这项工作得到了 Kaken (17H05939; 17H05551)、臣基金会和 Suzuken 纪念基金会的支持。

所有涉及动物的程序都是根据 NIH 的动物保护和使用指南进行的。
1. 集成微驱动器阵列的研制
<ol><li>为皮质 LFP 录制创建微驱动器阵列, 如其他地方所述1,2,3。在电极接口板 (EIB) 上留出至少6个金属孔, 用于心电图/肌电图/BR 通道, 如1.2 所述, 连接到 bioflex 线。</li>
	<li>将 bioflex 线切成6片, 长度为5.0 厘米. 剥去聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE) 涂布两端的所有金属丝件, 长度为5.0 毫米. 将每个金属丝件的一端连接到一个打开的金属孔 (ECG/肌电信号/BR 通道) 上。 有金别针的欧洲投资银行。</li>
	<li>将搪瓷线切成两5.0 厘米的碎片。焊锡每根导线的一端到欧洲投资银行的地面/参考 (g/r) 通道上 (图 3, 另请参阅以前的论文12,13)。</li>
	<li>为制备心电图电极, 将 bioflex 线切成两个16厘米的片。将这些金属丝片两端的聚四氟乙烯涂层剥离在一端 (短端) 的长度为5.0 毫米, 另一端为15毫米 (长尾)。</li>
	<li>形成一个直径为2.0 毫米的钢丝圈, 弯曲长尾线, 并通过焊接固定环的形状。</li>
	<li>为制备肌电图电极, 将 bioflex 线切成2片, 长度为8厘米. 从这些金属丝件两端剥离聚四氟乙烯涂层, 长度为5.0 毫米。</li>
	<li>为制备 BR 电极, 将 bioflex 线切割成2件, 长度为6.0 厘米. 剥离这些金属丝件两端的搪瓷涂层, 长度为5.0 毫米. 每根焊丝的一端焊在不锈钢螺钉的头上 (阀杆直径米: 1.0 毫米, 茎长: 4.0 毫米)。</li>
	<li>为制备接地/参考 (gr) 电极, 将搪瓷丝切成2片, 长度为6.0 厘米. 剥去这些金属丝件两端的搪瓷涂层, 长度为5.0 毫米. 焊料的每一个一端的这些电线件的头一个不锈钢 st鳗鱼螺杆 (茎直径: 1.4 毫米, 茎长: 3.0 毫米)。</li>
	<li>气体杀菌所有电极和不锈钢螺丝, 并保持在一个干净的空间。</li>
</ol>2. 心电图/肌电图电极植入术
注: 使用灭菌手套和蒸压器具进行无菌技术的所有手术步骤。对于所有的步骤涉及创建切口, 消毒皮肤与70% 乙醇之前, 并覆盖切口与手术窗帘。
<ol><li>固定在一个扁平的热垫上的麻醉 (1.0-3.0% 异氟烷气体) 鼠背部。给丁丙诺啡止痛。将兽医软膏放在老鼠的眼睛上, 防止干燥。使用 betadine 清洁皮肤表面。</li>
	<li>在内侧胸区切开2.0 厘米。通过分离胸肌来暴露肋间肌肉。将心电图电极的环缝合至肋间肌。</li>
	<li>把动物的胃固定在热垫上。在背颈区域做一个1.0 厘米的切口。</li>
	<li>插入心电图电极皮下通过胸部切口。将两端滑动到背颈区域, 从颈部切口拉出。缝合胸部切口。</li>
