这项工作得到了 "生物医学综合技术研究" 项目的支持, 其依据是2017年提供的一项赠款。

1. 皮下针的电绝缘
注: 采用透明热收缩管 (哈勃), 用于720µm 直径和32毫米的皮下针的电绝缘。该望远镜是由聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 (PET), 它显示了良好的化学抗性, 大多数酸和碱, 优良的机械耐久性, 和生物相容。该望远镜的初始内径和壁厚分别为840µm 和25µm。在100° c 的温度下, 哈勃望远镜的直径往往会减少50% 以上, 在更高的温度下更能降低到190° c。请注意, PET 哈勃望远镜是一种热固性材料, 具有永久坚硬, 固化时坚硬的特性。皮下针和收缩管的大小可根据研究目的和应用进行调整。整个制作过程在图 1中进行了图形化的总结。
<ol><li>将哈勃望远镜的长度削减到3厘米. 根据皮下注射针头的穿透深度调整管的长度。</li>
	<li>将皮下注射的针头插入切口哈勃。</li>
	<li>用热枪在150° c 的温度下收缩管, 这是为了防止在105° c 的清洗过程中 (在步骤 1.6) 进行脱水时不需要的额外收缩。</li>
	<li>把皮下针从它的中心分离出来。</li>
	<li>清洁在去离子 (DI) 水浴 (20 ° c) 与超声搅拌在30赫和 350 W 电源的哈勃望远镜绝缘的皮下注射针。</li>
	<li>在105° c 的板上, 在10分钟的时候, 由哈勃望远镜将皮下的针头进行脱水。</li>
</ol>2. 用溅射法进行 Au 沉积
注: 在本研究中, 可用的溅射过程是用来沉积一个 Au 层的电极, 虽然电子束蒸发过程可以是一种替代方法。经证实, 在溅射过程中引起的温度升高很少会导致哈勃望远镜的额外收缩。然而, 持续超过几分钟的过程可能会使哈勃望远镜在初始收缩温度之上加热。这可能导致哈勃望远镜的额外收缩, 导致从尖端的制造余量增加。
<ol><li>使用双面胶带进行 Cr/Au 沉积, 在玻片上安排由哈勃望远镜并排绝缘的清洁皮下针头。</li>
	<li>
使用溅射设备, 沉积铬/Au 的清洁皮下针头绝缘的哈勃望远镜。 注: 在这种情况下, cr 和 au 的厚度分别为 10 nm 和 100 nm (cr 用于在哈勃望远镜和 au 层之间的粘附层)。<ol>
<li>尽可能多地安排针头, 以减少生产成本和生产时间。使用下面的溅射条件沉积10纳米 Cr 和 100 nm Au。</li>
		<li>cr 溅射, 设定 cr 靶径: 4 寸, RF 功率: 300 W, 氩压: 5 mTorr, 快门开启时间: 二十年代 (10 nm)。</li>
		<li>对于 au 溅射, 使用 au 靶径: 4 英寸, 直流功率: 300 W, 氩压:10 mTorr, 快门开启时间: 八十年代 (100 nm)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 喷涂
注: 低 (14 cp) 光刻胶用于喷涂过程, 提高喷雾效率。只有当针被加热时, 光刻胶才能很容易地涂在 Au 溅射针上。
<ol><li>用双面胶带固定在玻璃滑梯上的一根金溅射的皮下注射针。</li>
	<li>将滑动玻璃放在100° c 加热的喷雾涂布机的卡盘上。等待 2-3 分钟, 直到针足够加热。</li>
	<li>在100° c 加热针的同时, 在金溅射针上喷洒光刻胶。使用以下条件执行喷涂过程。设置喷嘴直径: 400 µm, 喷嘴移动速度:70 毫米/秒, 喷雾压力: 500 帕斯卡, 夹头与喷嘴之间的距离: 13.5 厘米。</li>
	<li>喷涂完成后, 在100° c 下将玻璃滑板放在卡盘上, 进行3分钟的软烘烤过程。</li>
	<li>使用显微镜设置的100X 放大率检查结果, 以确定该光刻胶是否均匀涂在金溅射针上。</li>
