作者感谢健太山田先生、Ryota 藤冈先生和水木许田先生对实验和数据分析的支持。这项工作得到了 jsp KAKENHI 赠款25630069号, 铃木基金会和日本精密测量技术促进基金会的支持。

1. 实验设置和程序
准备一个光学轨道, 以安装一个样品和光学为近红外成像如下。
<ol><li>
样品准备。 注: 当使用水或液体时, 做步骤1.1.1。当使用高粘度的水凝胶时, 做步骤1.1.2。<ol>
<li>钢球在水中设置。<ol>
<li>用少量胶水固定一个2.0 毫米直径的钢球到一个薄薄的塑料弦的末端。</li>
			<li>将钢球挂在矩形玻璃单元格的中心, 其光学路径长度为10.0 毫米, 宽度为10毫米, 高度为45毫米 (图 3)。</li>
			<li>小心地将过滤过的水倒入细胞中, 以免产生气泡。 注: 钢球也可以固定在一个薄塑料杆的尖端与少量胶水19。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>钢球设置在水凝胶。<ol>
<li>加热一个水凝胶, 以降低其粘度, 使其低到足以倒入顺利。</li>
			<li>使用注射器, 将水凝胶倒入矩形玻璃细胞中, 其光学路径长度为2.0 毫米, 宽度为10毫米, 高度为45毫米至半满, 使其冷却。</li>
			<li>在凝胶表面的中心放置一个0.5 毫米直径的钢球。</li>
			<li>用水凝胶填充细胞。 注: 较大球体 (> 1 毫米直径) 不应与凝胶一起使用, 因为它们会在感应加热过程中由引力和/或磁力移动。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>将单元格设置为塑料支架, 然后将其装入光驱 (图 3)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
近红外成像系统的研制。
	<ol>
<li>用光纤导光器准备卤素灯, 并将光纤导轨的一端固定在光学导轨上。</li>
		<li>将窄带通滤波器 (NBPF) 与透光率峰值在λ = 1150 nm 或λ = 1412 nm 之间的光纤导光和单元格 (图 3)。</li>
		<li>在卤素灯和 NBPF 之间, 干涉另一个带通滤波器 (BPF), 其传输波长范围比 NBPF 宽。 注意: BPF 是需要防止热损伤的 NBPF, 因为它直接接收光。</li>
		<li>在 NBPF 和单元格架之间的光路中, 将虹膜膜片干预以减少杂散光 (图 3)。</li>
		<li>设置近红外摄像机以检测通过单元格传输的光 (图 3)。将照相机通过数据传输电缆连接到安装在个人电脑 (PC) 上的图形板上, 并使用图像采集软件。</li>
		<li>在单元格和照相机之间设置远心透镜 (图3)。 注意: 还可以使用普通相机镜头。然而, 远心透镜是更好的选择检测的光平行于主射线的 IAT 和减少衍射的影响。 注: NBPF 和 BPF 不应放置在单元格和照相机之间, 因为在这样做时, 水温将通过直接吸收卤素灯的高强度光而增加。</li>
		<li>打开近红外摄像机并启动图像采集软件。</li>
		<li>点燃卤素灯并调整其输出功率, 观察显示器上显示的图像 (图 4)。</li>
		<li>调整远心透镜的轴线、位置和焦距, 以获得钢球的精细图像。 注: 如果调整不完整, 将出现不规则的强度模式, 导致不正确的 absorbances。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
感应加热系统的研制。
	<ol>
<li>准备由高频发生器组成的感应加热系统 (最大输出功率: 5.6 千瓦; 频率: 780 赫)、水冷线圈和冷水机组。 注: 用于钎焊、焊接、焊接小五金件的感应加热系统适合于此用途;请参阅材料表。</li>
		<li>如果可能, 在 XYZ 移动舞台上安装线圈以改变其位置。</li>
		<li>将线圈靠近单元格, 使线圈中心和钢球之间的距离约为15毫米 (图 3)。确保线圈附近没有其他金属部件。 注: 应根据感应加热功率和球体尺寸调整距离。</li>
		<li>循环冷却水。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
图像采集和感应加热。
	<ol>
<li>单击图像采集软件上的 "开始" 以按顺序存储图像。</li>
		<li>点击 "启动" 感应加热控制软件开始感应加热。</li>
		<li>几秒钟后 (根据条件和目的), 单击图像采集软件上的 "停止"。</li>
		<li>在感应加热控制软件上单击 "停止"。</li>
		<li>在图像采集软件中, 将世俗存储的图像保存为 TIFF 序列 (或其他非压缩格式)。 注意: 如果温度足够高, 光偏转的效果将出现在图像7上。感应加热功率必须适当降低, 但实验表明, 在球附近温度的增加小于约 10 K, 可以在以下协议步骤中确认温度估计。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 图像处理和温度估计
