只有三项研究特别评估了健康个体在速度效应9、10、14方面的表现。然而，这些研究的受试者主要是14岁老人和10岁儿童，UGT期间年轻人的生物力学机制仍不明朗。下肢运动学和植物压可以提供运动生物力学的精确分析，这些也被认为是临床步态诊断的关键组成部分15，16。例如，Serrao等人17日使用下肢运动学数据来检测小脑厌食症患者与健康患者在突然停止期间的临床差异。此外，与计划中的步态终止 （PGT） 相比，UGT 期间横向骨体中较大的峰值压力和力可以观察到7，这可能与更高的伤害风险相关。
因此，探索GT的生物力学机制可以为伤害预防和进一步的临床研究提供见解。这项研究提出了一个协议，以调查在GT期间，在不同行走速度下年轻人的任何生物力学变化。据推测，随着行走速度的提高，参与者在 UGT 期间将表现出不同的下肢生物力学特征。

<table><tbody><tr><td>14 mm Diameter Passive Retro-reflective Marker</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td>n=16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Double Adhesive Tape</td><td>Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Corporation, Minnesota, USA</td><td>For fixing markers to skin</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Motion Tracking Cameras</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td>n= 8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T-Frame</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Valid Dongle</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td>Vicon Nexus 1.4.116</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vicon Datastation ADC&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pressure platform</td><td>RSscan International, Olen, Belgium</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

lower-limb biomechanical characteristics associated with unplanned gait termination under different walking speeds

意外刺激导致的盖特终止是日常生活中的常见现象。这项研究提出了一个协议，以调查在计划外步态终止（UGT）期间在不同的行走速度下发生的下肢生物力学变化。15名男性参与者被要求分别以正常行走速度（NWS）和快速行走速度（FWS）在人行道上表演GT。应用运动分析系统和植物压力平台收集下肢运动和植物压力数据。配对采样 T 测试用于检查下肢运动学和植物压力数据在两个行走速度之间的差异。结果显示，与 NWS 相比，在 FWS 的 UGT 期间，下垂平面的臀部、膝盖和脚踝关节的运动范围更大，前脚和脚跟区域的植物压力也更大。随着行走速度的提高，受试者表现出不同的下肢生物力学特征，显示FWS与更大的潜在伤害风险相关。

15 个科目的 NWS 和 FWS 的平均和 SD 值分别为 1.33 ± 0.07m/s 和 1.62 ± 0.11m/s。
图 3 显示在 Nws 和 Fws 的 Ugt 期间， 下垂平面中臀部、膝盖和脚踝关节的平均 ROM 。与 NWS 相比，FWS 的三个接头的 ROM 显著增加（p&lt:0.05）。详细说来，臀部、膝盖和脚踝关节的ROM从22.26±3.03， 29.72 ± 5.14 和 24.92 ± 4.17 到 25.98 ± 2.94， 31.61 ± 4.34 和 28.05 ± 5.59 （图 3</stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds at JoVE.com

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds

这项研究比较了在不同行走速度下计划外步态终止期间下肢的生物力学特征。使用运动分析系统和植物压力平台收集了15个正常和快速行走速度受试者的下肢运动和动能数据。

不同行走速度下与计划外步态终止相关的下肢生物力学特征

Gait termination caused by unexpected stimulus is a common occurrence in everyday life. This study presents a protocol to investigate the lower-limb ...

lower-limb-biomechanical-characteristics-associated-with-unplanned

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

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JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Anatomy and Physiology

Behavior

Unit 1

The Appendicular Skeleton

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

4.4K 次观看.  Ningbo University. 这项研究比较了在不同行走速度下计划外步态终止期间下肢的生物力学特征。使用运动分析系统和植物压力平台收集了15个正常和快速行走速度受试者的下肢运动和动能数据。

视频: Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: STW). Thus, in clinical rehabilitation separation of sit-to-stand and gait initiation - termed sit-to-stand-and-walk (STSW) - is usual. However, a standardized STSW protocol with a clearly defined analytical approach suitable for pathological assessment has yet to be defined.
Hence, a goal-orientated protocol is defined that is suitable for healthy and compromised individuals by requiring the rising phase to be initiated from 120% knee height with a wide base of support independent of lead limb. Optical capture of three-dimensional (3D) segmental movement trajectories, and force platforms to yield two-dimensional (2D) center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories permit tracking of the horizontal distance between COP and whole-body-center-of-mass (BCOM), the decrease of which increases positional stability but is proposed to represent poor dynamic postural control.
BCOM-COP distance is expressed with and without normalization to subjects&#39; leg length. Whilst COP-BCOM distances vary through STSW, normalized data at the key movement events of seat-off and initial toe-off (TO1) during steps 1 and 2 have low intra and inter subject variability in 5 repeated trials performed by 10 young healthy individuals. Thus, comparing COP-BCOM distance at key events during performance of an STSW paradigm between patients with upper motor neuron injury, or other compromised patient groups, and normative data in young healthy individuals is a novel methodology for evaluation of dynamic postural stability.