	<li>将每一个肌电图电极的一端插入到长度为2.0 厘米的颈部切口。通过缝合将肌电信号电极固定在颈部肌肉上。</li>
</ol>3. 集成微驱动器阵列和 BR 电极的植入
<ol><li>把老鼠固定在一个立体定位装置上。沿着中线从眼睛到颈部区域, 在头上做一个3.0 厘米的切口。揭露头骨</li>
	<li>使两个圆形开颅直径 0.7-1.0 毫米以上的嗅球11.0 毫米前和1毫米双边 bregma 与高速演习。在头骨中植入两个 BR 电极, 直到螺钉茎的尖端附着在脑表面。</li>
	<li>使两个圆形开颅直径 0.7-1.0 毫米以上的额叶2.7 毫米前和2.7 毫米双边到 bregma。将两个克/r 电极植入头骨, 直到螺钉茎尖端附着在脑表面。</li>
	<li>使六到八孔直径1.0 毫米的区域周围的大开颅手术。植入锚螺钉 (茎直径: 1.4 毫米, 茎长: 3.0 毫米) 在头骨。</li>
	<li>做一个大圆形开颅手术, 直径为2.0 毫米以上的海马3.8 毫米后, 2.5 毫米双边到 bregma。放置集成的微驱动器阵列, 使驱动器阵列的套管尖端位于大型开颅手术上方。</li>
	<li>用100µL 两种溶液, 即 0.5% (按质量) 海藻酸钠和 10% (按质量) 氯化钙, 填补套管尖端与脑表面之间的间隙空间. 注: 这一过程形成一个透明凝胶在〜5分钟后, 两个解决方案是混合在头骨上。</li>
	<li>覆盖套管, BR 电极, g-/r 电极, 和锚螺钉与牙科水泥的厚度为0.5 厘米. 小心不要在这个步骤中用水泥覆盖 BR 和 g-/r 电极的开端。</li>
	<li>将心电图、肌电图、BR 和 g-/r 电极的开端焊接到以前连接到欧洲投资银行的个别导线提示上 (见步骤1.2 和 1.3)。</li>
	<li>覆盖底部的集成微驱动器阵列, 和所有电极线, 与牙科水泥。确保所有电极线均为完全覆盖, 以便大鼠在植入后无法将其刮出。</li>
	<li>在恢复足够的意识, 以保持胸骨卧床, 返回的动物到其透明的有机玻璃家庭 cag, 并保持它自己的自由获得水和食物。手术后, 用抗生素 (庆大霉素) 治疗动物。</li>
	<li>手术后, 每天观察动物。检查它们是否正常行走, 当实验者接触到微驱动器阵列时, 它们不会吱吱响。</li>
</ol>4.体内记录
注: 所有信号都放大, 采样在2赫, 带通滤波 (0.1-500 Hz), 除了单位活动 (取样在30赫和带通过滤 (500-6 赫))。
<ol><li>将集成的微驱动器阵列的 EIB 连接到记录设备的 headstage。</li>
	<li>在手术后的几周内拧紧螺钉, 以提高 tetrodes。一旦 tetrodes 与目标大脑区域相邻, 在数天的时间内将 tetrodes 固定在区域内, 以便稳定记录。</li>
	<li>当动物在录音室中自由移动时, 监控电信号。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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作者没有什么可透露的。