注意: 保存的顺序图像表示为ii(x, z), 其中I是顺序帧编号。坐标、 x、 y、 z、 r和r都定义为图 2中所示;z在与引力相反的方向上是正的。下面的协议步骤的大纲也在补充 1中说明。
<ol><li>
吸光度图像构造。
	<ol>
<li>使用图像处理软件打开ii(x, z)。</li>
		<li>通过实现 3 x 3 像素平均值, 减少i(x, z) 中的噪音。</li>
		<li>在加热之前, 在i = 1 到 5 (或更多) 之前创建iI(x, z) 的平均图像, 并将其定义为参考图像, Ir(x, z)。 注意: 这种平均值降低了噪声, 从而获得比单个帧图像更可靠的图像。</li>
		<li>通过以下公式构造吸光度差的序列图像, ΔAi(x, z): <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq1.jpg">(1) 注意: ΔAi(x, z) 是吸光度的变化, ai(x, z), 从参考吸光度, r(x, z), 之前加热, 并派生如下15,16,17,18,19: <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq2.jpg">(2) 其中I0是入射光对单元格的强度。</li>
		<li>使用适当的颜色映射 (如蓝色到红色) 着色ΔAi 图像。 注意: 为 ImageJ 运行步骤2.1.2 的命令脚本文件在补充 2中显示。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
温度估计。
	<ol>
<li>通过直观地观察图像, 选择ΔAi(x、 z) 与球体中心圆对称的时间段。 注: 圆形对称性主要由自由对流破坏。在前面的工作19中介绍了一种基于图像的自由对流发生的分析判断;然而, 实际上, 视觉判断是有效的。</li>
		<li>将δai(r @xmltag@#ʹ,θ ) 数据沿δ上的360径向线 (δθ= 1˚)解压缩到i (x,z ) 图像。</li>
		<li>在球体及其附近 (δr @xmltag@#ʹ≈0.2 毫米) 中排除δAi(r @xmltag@#ʹ、θ) 数据。注: 数据在附近异常非常小或大, 主要是由于球体的轻微移动。</li>
		<li>平均ΔAi(r @xmltag@#ʹ,θ ) 在θ上确定线路配置文件, Δ i (r @xmltag@#ʹ)。 注意: 为 ImageJ 运行步骤2.2.2 的命令脚本文件在补充 3中显示。</li>
		<li>通过以下多高斯函数近似ΔAi(r @xmltag@#ʹ) 数据: <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq3.jpg">(3) 其中aj 是加权因子, σj 是色散参数, r是 r @xmltag@#ʹ的最大值,其中Δi (R) = 0 可以假定。</li>
		<li>计算吸收系数的差异, Δµi(r), 将获得的N、 j和σj 放入以下 Eq 中的 IAT. (3): <img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq4.jpg">(4) 其中电流变是错误函数。</li>
		<li>通过以下公式将Δµi(r) 转换为温度: <img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq5.jpg">(5) 与水的温度系数, αf, 是 4.0 x 10-3 K-1毫米-1为λ = 1150 nm19和 4.1 x 10-3 K-1 mm-1对于λ = 1412 nm17。 注意: 运行步骤2.2.5 到2.2.7 的命令脚本文件在补充 4中显示, 其中 Levenberg-马夸特非线性最小二乘法17,19被用于步骤2.2.5。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulation+of+nanofluid+heat+transfer+in+presence+of+magnetic+field:+A+review.">Simulation of nanofluid heat transfer in presence of magnetic field: A review.</a> Int J Heat Mass Trans. 115, 1203-1233 (2017).</li><li>H&#228;feli, U., Sch&#252;tt, W., Teller, J., Zborowski, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Scientific and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Carriers. , (2013).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