</ol>4. 紫外线照射和开发
注: 一般而言, 在紫外线照射前, 柔性薄膜掩附着在平板透明板上, 以消除掩与样品之间的空气间隙, 使其暴露在紫外线下。然而, 在这项研究中, 掩是使用没有平坦透明板, 以实现直接金属图案的弯曲表面的皮下针。掩可以一致弯曲沿皮下针的曲线, 以达到最佳的模式分辨率与接触器。弯曲允许灵活的掩保持接触面积之间的掩和曲面的皮下针尽可能大。考虑到金属图案的湿蚀刻过程 (不是剥离过程), 使用正的光刻胶比使用负光刻胶更有利。这是因为整个区域, 除了电极模式是透明的, 从而提供了一个广泛的视野, 随时对齐电极模式与中心的针。
<ol><li>
为了最大限度地减少楔形误差, 慢慢地提起一个自由活动的样品夹持板, 直到它完全接触固定的掩板。然后, 用气动泵固定样品夹持板。
	<ol>
<li>进行这一过程可能避免不良的模式, 这可能是由 UV 光的散射形成的空气隙, 并造成的不完全接触的样品和掩。 注: 此外, 最小的楔形误差确保了光刻胶涂层皮下针不移动时, 它接触的电影掩在下一个对准步骤, 即使接触表面的皮下针有一个圆形的形状。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>将涂胶的皮下注射针头放在器的标本夹板上。</li>
	<li>
与胶片掩的对准图案对齐光刻胶涂层的皮下注射针的投影图像。 注: 在这种情况下, 考虑到哈勃和涂覆的光刻胶的厚度, 薄膜掩的对准模式被设计成两条平行线, 距离为800µm。<ol>
<li>将投影图像的两条边界线与掩的两条平行对齐线 (图 1e) 对齐;因此, 光刻胶涂层的皮下注射针可以定位在两个平行对准线的中心, 其对准误差为10µm 或更少。</li>
		<li>通过连接到电荷耦合器件 (CCD) 摄像机和显微镜的显示器显示器, 监控 real-time 中的对准过程。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>通过慢慢地将针向掩, 使涂有涂层的皮下针与固定的柔性掩接触。</li>
	<li>进行紫外线照射三十年代 (uv 强度:15 兆焦耳/cm2), 并遵循这一发展过程为3分钟。</li>
	<li>使用 DI 水冲洗显影液。</li>
	<li>检查结果通过显微镜设置为200X 放大倍数, 以确定是否有清晰的图案在 Au 溅射皮下注射针。如果曝光后的光刻胶在开发过程中没有完全去除, 请在三十年代间隔时间重复开发过程。</li>
</ol>5. 铬/Au 湿法蚀刻
注意: 避免皮肤/眼睛接触铬和 Au 湿蚀刻。
<ol><li>使用镊子分离样品 (光刻胶图案的皮下注射针) 固定在玻璃滑梯上。</li>
	<li>将样品浸入 Au 湿蚀刻1分钟。</li>
	<li>用 DI 水冲洗出样品中的 Au 蚀刻。</li>
	<li>通过显微镜设置到200X 放大倍数来检查结果。如果将被去除的金子依然是, 重复湿蚀刻过程在十年代间隔时间。过长的湿蚀刻时间使指电极 (IDE) 变薄。</li>
	<li>将样品浸入 Cr 蚀刻三十年代。</li>
	<li>用 DI 水冲洗样品中的铬蚀刻。</li>
</ol>6. 去除残留的光刻胶和钝化
<ol><li>将样品 (金属图案皮下注射针) 浸入丙酮溶液中1分钟。</li>
	<li>用 DI 水冲洗样品, 在105° c 的热板上脱水10分钟。</li>
	<li>为连接线的电钝化, 切开收缩管, 以便它是 2-3 毫米比电极 (20 毫米, 最大深度要击穿), 如显示在图 2, 因为哈勃望远镜的长度将减少, 在哈勃望远镜收缩之后。</li>
	<li>在将哈勃望远镜的位置尽可能地从 IDE 的末端定位后, 用热枪在150° c 的情况下提高哈勃望远镜的温度, 以紧紧钝化针。</li>
</ol>