为了了解大脑如何调节外围活动水平, 反之亦然, 大规模的记录方法同时捕获多体区域的电 biosignals 是必要的。这项研究描述了一个手术程序, 一个记录系统, 监测大脑局部磁场电位, 心率, 肌肉结构的大小和呼吸率, 已经改善了记录系统, 用于脑组织中的细胞外记录。该系统在集成的微驱动器阵列上收集来自大脑和外围器官的电信号到单一的 EIB 上。综合微驱动器阵列的制备应在手术前至少几个小时?...

中枢神经系统控制身体状态以应对各种环境变化, 这种控制通常表现为心率、呼吸率和肌肉收缩的变化。然而, 很少有研究证实了这种外围生理因素与皮质活动有什么关联。为解决这一问题, 有必要从中央和外围组织监测电 biosignals 的大规模记录方法。在大脑皮层 , 局部场电位 ( LFP ) 信号入到皮质组织中的电极记录 extracellularly1,2,3。为了同时记录来自小哺乳动物 (如大鼠和小鼠) 皮质区域的多个 LFP 信号, 许多研究开发出了各种类型的定制电极组件, 称为微驱动器。传统的微驱动器由连接到电极中间部分的金属螺钉 (通常是 tetrodes), 一个容纳螺钉和电极的核心机构, 以及一个可容纳金属孔的电子接口板 (EIB) 来连接电极的打开端 (图 1、图 2和图 3)。这种电极组件使操作者能够控制在数天到数周内插入大脑的许多电极的深度, 并允许进行长期的神经元活动记录, 因为动物受到各种行为任务。在外围器官中, 心跳信号被植入在心脏区域或周围的一对电极上 (心电图), 在4,5,6, 和骨骼肌肉信号被记录作为 electromyograms (EMGs) 与插入到肌肉组织的电极7,8,9。用单单位录制10、11, 研究了嗅球电信号与呼吸 (BR) 节律之间的关系。在传统的记录系统中, 来自不同组织的这些信号被独立的记录装置捕获, 这意味着需要额外的实验系统来精确同步这些多台设备, 同时脑体信号的录音。这一制度是为了克服这一问题而制定的。在该系统中, 所有从外围器官记录的电信号, 包括心电图、EMGs 和反映呼吸节律的嗅球发出的电信号, 都集成到单个微驱动器阵列1,2 ,3, 这里称为一个集成的微驱动器阵列。该系统只需要一个多通道记录设备, 适用于任何常规的微驱动器阵列。这种技术的优点是它不需要任何特殊的设备或触发信号来匹配多个设备的记录时间, 而且它允许更方便的数据处理, 因为所有的信号都被记录为类似的数据类型。这项技术将有助于了解中央和外围器官之间的神经关联。本文介绍了与该技术相关的程序, 并给出了从大鼠获得的代表性数据集。

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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:307px;">FEP Hookup Wire Stranded Stainless Steel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:324px;">Cooner Wire Company, Chatsworth, CA</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">AS 633</td>
			<td style="width:331px;">Bioflex wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">EIB-36-PTB</td>
			<td>Neuralynx, Inc., Bozeman, MT</td>
			<td>EIB-36-PTB</td>
			<td>EIB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Cereplex&#160; M</td>
			<td>Blackrock&#160; Microsystems, Salt Lake City, UT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Digital headstage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Cereplex Direct&#160;</td>
			<td>Blackrock&#160; Microsystems, Salt Lake City, UT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Data acquisition system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">UEW polyurethane magnet wire</td>
			<td>Oyaide.com, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>UEW 0.14mm 20m&#160;</td>
			<td>Enamel wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">SD-102</td>
			<td>Narishige, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>SD-102</td>
			<td>High-speed drill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Minimo ONE SERIES ver.2</td>
			<td>Minitor Co.,Ltd, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>C2012</td>
			<td>High-peed drill Power Supply&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Provinice 250 mL</td>
			<td>Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">213620136</td>
			<td style="width:331px;">Dental cement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Small Animal Anesthetizer&#160;</td>
			<td>Biomachinery, Chiba, Japan</td>
			<td>TK-7</td>
			<td>Anesthetizer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Buprenorphine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">B7536-1ML</td>
			<td>Analgesic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td>DS Pharma Animal Health, Osaka, Japan&#160;</td>
			<td>Isoflu 250mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Vaseline, White&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan</td>
			<td>224-00165&#160;</td>
			<td>Vet ointment&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">&#160;Sodium alginate</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque, Kyoto, Japan</td>
			<td>31131-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Calcium Chloride Dihydrate</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan</td>
			<td>031-00435&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Stainless steel screw M1.0&#215;4.0&#160;</td>
			<td>MonotaRO, Hyogo, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">42617504</td>
			<td>Stainless steel screw for BR electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:307px;">Stainless steel screw M1.4&#215;3.0</td>
			<td>MonotaRO, Hyogo, Japan</td>
			<td>42617687</td>
			<td>Stainless steel screw for g/r electrodes and anchors</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simultaneous recordings of cortical local field potentials, electrocardiogram, electromyogram, and breathing rhythm from a freely moving rat