本文所提出的技术是利用近红外吸收水的温度依赖性, 在建立必要的设备和实施方面没有很大困难的一种新方法。使用卤素灯和 NBPF 可以很容易地产生入射光。然而, 激光不能使用, 因为相干干扰模式将出现在图像上。可用于可见光使用的普通光学透镜和玻璃细胞, 因为它们在λ上传输足够的光 (1150 毫微米和 1412 nm)。此外, InGaAs 相机现在可以以相对低廉的价格购买。
NBPFs ...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/video/57407/near-infrared-temperature-measurement-technique-for-water-surrounding">Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere</a>. The Protocol section was updated.
In 2.2.7, the temperature coefficient of water, &#945;f, for &#955; = 1150 nm has been corrected from:
4.0 x 10-3 K-1 mm-1
to:
2.8&#160;x 10-4&#160;K-1&#160;mm-1

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/video/57407/near-infrared-temperature-measurement-technique-for-water-surrounding">Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere</a>. The Protocol section was updated.

Erratum: Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

在许多科研领域和应用中, 需要一种测量介质中小热源附近温度的技术。例如, 在磁性热疗的研究中, 这是一种利用磁粒子电磁感应或小磁片进行癌症治疗的方法, 对于准确预测磁性产生的温度分布至关重要。粒子1,2。但是,虽然微波3,4, 超声波 5,6,7,8, 光声 9, 拉曼 10, 和磁共振 11,对12基于的温度测量技术进行了研究和开发, 目前无法准确测量出这种内部温度分布。到目前为止, 在一些位置的单位置温度或温度是通过温度传感器测量的, 在感应加热的情况下, 是非磁性光纤温度传感器13,14。或者, 通过红外辐射温度计远程测量介质的表面温度, 以估计内部温度14。然而, 当含有小热源的介质是水层或非浑浊的水介质时, 我们已经证明, 近红外吸收技术对于测量温度15、16是有用的, 17,18,19。本文介绍了该技术的详细协议和代表性结果。
近红外吸收技术是基于近红外区域水吸收带温度依赖性的原理。如图 1a所示, ν1 + ν2 + ν3的水的吸收带在 1100 nm 到 1250 nm 波长 (λ) 范围内, 并随着温度的变化而变短波长。增加19。这里, ν1 + ν2 + ν3表示此波段对应于三基本的 O H 振动模式的组合: 对称拉伸 (ν1), 弯曲 (ν 2)和求解反对称拉伸(ν 3)20, 21。频谱的这种变化表明, 波段中最温度敏感的波长是λ ≈ 1150 nm。其他吸收的水带也表现出类似的行为, 有关温度15,16,17,18,20,21。ν1 + ν3在范围λ = 1350−1500 nm 中观察到的水带, 其温度依赖性在图 1b中显示。在ν1 + ν3带水中, 1412 nm 是温度敏感度最高的波长。因此, 有可能获得二维 (2D) 温度图像, 使用近红外相机捕捉2D 吸光度图像在λ = 1150 或 1412 nm。由于水的吸收系数在λ = 1150 毫微米小于在λ = 1412 毫微米, 前波长为大约10毫米厚实的水介质是适当的, 而后者适合大约1毫米厚实部分。最近, 使用λ = 1150 nm, 我们得到的温度分布在一个10毫米厚的水层包含感应加热1毫米直径钢球19。此外, 使用λ = 1412 nm15,17, 测量了0.5 毫米厚水层中的温度分布。
基于近红外测温技术的一个优点是, 它简单的设置和实现, 因为它是一种透射吸收测量技术, 不需要荧光, 荧光粉, 或其他热探针。此外, 其温度分辨率小于 0.2 K15,17,19。这种良好的温度分辨率不能通过基于干涉测量的其他传输技术来实现, 这种方法经常用于热和传质研究22,23,24。然而, 我们注意到, 近红外温度成像技术在局部温度变化较大的情况下并不适用, 因为由大温度梯度引起的光偏转成为占主导地位的19。本文从实际使用的角度介绍了这一问题。