Here, we present a novel protocol to measure positional stability at key events during the sit-to-stand-to-walk using the center-of-pressure to the whole-body-center-of-mass distance. This was derived from the force platform and three-dimensional motion-capture technology. The paradigm is reliable and can be utilized for the assessment of neurologically compromised individuals.

坐姿到站姿和步行距离120％膝盖高度:新方法来评估铅肢体的动态姿势控制独立

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: ...

科研

行为学

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the wearing experience of subjects. This protocol describes the differences in lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) between experienced wearers (EW) and inexperienced wearers (IEW) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. A three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system with a configured force platform was used to synchronously capture lower-limb joint movements and GRF. 36 young females volunteered to participate in this study and were asked about high-heeled shoe-wearing experience, including frequency, duration, heel types, and heel heights. Eleven who had the experience of 3 to 6 cm heels for a minimum of three days per week (6 h per day) for at least two years and eleven who wore high heels less than twice per month participated. Subjects performed jogging and running at comfortable low and high speeds, respectively, with the right foot completely stepping onto a force platform when passing by along a 10 m walkway. EW and IEW adopted different biomechanical adaptations while jogging and running. IEW exhibited a generally larger range of joint movement, while EW showed a dramatically larger loading rate of GRF during running. Hence, further studies on the lower-limb biomechanics of high-heeled gait should strictly control the wearing experience of the subjects.

This study investigated lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. Subjects were divided into groups of experienced wearers and inexperienced wearers. A three-dimensional motion analysis system with a configured force platform captured lower-limb joint movements and GRF.

运用金本位步态分析法评估下肢慢跑和跑步时的低肢力学经验效应

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the ...

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) demonstrate a technique that can be used to directly estimate the inertial properties of a below-knee prosthesis, and 2) contrast the effects of the proposed technique and that of using intact limb inertial properties on joint kinetic estimates during walking in unilateral, transtibial amputees. An oscillation and reaction board system was validated and shown to be reliable when measuring inertial properties of known geometrical solids. When direct measurements of inertial properties of the prosthesis were used in inverse dynamics modeling of the lower extremity compared with inertial estimates based on an intact shank and foot, joint kinetics at the hip and knee were significantly lower during the swing phase of walking. Differences in joint kinetics during stance, however, were smaller than those observed during swing. Therefore, researchers focusing on the swing phase of walking should consider the impact of prosthesis inertia property estimates on study outcomes. For stance, either one of the two inertial models investigated in our study would likely lead to similar outcomes with an inverse dynamics assessment.

Body segmental inertial properties are required for inverse dynamics modeling. Using an oscillation and reaction board technique, inertial properties of below-knee prostheses were measured. Using direct measures of prosthesis inertia in the inverse dynamics model of the prosthetic leg resulted in lower magnitudes of resultant joint forces and moments.

对于膝下义肢的估算惯性振荡性质与反应板技术

The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) demonstrate a technique that can be used to directly estimate the inertial properties of a below-knee ...

生物工程

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

Three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) is shown to be a useful clinical tool for the evaluation of gait abnormality due to movement disorders. However, the use of 3DGA in actual clinics remains uncommon. Possible reasons could include the time-consuming measurement process and difficulties in understanding measurement results, which are often presented using a large number of graphs. Here we present a clinician-friendly 3DGA method developed to facilitate the clinical use of 3DGA. This method consists of simplified preparation and measurement processes that can be performed in a short time period in clinical settings and intuitive results presentation to facilitate clinicians&#39; understanding of results. The quick, simplified measurement procedure is achieved by the use of minimum markers and measurement of patients on a treadmill. To facilitate clinician understanding, results are presented in figures based on the clinicians&#39; perspective. A Lissajous overview picture (LOP), which shows the trajectories of all markers from a holistic viewpoint, is used to facilitate intuitive understanding of gait patterns. Abnormal gait pattern indices, which are based on clinicians&#39; perspectives in gait evaluation and standardized using the data of healthy subjects, are used to evaluate the extent of typical abnormal gait patterns in stroke patients. A graph depicting the analysis of the toe clearance strategy, which depicts how patients rely on normal and compensatory strategies to achieve toe clearance, is also presented. These methods could facilitate implementation of 3DGA in clinical settings and further encourage development of measurement strategies from the clinician&#39;s point of view.