监测大脑和周围组织的生理动态是解决一些问题, 关于大脑如何控制身体功能和内部器官节律当动物暴露在情绪挑战和变化的生活环境。在一般实验中, 来自不同器官的信号, 如大脑和心脏, 是由独立的记录系统记录的, 需要多个记录设备和处理数据文件的不同程序。本研究描述了一种新的方法, 可以同时监测电 biosignals, 包括在多个脑区的局部场电位, 代表心脏节律的心电图, electromyograms 代表清醒/睡眠相关的肌肉收缩, 呼吸信号, 在一个自由移动的老鼠。这种方法的记录配置是基于一个传统的微驱动器阵列, 用于皮层局部场电位记录, 其中有数以万计的电极, 并且从这些电极获得的信号被集成到单个电板安装在动物的头上。在这里, 这个录音系统得到了改进, 使外围器官的信号也被转移到一个电子接口板上。在单个手术中, 电极首先分别植入适当的身体部位和靶脑区。所有这些电极的开端, 然后焊接到在动物的头部以上的电气板的个别通道, 以便所有的信号可以集成到单一的电路板。将此主板连接到记录设备, 可以将所有信号收集到单个设备中, 从而降低了实验成本, 简化了数据处理, 因为所有数据都可以在同一数据文件中处理。这项技术将有助于了解中央和外围器官之间的神经关联。

这种方法可以同时捕获来自多个器官的生物电信号, 这些信号代表大脑的神经元活动, 心率, 呼吸节律和骨骼肌收缩(图 1)。图 4提供了可自由移动的大鼠在矩形框 (25 x 40 厘米2) 中自由觅食的具有代表性的记录数据。示例数据集包括移动和静止状态之间的典型行为转换。用小波分析方法从海马 LFP 跟踪计算出功...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat at JoVE.com

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

本研究介绍一种自由运动大鼠脑、心电图、electromyograms 和呼吸信号中局部场电位同时记录的方法。这种技术降低了实验成本, 简化了数据分析, 有助于理解大脑和周围器官之间的相互作用。

自由运动大鼠皮质局部电位、心电图、肌电图和呼吸节律的同步记录

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

simultaneous-recordings-cortical-local-field-potentials

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.8K 次观看.  The University of Tokyo. 本研究介绍一种自由运动大鼠脑、心电图、electromyograms 和呼吸信号中局部场电位同时记录的方法。这种技术降低了实验成本, 简化了数据分析, 有助于理解大脑和周围器官之间的相互作用。

视频: Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic nerve. In vivo recordings of ganglion cell spike trains in several animal models have revealed much of what is known about how the early visual system processes and encodes visual information. However, such recordings have been rare in one of the most common animal models, the rat, possibly owing to difficulty in detecting spikes fired by small diameter axons. The many retinal disease models involving rats motivate a need for characterizing the functional properties of ganglion cells without disturbing the eye, as with intraocular or in vitro recordings. Here, we demonstrate a method for recording ganglion cell spike trains from the optic chiasm of the anesthetized rat. We first show how to fabricate tungsten-in-glass electrodes that can pick up electrical activity from single ganglion cell axons in rat. The electrodes outperform all commercial ones that we have tried. We then illustrate our custom-designed stereotaxic system for in vivo visual neurophysiology experiments and our procedures for animal preparation and reliable and stable electrode placement in the optic chiasm.

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Retinal ganglion cells transmit visual information from the eye to the brain with sequences of action potentials. Here, we demonstrate how to record the action potentials of single ganglion cells in vivo from anesthetized rats.

单机在体内</em从大鼠视交叉>录音

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic ...