本文介绍了基于近红外测温技术的小磁球感应加热的实验设置和步骤;此外, 它还提供了两个代表性的2D 吸光度图像的结果。一个图像是一个2.0 毫米直径的钢球在10.0 毫米厚的水层, 捕获在λ = 1150 nm。第二个图像是一个0.5 毫米直径的钢球在2.0 毫米厚的麦芽糖糖浆层, 捕获在λ = 1412 nm。本文还提出了将逆阿贝尔变换 (IAT) 应用于2D 吸光度图像的三维 (3D) 径向分布的计算方法和结果。当3D 温度分布假定为球状对称时, IAT 是有效的, 如加热球体 (图 2)19中的情况。对于 IAT 计算, 在这里采用了一种多高斯函数拟合方法, 这是因为可以通过分析25、26、27、28、29 (IATs) 来获得高斯函数的可解析性.并适合于单调地减少数据;这包括使用来自单一热源的热传导的实验。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Induction heating system</td><td>CEIA, Italy</td><td>SPW900/56</td><td>780 kHz, 5.6 kW (max).</td></tr><tr><td>Coil</td><td>SA-Japan</td><td>custom</td><td>Water-cooled copper tube; two-turn; outer dia. 28 mm.</td></tr><tr><td>Water chiller</td><td>Matsumoto Kikai, Japan</td><td>MP-401CT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Halogen lamp</td><td>Hayashi Watch-Works, Japan</td><td>LA-150UE-A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Narrow bandpass filter for &amp;lambda; = 1150 nm</td><td>Andover</td><td>115FS10-25</td><td>Full width at half-maximum (FWHM): 10 nm.</td></tr><tr><td>Narrow bandpass filter for &amp;lambda; = 1412 nm</td><td>Andover</td><td>semi-custom</td><td>Full width at half-maximum (FWHM): 10 nm.</td></tr><tr><td>Bandpass filter for &amp;lambda; = 850&amp;minus;1300 nm</td><td>Spectrogon</td><td>SP-1300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bandpass filter for &amp;lambda; = 1100&amp;minus;2000 nm</td><td>Spectrogon</td><td>SP-2000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NIR camera</td><td>FLIR Systems</td><td>Alpha NIR</td><td>InGaAs</td></tr><tr><td>Image acquisition software</td><td>FLIR Systems</td><td>IRvista</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Image processing software</td><td>NIH</td><td>ImageJ</td><td>ver. 1.51r</td></tr><tr><td>Image processing software</td><td>MathWorks</td><td>Matlab</td><td>ver. 2016a</td></tr><tr><td>Telecentric lens</td><td>Edmond Optics</td><td>55350-L</td><td>X1</td></tr><tr><td>Steel sphere (0.5 mm dia.)</td><td>Kobe Steel, Japan</td><td></td><td>Fe-1.5Cr-1.0C-0.4Mn (wt %)</td></tr><tr><td>Steel sphere (2.0 mm dia.)</td><td>Kobe Steel, Japan</td><td></td><td>Fe-1.5Cr-1.0C-0.4Mn (wt %)</td></tr><tr><td>Maltose syrup as aqueous gel</td><td>Sonton, Japan</td><td>Mizuame</td><td>Food product</td></tr></tbody></table>