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J Micromech Microeng. 23 (6), 065031 (2013).</li><li>Goluch, E. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+method+for+in-situ+deposition+and+precision+patterning+of+thin-film+metals+on+curved+surfaces.">Microfluidic method for in-situ deposition and precision patterning of thin-film metals on curved surfaces.</a> Appl Phys Lett. 85 (16), 3629-3631 (2004).</li><li>Hu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+degradable+polycyclic+cross-linker+for+UV-curing+nanoimprint+lithography.">A degradable polycyclic cross-linker for UV-curing nanoimprint lithography.</a> J Mater Chem C. 2 (10), 1836-1843 (2014).</li><li>Wu, J. -. T., Lai, H. -. C., Yang, S. -. Y., Huang, T. -. C., Wu, S. -. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dip+coating+cooperated+with+stepped+rotating+lithography+to+fabricate+rigid+microstructures+onto+a+metal+roller.">Dip coating cooperated with stepped rotating lithography to fabricate rigid microstructures onto a metal roller.</a> Microelectron Eng. 87 (11), 2091-2096 (2010).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

我们证明, 使用喷涂涂层和胶片掩的光刻是一种可行的方法, 在一个小直径小于1毫米的皮下针的曲面上制造精细的 ide。ide 的宽度和间隙均低至20µm, 而尖端的加工余量则小至680µm。在协议中, 对齐过程 (包括楔形错误删除) 是一个关键步骤。该产品的产量超过 90%, 当该公司通过严格的对准过程单独制造。这表明, 所提出的制造方法有可能发展为散装生产以可承受的价格。
对 PBS, ?...