科研

神经科学

High-density EEG Recordings of the Freely Moving Mice using Polyimide-based Microelectrode

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a noninvasive brain monitoring tool in cognitive neuroscience as well as a diagnostic tool for epilepsy and sleep disorders in neurology. However, the underlying mechanism of EEG rhythm generation is still under the veil. Recently introduced polyimide-based microelectrode (PBM-array) for high resolution mouse EEG1 is one of the trials to answer the neurophysiological questions on EEG signals based on a rich genetic resource that the mouse model contains for the analysis of complex EEG generation process. This application of nanofabricated PBM-array to mouse skull is an efficient tool for collecting large-scale brain activity of transgenic mice and accommodates to identify the neural correlates to certain EEG rhythms in conjunction with behavior. However its ultra-thin thickness and bifurcated structure cause a trouble in handling and implantation of PBM-array. In the presented video, the preparation and surgery steps for the implantation of PBM-array on a mouse skull are described step by step. Handling and surgery tips to help researchers succeed in implantation are also provided.

In this article, we described the surgery procedure and handling tips for implantation of ultra-thin polyimide-based microelectrode array (PBM-array) on the mouse skull for acquisition of high-density encephalography (EEG) in a mouse model.

高密度的自由移动，使用基于聚酰亚胺的微电极的小鼠的脑电图记录

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a ...

Simultaneous Whole-cell Recordings from Photoreceptors and Second-order Neurons in an Amphibian Retinal Slice Preparation

One of the central tasks in retinal neuroscience is to understand the circuitry of retinal neurons and how those connections are responsible for shaping the signals transmitted to the brain. Photons are detected in the retina by rod and cone photoreceptors, which convert that energy into an electrical signal, transmitting it to other retinal neurons, where it is processed and communicated to central targets in the brain via the optic nerve. Important early insights into retinal circuitry and visual processing came from the histological studies of Cajal1,2 and, later, from electrophysiological recordings of the spiking activity of retinal ganglion cells - the output cells of the retina3,4.
A detailed understanding of visual processing in the retina requires an understanding of the signaling at each step in the pathway from photoreceptor to retinal ganglion cell. However, many retinal cell types are buried deep in the tissue and therefore relatively inaccessible for electrophysiological recording. This limitation can be overcome by working with vertical slices, in which cells residing within each of the retinal layers are clearly visible and accessible for electrophysiological recording.
Here, we describe a method for making vertical sections of retinas from larval tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). While this preparation was originally developed for recordings with sharp microelectrodes5,6, we describe a method for dual whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from photoreceptors and second-order horizontal and bipolar cells in which we manipulate the photoreceptor's membrane potential while simultaneously recording post-synaptic responses in horizontal or bipolar cells. The photoreceptors of the tiger salamander are considerably larger than those of mammalian species, making this an ideal preparation in which to undertake this technically challenging experimental approach. These experiments are described with an eye toward probing the signaling properties of the synaptic ribbon - a specialized synaptic structure found in a only a handful of neurons, including rod and cone photoreceptors, that is well suited for maintaining a high rate of tonic neurotransmitter release7,8 - and how it contributes to the unique signaling properties of this first retinal synapse.

We describe the preparation of thin retinal slices from aquatic tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) and explain how we use these slices to study synaptic processing in the retina by obtaining dual whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from photoreceptors and second-order horizontal and bipolar cells.

同时光感受器和二阶神经元在两栖类动物的视网膜切片制备全细胞记录

One of the central tasks in retinal neuroscience  is to understand the circuitry of retinal neurons and how those connections are  responsible for shaping ...