near-infrared temperature measurement technique for water surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere

介绍了一种测量感应加热小磁球周围水和非混浊水介质温度的方法。这个技术利用1150年和1412毫微米的波长, 水的吸收系数取决于温度。水或非混浊水凝胶含有2.0 毫米或0.5 毫米直径的磁性球体被辐照1150毫微米或 1412 nm 入射光, 选择使用一个狭窄的带通滤波器;此外, 二维吸光度图像, 这是横向预测的吸收系数, 是通过近红外相机获取。当温度的三维分布可以假设为球状对称时, 将逆阿贝尔变换应用于吸光度剖面估计。根据时间和感应加热功率, 观察到温度的变化。

ΔAi的图像 (x, z) 在λ = 1150 毫微米为一个2.0 毫米直径钢球形在水和在λ = 1412 毫微米为一个0.5 毫米直径钢球形在麦芽糖糖浆在图 5A和显示图 6分别为。在这两种情况下, 球体位于线圈底部的12毫米, 沿其中心轴线。图 5b和<strong cla...

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Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

提出了一种利用1150年和 1412 nm 波长测量感应加热小磁球周围水温度的技术。

感应加热小磁球周围水近红外测温技术

A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This ...

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8.0K 次观看.  Tokyo Metropolitan University. 提出了一种利用1150年和 1412 nm 波长测量感应加热小磁球周围水温度的技术。

视频: Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently more difficult than measuring the flow of a transparent fluid, since optical methods are not applicable. Ultrasound can be used to measure the velocity of an opaque fluid, not only at isolated points, but at hundreds or thousands of points arrayed along lines, with good temporal resolution. When applied to a liquid metal electrode, ultrasound velocimetry involves additional challenges: high temperature, chemical activity, and electrical conductivity. Here we describe the experimental apparatus and methods that overcome these challenges and allow the measurement of flow in a liquid metal electrode, as it conducts current, at operating temperature. Temperature is regulated within &#177;2 &#176;C using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller that powers a custom-built furnace. Chemical activity is managed by choosing vessel materials carefully and enclosing the experimental setup in an argon-filled glovebox. Finally, unintended electrical paths are carefully prevented. An automated system logs control settings and experimental measurements, using hardware trigger signals to synchronize devices. This apparatus and these methods can produce measurements that are impossible with other techniques, and allow optimization and control of electrochemical technologies like liquid metal batteries.

Ultrasound velocimetry is used to study mixing by fluid flow in liquid metal electrodes. The focus of this manuscript is to illustrate the methods used for making precise, spatially-resolved ultrasound measurements while limiting oxidation and controlling and monitoring temperature, applied current, and the heater power being supplied.

超声速度测量的液态金属电极

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently ...

科研

工程学

Thermal Measurement Techniques in Analytical Microfluidic Devices

Thermal measurement techniques have been used for many applications such as thermal characterization of materials and chemical reaction detection. Micromachining techniques allow reduction of the thermal mass of fabricated structures and introduce the possibility to perform high sensitivity thermal measurements in the micro-scale and nano-scale devices. Combining thermal measurement techniques with microfluidic devices allows performing different analytical measurements with low sample consumption and reduced measurement time by integrating the miniaturized system on a single chip. The procedures of thermal measurement techniques for particle detection, material characterization, and chemical detection are introduced in this paper.

Here, we present three protocols for thermal measurements in microfluidic devices.

在分析微流体装置的热测量技术

Thermal measurement techniques have been used for many applications such as thermal characterization of materials and chemical reaction detection. ...

High-resolution Thermal Micro-imaging Using Europium Chelate Luminescent Coatings

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient optical micro-imaging technique which can be used to map and quantify such behavior. Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has a 612 nm luminescence line whose activation efficiency drops strongly with increasing temperature, due to T-dependent interactions between the Eu3+ ion and the organic chelating compound. This material may be readily coated on to a sample surface by thermal sublimation in vacuum. When the coating is excited with ultraviolet light (337 nm) an optical micro-image of the 612 nm luminescent response can be converted directly into a map of the sample surface temperature. This technique offers spatial resolution limited only by the microscope optics (about 1 micron) and time resolution limited by the speed of the camera employed. It offers the additional advantages of only requiring comparatively simple and non-specialized equipment, and giving a quantitative probe of sample temperature.

Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has an optical luminescence line at 612 nm, whose activation efficiency decreases strongly with temperature. If a sample coated with a thin film of this material is micro-imaged, the 612 nm luminescent response intensity may be converted into a direct map of sample surface temperature.

高分辨率热显微成像采用铕螯合物的荧光涂料

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient ...

Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer coefficient as a function of the liquid flow rate in a transparent pipe. With certain amendments, the approach is extended to gas-liquid flows, with a particular emphasis on the effect of a single elongated (Taylor) air bubble on heat transfer enhancement. A non-invasive thermography technique is applied to measure the instantaneous temperature of a thin metal foil heated electrically. The foil is glued to cover a narrow slot cut in the pipe. The thermal inertia of the foil is small enough to detect the variation in the instantaneous foil temperature. The test section can be moved along the pipe and is long enough to cover a considerable part of the growing thermal boundary layer.
At the beginning of each experimental run, a steady state with a constant water flow rate and heat flux to the foil is attained and serves as the reference. The Taylor bubble is then injected into the pipe. The heat transfer coefficient variations due to the passage of a Taylor bubble propagating in a vertical pipe is measured as function of the distance of the measuring point from the bottom of the moving Taylor bubble. Thus, the results represent the local heat transfer coefficients. Multiple independent runs preformed under identical conditions allow accumulating sufficient data to calculate reliable ensemble-averaged results on the transient convective heat transfer. In order to perform this in a frame of reference moving with the bubble, the location of the bubble along the pipe has to be known at all times. Detailed description of measurements of the length and of the translational velocity of the Taylor bubbles by optical probes is presented.