皮下针被广泛用于医院的活检和药物传递, 因为它们价格低廉, 易于使用。他们也有优良的机械性能, 尽管他们的薄直径和锋利的结构适合入侵。在活检中, 靶组织在皮下注射针头的中空取样, 超声引导1。虽然超声检查是没有辐射, 安全的胎儿和孕妇, 并提供 real-time 成像, 很难看到身体深处的器官, 特别是在肥胖患者的情况下, 因为超声波不能穿透空气或脂肪组织2。此外, 外科医生无法从 two-dimensional 超声中获取深度信息, 这是大多数医院常规使用的, 因此, 如果医生缺乏技能或经验, 需要进行多次活检。在给药的脊髓麻醉, 医生确定, 针已达到脊髓的空间, 如果脑脊液 (CSF) 回流到注射器, 而小心插入到病人的背部针。确认脑脊液回流后, 将麻醉药注入脊髓间隙3。然而, 医生的风险穿透或切断神经纤维在脊柱的空间, 造成严重的疼痛病人, 甚至截瘫4,5。因此, 这个过程也需要一个熟练的医生。克服和减轻上述困难的一个解决办法是在皮下注射针头上添加一个导航功能, 以便能够提供关于针头位置的客观信息。这将有助于医生随时进行活检, 药物传递, 甚至手术, 而不依赖于他们的经验判断只。
为了在人体内电定位靶组织, 采用电阻抗谱 (EIS) 传感器的皮下针作为 EIS-on-a 针 (永世)6。EIS 传感器目前用于生物医学工程领域的应用, 如 DNA 检测7,8,9, 细菌/病毒检测10,11,12, 并分析细胞/组织13,14,15,16,17,18,1920,21,22. 在频率域中, 基于电导率和介电常数, 可以区分不同的材料。对磷酸缓冲盐水 (PBS)23、猪脂肪/肌肉组织的6、23、甚至人类肾脏正常/癌症组织的不同浓度水平的鉴别能力进行了验证24 ,25。这一能力的永世预计将大大提高活检的准确性, 通过定位靶组织的基础上的不同, 在电子阻抗的目标病变组织和相邻的正常组织。以类似的方式, 调查药物注射空间 (脊椎或硬膜外间隙) 和周围组织之间的电阻阻抗的差异可以帮助医生在确切的靶位置提供麻醉药物。此外, 可以用来电刺激大脑/肌肉, 以及确定在手术中的最佳手术切口, 涉及部分切除肿瘤, 如部分肾切除, 以保持尽可能多的正常组织可能.
在实现的最大的挑战之一是在皮下针的弯曲表面上的电极制造有一个小半径的曲率。使用传统的光刻工艺的直接金属图案被认为不适合在直径为几毫米或更小的弯曲衬底上制造微米电极。到目前为止, 各种方法, 包括共形印刷26, 柔性干膜光刻胶的27, 微流控方法28, 压光刻29, 和基板旋转光刻30, 已介绍了在曲面上制造金属/聚合物的模式。然而, 由于所要求的, 如所需的基板直径小于1毫米, 总电极长度为20毫米或以上, 宽度和间隙的电极范围在几十微米, 和高批量生产, 仍然有限制。
在本研究中, 提出了采用光刻胶喷涂和柔性膜掩的直接金属模式来实现皮下针曲面上的微米电极。针的直径和720µm (22 口径) 一样小, 广泛用于医院的活检和药物传递。并对所提出的制造方法的产量进行评估, 以确定以可承受的价格批量生产的可行性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Heat shrink tube</td><td>VENTION MEDICAL, Inc.</td><td>103-0655</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hypodermic needle (22G)</td><td>HWAJIN MEDICAL co. ltd</td><td>-</td><td>http://www.hwajinmedical.com</td></tr><tr><td>Heat gun</td><td>Weller</td><td>WHA600</td><td>http://www.weller-tools.com/en/Home.html</td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic cleaner</td><td>HWASHIN INSTRUMENT CO, LTD.</td><td>POWERSONIC 620-</td><td>http://www.hwashin.net</td></tr><tr><td>Hotplate</td><td>AS ONE Corporation</td><td>006560</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sputtering</td><td>A-Tech System. Ltd.</td><td>ATS/SPT/0208F</td><td>http://www.atechsystem.co.kr</td></tr><tr><td>Glass slide</td><td>Paul Marienfeld GmbH &amp;amp; Co. KG</td><td>1000412</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spray coater</td><td>LITHOTEK</td><td>LSC-200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photoresist</td><td>AZ electronic materials</td><td>GXR 601</td><td>http://www.merck-performance-materials.com/en/index.html</td></tr><tr><td>Developer (solution)</td><td>AZ electronic materials</td><td>MIF 300</td><td>http://www.merck-performance-materials.com/en/index.html</td></tr><tr><td>Aligner</td><td>MIDAS SYSTEM CO.,Ltd.</td><td>MDA-400M</td><td>http://www.midas-system.com</td></tr><tr><td>Microscope</td><td>NIKON Corporation</td><td>L200</td><td>http://www.nikonmetrology.com</td></tr><tr><td>Au wet etchant</td><td>TRANSENE COMPANY, Inc.</td><td>Au etchant type TFA</td><td>http://transene.com</td></tr><tr><td>Cr wet etchant</td><td>KMG Electronic. Chemicals, Inc.</td><td>CR-7</td><td>http://kmgchemicals.com</td></tr><tr><td>Au target</td><td>Thin films and Fine Materials</td><td>-</td><td>http://www.thifine.co.kr</td></tr><tr><td>Cr target</td><td>Thin films and Fine Materials</td><td>-</td><td>http://www.thifine.co.kr</td></tr><tr><td>Argon gas (99.999%)</td><td>SINIL Gas Co.Ltd</td><td>-</td><td>http://www.sigas.kr</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone solution</td><td>OCI Company Ltd</td><td>-</td><td>http://www.ocicorp.co.kr/company/index.asp</td></tr><tr><td>Impedance analyzer</td><td>Gamry Instruments Inc</td><td>Reference 600</td><td>https://www.gamry.com</td></tr><tr><td>Height Controller</td><td>Mitutoyo Corporation</td><td>192-613</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Life Technologies Corporation</td><td>10010023</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication of fine electrodes on the tip of hypodermic needle using photoresist spray coating and flexible photomask for biomedical applications

我们介绍了一种电子阻抗谱 (EIS)--针 (EIS-on-a 针) 的制作方法, 通过测量和分析不同组织之间电阻阻抗的差异来定位体内的靶组织。本文介绍了用光刻胶喷涂和柔性膜掩在光刻工艺中, 在皮下针尖端指电极 (ide) 的制作方法。采用25µm 壁厚的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 (PET) 热收缩管作为绝缘和钝化层。与聚 (p-xylylene) 聚合物相比, 它具有更高的机械耐久性, 被广泛用作介质涂层材料。此外, 哈勃望远镜对大多数酸和碱具有良好的耐化学性, 这有利于限制化学物质对永世的损害。对化学/生物材料或使用酸性/碱性化学制品的制造而言, 使用 "永世" 尤其可取。该 ide 的制造间隙和宽度均为20µm, 其总宽度和长度分别为400µm 和860µm。皮下针的制作余量 (皮下注射针头尖端与 ide 起始点之间的距离) 小至680µm, 这表明在组织中可以避免不必要的过度侵入电阻阻抗测量。该方法具有很高的临床应用潜力, 如甲状腺活检和脊髓间隙麻醉药物的传递。此外, 即使在涉及部分切除肿瘤的手术中, 也可以通过检测手术切口 (与肿瘤切除后的正常组织) 之间的正常组织和病变组织。