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed single-neuron activity while animals are acquiring an operantly conditioned response, or when that response is extinguished. But even in these cases, observation periods usually encompass only a single stage of learning, i.e. acquisition or extinction, but not both (exceptions include protocols employing reversal learning; see Bingman&#160;et al.1 for an example). However, acquisition and extinction entail different learning mechanisms and are therefore expected to be accompanied by different types and/or loci of neural plasticity.
Accordingly, we developed a behavioral paradigm which institutes three stages of learning in a single behavioral session and which is well suited for the simultaneous recording of single neurons&#39; action potentials. Animals are trained on a single-interval forced choice task which requires mapping each of two possible choice responses to the presentation of different novel visual stimuli (acquisition). After having reached a predefined performance criterion, one of the two choice responses is no longer reinforced (extinction). Following a certain decrement in performance level, correct responses are reinforced again (reacquisition). By using a new set of stimuli in every session, animals can undergo the acquisition-extinction-reacquisition process repeatedly. Because all three stages of learning occur in a single behavioral session, the paradigm is ideal for the simultaneous observation of the spiking output of multiple single neurons. We use pigeons as model systems, but the task can easily be adapted to any other species capable of conditioned discrimination learning.

Learning new stimulus-response associations engages a wide range of neural processes which are ultimately reflected in changing spike output of individual neurons. Here we describe a behavioral protocol allowing for the continuous registration of single-neuron activity while animals acquire, extinguish, and reacquire a conditioned response within a single experimental session.

自由移动鸽子穿越三个阶段学习记录单个神经元&#39;动作电位

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed ...

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the electrical responses of the retina to light stimulation, while the VEP measures the corresponding functional integrity of the visual pathways from the retina to the primary visual cortex following the same light event. The ERG waveform can be broken down into components that reflect responses from different retinal neuronal and glial cell classes. The early components of the VEP waveform represent the integrity of the optic nerve and higher cortical centers. These recordings can be conducted in isolation or together, depending on the application. The methodology described in this paper allows simultaneous assessment of retinal and cortical visual evoked electrophysiology from both eyes and both hemispheres. This is a useful way to more comprehensively assess retinal function and the upstream effects that changes in retinal function can have on visual evoked cortical function.

This protocol describes simultaneous measurement of electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials in anesthetized rats.

电图同时记录和麻醉大鼠视觉诱发电位

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is technically difficult to obtain EEG recordings in neonates as it requires specialized handling and great care. Here, we present a novel method to record EEG in neonatal rat pups (P8-P15). We designed a simple and reliable electrode using computer pin loci; it can be easily implanted into the skull of a rat pup to record high-quality EEG signals in the normal and epileptic brain. Pups were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures. The surgical implantation performed in this procedure is less expensive than other EEG procedures for neonates. This method allows one to record high-quality and stable EEG signals for more than 1 week. Furthermore, this procedure can also be applied to adult rats and mice to study epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Here, we introduce a novel technique designed to record electroencephalography (EEG) in freely moving neonatal epileptic pups and describe its procedures, features, and applications. This method allows one to record EEG for more than 1 week.

使用新颖的方法在自由移动的新生大鼠中记录脑电图

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the pathophysiological basis of these diseases, it is necessary to precisely characterize in which way the processing of information is disturbed between the different neuronal parts of the circuit. Using extracellular in vivo electrophysiological recordings, it is possible to accurately delineate neuronal activity within a neuronal network. The application of this method has several advantages over alternative techniques, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging and calcium imaging, as it allows a unique temporal and spatial resolution and does not rely on genetically engineered organisms. However, the use of extracellular in vivo recordings is limited since it is an invasive technique that cannot be universally applied. In this article, a simple and easy to use method is presented with which it is possible to simultaneously record extracellular potentials such as local field potentials and multiunit activity at multiple sites of a network. It is detailed how a precise targeting of subcortical nuclei can be achieved using a combination of stereotactic surgery and online analysis of multi-unit recordings. Thus, it is demonstrated, how a complete network such as the hyperdirect cortico-basal ganglia loop can be studied in anesthetized animals in vivo.

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

In this study, the methodology is presented on how to perform multi-site in vivo electrophysiological recordings from the hyperdirect pathway under urethane anesthesia.

急性<em&gt;体内</em&gt;麻醉大鼠超导途径局部场电位和多单位活动的电生理记录

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the ...