This manuscript describes methods aimed at measuring the local instantaneous convective heat transfer coefficients in a single or two-phase pipe flow. A simple optical method to determine the length and the propagation velocity of an elongated (Taylor) air bubble moving at a constant velocity is also presented.

管道单、两相流局部瞬时对流换热的测量

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer ...

Uncoupling Coriolis Force and Rotating Buoyancy Effects on Full-Field Heat Transfer Properties of a Rotating Channel

An experimental method for exploring the heat transfer characteristics of an axially rotating channel is proposed. The governing flow parameters that characterize the transport phenomena in a rotating channel are identified via the parametric analysis of the momentum and energy equations referring to a rotating frame of reference. Based on these dimensionless flow equations, an experimental strategy that links the design of the test module, the experimental program and the data analysis is formulated with the attempt to reveal the isolated Coriolis-force and buoyancy effects on heat transfer performances. The effects of Coriolis force and rotating buoyancy are illustrated using the selective results measured from rotating channels with various geometries. While the Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy impacts share several common features among the various rotating channels, the unique heat transfer signatures are found in association with the flow direction, the channel shape and the arrangement of heat transfer enhancement devices. Regardless of the flow configurations of the rotating channels, the presented experimental method enables the development of physically consistent heat transfer correlations that permit the evaluation of isolated and interdependent Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy effects on the heat transfer properties of rotating channels.

Here, we present an experimental method for decoupling the interdependent Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy effects on full-field heat transfer distributions of a rotating channel.

解耦科里奥利力和旋转浮力对旋转通道全场传热性能的影响

An experimental method for exploring the heat transfer characteristics of an axially rotating channel is proposed. The governing flow parameters that ...

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

We present a protocol for performing gas spectroscopy using infrared degenerated four-wave mixing (IR-DFWM), for the quantitative detection of gas species in the ppm-to-single-percent range. The main purpose of the method is the spatially resolved detection of low-concentration species, which have no transitions in the visible or near-IR spectral range that could be used for detection. IR-DFWM is a nonintrusive method, which is a great advantage in combustion research, as inserting a probe into a flame can change it drastically. The IR-DFWM is combined with upconversion detection. This detection scheme uses sum-frequency generation to move the IR-DFWM signal from the mid-IR to the near-IR region, to take advantage of the superior noise characteristics of silicon-based detectors. This process also rejects most of the thermal background radiation. The focus of the protocol presented here is on the proper alignment of the IR-DFWM optics and on how to align an intracavity upconversion detection system.

Here, we present a protocol to perform sensitive, spatially resolved gas spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region, using degenerate four-wave mixing combined with upconversion detection.

用于定量气体传感的红外退化四波融合与上转换检测

We present a protocol for performing gas spectroscopy using infrared degenerated four-wave mixing (IR-DFWM), for the quantitative detection of gas species ...

In Situ Surface Temperature Measurement in a Conveyor Belt Furnace via Inline Infrared Thermography

Measuring the surface temperature of objects that are processed in conveyor belt furnaces is an important tool in process control and quality assurance. Currently, the surface temperature of objects processed in conveyor belt furnaces is typically measured via thermocouples. However, infrared (IR) thermography presents multiple advantages compared to thermocouple measurements, as it is a contactless, real-time, and spatially resolved method. Here, as a representative proof-of-concept example, an inline thermography system is successfully installed into an IR lamp powered solar firing furnace, which is used for the contact firing process of industrial Si solar cells. This protocol describes how to install an IR camera into a conveyor belt furnace, conduct a customer correction of a factory calibrated IR camera, and perform the evaluation of spatial surface temperature distribution on a target object.

This protocol describes how to install an infrared camera into a conveyor belt furnace, conduct a customer correction of a factory calibrated IR camera, and evaluate the spatial surface temperature distribution of an object of interest. The example objects are industrial silicon solar cells.

通过内联红外热成像在输送带炉中的原点表面温度测量

Measuring the surface temperature of objects that are processed in conveyor belt furnaces is an important tool in process control and quality assurance. ...