指电极 (ide), 如图 2所示, 与其他形状的电极相比, 在有限的表面上产生更大的有效传感区域。总长度的 ide 设计为860µm 检测和分析阻抗变化在不到1毫米间隔的组织, 这将提供一个高定位精度的活检和药物传递程序。总宽度的 ide 是400µm, 这是一个几何上可行的尺寸, 在曲面的皮下注射针时, 使用建议的光刻工艺。两者的间隙和宽度的 ide 是小到20µm, 这是...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Fine Electrodes on the Tip of Hypodermic Needle Using Photoresist Spray Coating and Flexible Photomask for Biomedical Applications at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Fine Electrodes on the Tip of Hypodermic Needle Using Photoresist Spray Coating and Flexible Photomask for Biomedical Applications

指电极的制作方法 (间隙和宽度:20 µm) 在皮下针 (直径: 720 µm) 是使用喷雾涂层和柔性膜掩在光刻过程中演示。

用光刻胶喷涂和柔性掩制备医用注射用针尖上的微细电极

We have introduced a fabrication method for electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-on-a-needle (EoN: EIS-on-a-needle) to locate target tissues in the ...

fabrication-fine-electrodes-on-tip-hypodermic-needle-using

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.6K 次观看.  Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST). 指电极的制作方法 (间隙和宽度:20 µm) 在皮下针 (直径: 720 µm) 是使用喷雾涂层和柔性膜掩在光刻过程中演示。

视频: Fabrication of Fine Electrodes on the Tip of Hypodermic Needle Using Photoresist Spray Coating and Flexible Photomask for Biomedical Applications

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing

The development of a minimally invasive multiplexed monitoring system for rapid analysis of biologically-relevant molecules could offer individuals suffering from chronic medical conditions facile assessment of their immediate physiological state. Furthermore, it could serve as a research tool for analysis of complex, multifactorial medical conditions. In order for such a multianalyte sensor to be realized, it must be minimally invasive, sampling of interstitial fluid must occur without pain or harm to the user, and analysis must be rapid as well as selective.
Initially developed for pain-free drug delivery, microneedles have been used to deliver vaccines and pharmacologic agents (e.g., insulin) through the skin.1-2 Since these devices access the interstitial space, microneedles that are integrated with microelectrodes can be used as transdermal electrochemical sensors. Selective detection of glucose, glutamate, lactate, hydrogen peroxide, and ascorbic acid has been demonstrated using integrated microneedle-electrode devices with carbon fibers, modified carbon pastes, and platinum-coated polymer microneedles serving as transducing elements.3-7,8
This microneedle sensor technology has enabled a novel and sophisticated analytical approach for in situ and simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. Multiplexing offers the possibility of monitoring complex microenvironments, which are otherwise difficult to characterize in a rapid and minimally invasive manner. For example, this technology could be utilized for simultaneous monitoring of extracellular levels of, glucose, lactate and pH,9 which are important metabolic indicators of disease states7,10-14 (e.g., cancer proliferation) and exercise-induced acidosis.15

This article details the construction of a multiplexed microneedle-based sensor. The device is being developed for in situ sampling and electrochemical analysis of multiple analytes in a rapid and selective manner. We envision clinical medicine and biomedical research uses for these microneedle-based sensors.

复透皮电化学传感的空心微针为基础的传感器

The development of a minimally invasive multiplexed monitoring system for rapid analysis of biologically-relevant molecules could offer individuals ...