In this study, a clinician-friendly three-dimensional gait analysis method, which was designed to be performed in the rehabilitation clinic, is presented. The method consists of a simplified measurement method and intuitive figures to facilitate clinicians&#39; understanding of the results.

基于临床的三维步态分析方法评价步态障碍

Three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) is shown to be a useful clinical tool for the evaluation of gait abnormality due to movement disorders. However, ...

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal  Phase  of 5km Treadmill Running

Running is beneficial for physical health, but it is also accompanied by many injuries. However, the main factors leading to running injury remain unexplained. This study investigated the effects of long running distance on lower-limb kinematic variables and the lower limb kinematic difference of between the initial (IR) and terminal phase (TR) of 5 km running was compared. Ten amateur runners ran on a treadmill at the speed of 10 km/h. Dynamic kinematic data was collected at the phase of IR (0.5 km) and TR (5 km), respectively. The peak angle, peak angular velocities, and range of motion were recorded in this experiment. The main results demonstrated the following: ankle eversion and knee abduction were increased at TR; ROMs of ankle and knee were increased in the frontal plane at TR than IR; a larger peak angular velocity of ankle dorsiflexion and hip interrotation were found in TR compared to IR. These changes during the long distance running may provide some specific details for exploring potential reasons of running injuries.

This study investigated the biomechanical characteristics of the lower extremity kinematic variables between the initial and terminal phase of 5 km treadmill running. The lower-limb kinematic data of 10 runners were collected using a three-dimensional motion capture system on a treadmill at the initial phase (0.5 km) and the terminal phase (5 km), respectively.

5公里跑步机跑步初始和末期下肢运动学的比较分析

Running is beneficial for physical health, but it is also accompanied by many injuries. However, the main factors leading to running injury remain ...

Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants

Biomechanical analysis techniques are useful in the study of human movement. The aim of this study was to introduce a technique for the lower limb biomechanical assessment in healthy participants using commercially available systems. Separate protocols were introduced for the gait analysis and muscle strength testing systems. To ensure maximum accuracy for gait assessment, attention should be given to the marker placements and self-paced treadmill acclimatization time. Similarly, participant positioning, a practice trial, and verbal encouragement are three critical stages in muscle strength testing. The current evidence suggests that the methodology outlined in this article may be effective for the assessment of lower limb biomechanics.

This article introduces a comprehensive experimental methodology on two of the latest technologies available to measure the lower limb biomechanics of individuals.

健康参与者的下肢生物力学分析

Biomechanical analysis techniques are useful in the study of human movement. The aim of this study was to introduce a technique for the lower limb ...

医学

Influence of Step-Width Manipulation on Running Biomechanics

Step width is a critical factor influencing lower limb biomechanics during running, significantly affecting stability, performance, and injury risk. Understanding these effects is essential for optimizing running performance and minimizing injury risk. This study evaluated the effects of varying step widths on lower limb biomechanics at different running speeds. Thirteen healthy Chinese males (aged 20-24) participated in the study, running at speeds of 3.0 m/s and 3.7 m/s using six distinct step widths: the preferred step width and five variations (reductions of 13% and 6.5%, and increases of 6.5%, 13%, and 25%, based on leg length). Data were collected using a motion capture system and force plates and analyzed through repeated measures ANOVA and correlation tests. The results indicated that wider step widths significantly reduced peak knee abduction moments and hip adduction angles, whereas narrower step widths increased knee joint loading. These findings have important implications for clinicians and runners, suggesting that careful step width selection can help reduce injury risk and enhance running efficiency. This study contributes a new dataset that lays the foundation for future research into the relationship between step width and running biomechanics and serves as a reference for training and rehabilitation practices.

The present protocol outlines an experimental setup designed to investigate the influence of step width manipulation on running biomechanics using a motion capture system. The objective is to expand relevant datasets and examine the effects of varying step widths on the kinematic chain of the human lower limb.

步宽纵对跑步生物力学的影响

Step width is a critical factor influencing lower limb biomechanics during running, significantly affecting stability, performance, and injury risk. ...