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

This paper elaborates the sample preparation protocols required to obtain optimal domain patterns using the Bitter method, focusing on the extra steps compared to standard metallographic sample preparation procedures. The paper proposes a novel bespoke rig for dynamic domain imaging with in situ BH (magnetic hysteresis) measurements and elaborates the protocols for the sensor preparation and the use of the rig to ensure accurate BH measurement. The protocols for static and ordinary dynamic domain imaging (without in situ BH measurements) are also presented. The reported method takes advantage of the convenience and high sensitivity of the traditional Bitter method and enables in situ BH measurement without interrupting or interfering with the domain wall movement processes. This facilitates establishing a direct and quantitative link between the domain wall movement processes&#8211;microstructural feature interactions in ferritic steels with their BH loops. This method is anticipated to become a useful tool for the fundamental study of microstructure&#8211;magnetic property relationships in steels and to help interpret the electromagnetic sensor signals for non-destructive evaluation of steel microstructures.

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

This paper elaborates the sample and sensor preparation procedures and the protocols for using the test rig particularly for dynamic domain imaging with in situ BH measurements in order to achieve optimal domain pattern quality and accurate BH measurements.

用原位滞后测量进行磁畴成像的优化设置和协议

This paper elaborates the sample preparation protocols required to obtain optimal domain patterns using the Bitter method, focusing on the extra steps ...

生物工程

Magnetic-, Acoustic-, and Optical-Triple-Responsive Microbubbles for Magnetic Hyperthermia and Pothotothermal Combination Cancer Therapy

The precision delivery of anti-cancer agents which aim for targeted and deep-penetrated delivery as well as a controlled release at the tumor site has been challenged. Here, we fabricate iron oxide nanoparticle shelled microbubbles (NSMs) through self-assembly, synergizing magnetic, acoustic, and optical responsiveness in one nanotherapeutic platform. Iron oxide nanoparticles serve as both magnetic and photothermal agents. Once intravenously injected, NSMs can be magnetically guided to the tumor site. Ultrasound triggers the release of iron oxide nanoparticles, facilitating the penetration of nanoparticles deep into the tumor due to the cavitation effect of microbubbles. Thereafter, magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy can be performed on the tumor for combinational cancer therapy, a solution for cancer resistance due to the tumor heterogeneity. In this protocol, the synthesis and characterization of NSMs including structural, chemical, magnetic and acoustic properties were performed. In addition, the anti-cancer efficacy by thermal therapy was investigated using in vitro cell cultures. The proposed delivery strategy and combination therapy holds great promise in cancer treatment to improve both delivery and anticancer efficacies.

Presented here is a protocol for the fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticle-shelled microbubbles (NSMs) through self-assembly, synergizing magnetic, acoustic, and optical responsiveness in one nanotherapeutic platform for magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal combination cancer therapy.

磁性、声学和光学三响应性微泡，用于磁性高温和波托托热组合癌症治疗

The precision delivery of anti-cancer agents which aim for targeted and deep-penetrated delivery as well as a controlled release at the tumor site has ...

Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Guided Focused Ultrasound for Painful Bone Metastases

Bones are one of the most common sites of cancer metastasis, which usually causes pain and impairs quality of life. Radiation therapy combined with opioids is the standard treatment for painful bone metastases. This treatment achieves effective pain control in 60&#8722;74% of patients, but limited treatment choices with limited benefits are available for recurrent or residual painful bone metastases after radiotherapy. More than 40% of patients still experience moderate to severe bone pain after reirradiation. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) combines high-intensity focused ultrasound, which achieves thermal ablation of bone metastases and subsequent pain reduction, with real-time magnetic resonance (MR) thermometry to monitor the temperature of anatomic MR images, with an accuracy of 1 &#176;C, spatial resolution of 1 mm, and temporal resolution within 3 s. As well as being increasingly used clinically for controlling metastatic bone pain, the use of MRgFUS for other diseases has also been tested. However, the use of MR software as a thermometer is the only technique available to verify the accuracy of the software and assure energy delivery. Here, we describe an efficient method of quality assurance we developed for thermal detection and energy delivery before each MRgFUS treatment and also propose a modified workflow to expedite the treatment course as well as to reduce patients&#39; pain during the procedure.

Magnetic resonance could offer real-time monitoring of the position and temperature of focused ultrasound in thermal ablation for painful bone metastases, regardless of cancer type or previous local treatments. Our innovative method of quality assurance could facilitate the application of this effective and safe treatment.

Bones are one of the most common sites of cancer metastasis, which usually causes pain and impairs quality of life. Radiation therapy combined with ...