Noninvasive EEG Recordings from Freely Moving Piglets

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel telemetric electroencephalography system in combination with standard self-adhesive hydrogel electrodes. The piglets are calmed down without the use of sedatives. After their release into the pigpen, the piglets behave normally&#8212;they drink and sleep in the same cycle as their siblings. Their sleep phases are used for the EEG recordings.

Here, we present a protocol to record telemetric electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen without the use of a sedative, making it possible to record typical EEG patterns during non-REM sleep, like spindle bursts.

自由移动仔猪的无创脑电图记录

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel ...

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Microdialysis is a well-established neuroscience technique that correlates the changes of neurologically active substances diffusing into the brain interstitial space with the behavior and/or with the specific outcome of a pathology (e.g., seizures for epilepsy). When studying epilepsy, the microdialysis technique is often combined with short-term or even long-term video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring to assess spontaneous seizure frequency, severity, progression and clustering. The combined microdialysis-EEG is based on the use of several methods and instruments. Here, we performed in vivo microdialysis and continuous video-EEG recording to monitor glutamate and aspartate outflow over time, in different phases of the natural history of epilepsy in a rat model. This combined approach allows the pairing of changes in the neurotransmitter release with specific stages of the disease development and progression. The amino acid concentration in the dialysate was determined by liquid chromatography. Here, we describe the methods and outline the principal precautionary measures one should take during in vivo microdialysis-EEG, with particular attention to the stereotaxic surgery, basal and high potassium stimulation during microdialysis, depth electrode EEG recording and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of aspartate and glutamate in the dialysate. This approach may be adapted to test a variety of drug or disease induced changes of the physiological concentrations of aspartate and glutamate in the brain. Depending on the availability of an appropriate analytical assay, it may be further used to test different soluble molecules when employing EEG recording at the same time.

Here, we describe a method for in vivo microdialysis to analyze aspartate and glutamate release in the ventral hippocampus of epileptic and non-epileptic rats, in combination with EEG recordings. Extracellular concentrations of aspartate and glutamate may be correlated with the different phases of the disease.

自由运动大鼠脑电图记录过程中兴奋氨基酸的微透析

Microdialysis is a well-established neuroscience technique that correlates the changes of neurologically active substances diffusing into the brain ...

Generation of Neurospheres from Mixed Primary Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons Isolated from E14-E16 Sprague Dawley Rat Embryo

Primary neuron culture is an essential technique in the field of neuroscience. To gain deeper mechanistic insights into the brain, it is essential to have a robust in vitro model that can be exploited for various neurobiology studies. Though primary neuron cultures (i.e., long-term hippocampal cultures) have provided scientists with models, it does not yet represent the complexity of brain network completely. In the wake of these limitations, a new model has emerged using neurospheres, which bears a closer resemblance to the brain tissue. The present protocol describes the plating of high and low densities of mixed cortical and hippocampal neurons isolated from the embryo of embryonic day 14-16 Sprague Dawley rats. This allows for the generation of neurospheres and long-term primary neuron culture as two independent platforms to conduct further studies. This process is extremely simple and cost-effective, as it minimizes several steps and reagents previously deemed essential for neuron culture. This is a robust protocol with minimal requirements that can be performed with achievable results and further used for a diversity of studies related to neuroscience.

Presented here is a protocol for the spontaneous generation of neurospheres enriched in neural progenitor cells from high density plated neurons. During the same experiment, when neurons are plated at a lower density, the protocol also results in prolonged primary rat neuron cultures.

从E14-E16斯普拉格·道利大鼠胚胎分离的混合原发希马和皮质神经元生成神经球

Primary neuron culture is an essential technique in the field of neuroscience. To gain deeper mechanistic insights into the brain, it is essential to have ...

自由运动大鼠皮质局部电位、心电图、肌电图和呼吸节律的同步记录

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单机在体内录音