Comprehensive Understanding of Inactivity-Induced Gait Alteration in Rodents

It is well known that disuse affects neural systems and that joint motions become altered; however, which outcomes properly exhibit these characteristics is still unclear. The present study describes a motion analysis approach that utilizes three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction from video captures. Using this technology, disuse-evoked alterations of walking performances were observed in rodents exposed to a simulated microgravity environment by unloading their hindlimb by their tail. After 2 weeks of unloading, the rats walked on a treadmill, and their gait motions were captured with four charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. 3D motion profiles were reconstructed and compared to those of control subjects using the image processing software. The reconstructed outcome measures successfully portrayed distinct aspects of distorted gait motion: hyperextension of the knee and ankle joints and higher position of the hip joints during the stance phase. Motion analysis is useful for several reasons. First, it enables quantitative behavioral evaluations instead of subjective observations (e.g., pass/fail in certain tasks). Second, multiple parameters can be extracted to fit specific needs once the fundamental datasets are obtained. Despite hurdles for broader application, the disadvantages of this method, including labor intensity and cost, may be alleviated by determining comprehensive measurements and experimental procedures.

The present protocol describes three-dimensional motion tracking/evaluation to depict gait motion alteration of rats after exposure to a simulated disuse environment.

全面了解啮齿动物不活动引起的步态改变

It is well known that disuse affects neural systems and that joint motions become altered; however, which outcomes properly exhibit these characteristics ...

神经科学

Postural Organization of Gait Initiation for Biomechanical Analysis Using Force Platform Recordings

Gait initiation (GI), the transient phase between orthograde posture and steady-state locomotion, is a functional task and an experimental paradigm that is classically used in the literature to obtain insight into the basic postural mechanisms underlying body motion and balance control. Investigating GI has also contributed to a better understanding of the physiopathology of postural disorders in elderly and neurological participants (e.g., patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease). As such, it is recognized to have important clinical implications, especially in terms of fall prevention.
This paper aims to provide scholars, clinicians, and higher education students information on the material and method developed to investigate GI postural organization via a biomechanical approach. The method is based on force platform recordings and the direct principle of mechanics to compute the kinematics of the center of gravity and center of pressure. The interaction between these two virtual points is a key element in this method since it determines the conditions of stability and whole-body progression. The protocol involves the participant initially standing immobile in an upright posture and starting to walk until the end of an at least 5 m track.
It is recommended to vary the GI velocity (slow, spontaneous, fast) and the level of temporal pressure - gait may be initiated as soon as possible after the deliverance of a departure signal (high level of temporal pressure) or when the participant feels ready (low level of temporal pressure). Biomechanical parameters obtained with this method (e.g., duration and amplitude of anticipatory postural adjustments, step length/width, performance, and stability) are defined, and their computation method is detailed. In addition, typical values obtained in healthy young adults are provided. Finally, critical steps, limitations, and significance of the method with respect to the alternative method (motion capture system) are discussed.

This paper describes the material and method developed to investigate the postural organization of gait initiation. The method is based on force platform recordings and on the direct principle of mechanics to compute center of gravity and center of pressure kinematics.

使用力平台记录进行生物力学分析的步态起始姿势组织

Gait initiation (GI), the transient phase between orthograde posture and steady-state locomotion, is a functional task and an experimental paradigm that ...

使用 MouseWalker 量化脊髓损伤小鼠的运动功能障碍

Using the MouseWalker to Quantify Locomotor Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury

The execution of complex and highly coordinated motor programs, such as walking and running, is dependent on the rhythmic activation of spinal and supra-spinal circuits. After a thoracic spinal cord injury, communication with upstream circuits is impaired. This, in turn, leads to a loss of coordination, with limited recovery potential. Hence, to better evaluate the degree of recovery after the administration of drugs or therapies, there is a necessity for new, more detailed, and accurate tools to quantify gait, limb coordination, and other fine aspects of locomotor behavior in animal models of spinal cord injury. Several assays have been developed over the years to quantitatively assess free-walking behavior in rodents; however, they usually lack direct measurements related to stepping gait strategies, footprint patterns, and coordination. To address these shortcomings, an updated version of the MouseWalker, which combines a frustrated total internal reflection (fTIR) walkway with tracking and quantification software, is provided. This open-source system has been adapted to extract several graphical outputs and kinematic parameters, and a set of post-quantification tools can be to analyze the output data provided. This manuscript also demonstrates how this method, allied with already established behavioral tests, quantitatively describes locomotor deficits following spinal cord injury.

作者聚焦:使用 MouseWalker 量化脊髓损伤小鼠模型中的运动功能障碍  

An experimental pipeline to quantitatively describe the locomotor pattern of freely walking mice using the MouseWalker (MW) toolbox is provided, ranging from initial video recordings and tracking to post-quantification analysis. A spinal cord contusion injury model in mice is employed to demonstrate the usefulness of the MW system.