科研

生物工程

AC Electrokinetic Phenomena Generated by Microelectrode Structures

The field of AC electrokinetics is rapidly growing due to its ability to perform dynamic fluid and particle manipulation on the micro- and nano-scale, which is essential for Lab-on-a-Chip applications. AC electrokinetic phenomena use electric fields to generate forces that act on fluids or suspended particles (including those made of dielectric or biological material) and cause them to move in astonishing ways1, 2. Within a single channel, AC electrokinetics can accomplish many essential on-chip operations such as active micro-mixing, particle separation, particle positioning and micro-pattering. A single device may accomplish several of those operations by simply adjusting operating parameters such as frequency or amplitude of the applied voltage. Suitable electric fields can be readily created by micro-electrodes integrated into microchannels. It is clear from the tremendous growth in this field that AC electrokinetics will likely have a profound effect on healthcare diagnostics3-5, environmental monitoring6 and homeland security7.

In general, there are three AC Electrokinetic phenomena (AC electroosmosis, dielectrophoresis and AC electrothermal effect) each with unique dependencies on the operating parameters. A change in these operating parameters can cause one phenomena to become dominant over another, thus changing the particle or fluid behavior. 

It is difficult to predict the behavior of particles and fluids due to the complicated physics that underlie AC electrokinetics. It is the goal of this publication to explain the physics and elucidate particle and fluid behavior. Our analysis also covers how to fabricate the electrode structures that generate them, and how to interpret a wide number of experimental observations using several popular device designs. This video article will help scientists and engineers understand these phenomena and may encourage them to start using AC Electrokinetics in their research.

Manipulating fluids and suspended particles in the micro- and nano-scale is becoming more of a reality as enabling technologies, like AC electrokinetics, continue to develop. Here, we discuss the physics behind AC electrokinetics, how to fabricate these devices and how to interpret the experimental observations.

微电极结构产生的交流电动现象

The field of AC electrokinetics is rapidly growing due to its ability to perform dynamic fluid and particle manipulation on the micro- and nano-scale, ...

生物学

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a polymer film. This paper also presents a low-cost, vacuum-free fabrication method for this novel TE; the approach combines lithography, electroplating, and imprint transfer (LEIT) processing. The embedded nature of the EMTEs offers many advantages, such as high surface smoothness, which is essential for organic electronic device production; superior mechanical stability during bending; favorable resistance to chemicals and moisture; and strong adhesion with plastic film. LEIT fabrication features an electroplating process for vacuum-free metal deposition and is favorable for industrial mass production. Furthermore, LEIT allows for the fabrication of metal mesh with a high aspect ratio (i.e., thickness to linewidth), significantly enhancing its electrical conductance without adversely losing optical transmittance. We demonstrate several prototypes of flexible EMTEs, with sheet resistances lower than 1 &#937;/sq and transmittances greater than 90%, resulting in very high figures of merit (FoM) &#8211; up to 1.5 x 104 &#8211; which are amongst the best values in the published literature.

This protocol describes a solution-based fabrication strategy for high-performance, flexible, transparent electrodes with fully-embedded, thick metal mesh. Flexible transparent electrodes fabricated by this process demonstrate among the highest reported performances, including ultra-low sheet resistance, high optical transmittance, mechanical stability under bending, strong substrate adhesion, surface smoothness, and environmental stability.

具有嵌入式金属网的高性能，灵活，透明电极的可扩展解决方案处理制造策略

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a ...

工程学

Flow-assisted Dielectrophoresis: A Low Cost Method for the Fabrication of High Performance Solution-processable Nanowire Devices

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of nanowires. DEP is used for nanowire analysis, characterization, and for solution-based fabrication of semiconducting devices. The method works by applying an alternating electric field between metallic electrodes. The nanowire formulation is then dropped onto the electrodes which are on an inclined surface to create a flow of the formulation using gravity. The nanowires then align along the gradient of the electric field and in the direction of the liquid flow. The frequency of the field can be adjusted to select nanowires with superior conductivity and lower trap density. 
In this work, flow-assisted DEP is used to create nanowire field effect transistors. Flow-assisted DEP has several advantages: it allows selection of nanowire electrical properties; control of nanowire length; placement of nanowires in specific areas; control of orientation of nanowires; and control of nanowire density in the device. 
The technique can be expanded to many other applications such as gas sensors and microwave switches. The technique is efficient, quick, reproducible, and it uses a minimal amount of dilute solution making it ideal for the testing of novel nanomaterials. Wafer scale assembly of nanowire devices can also be achieved using this technique, allowing large numbers of samples for testing and large-area electronic applications.

In this paper, flow assisted dielectrophoresis is demonstrated for the self-assembly of nanowire devices. The fabrication of a silicon nanowire field effect transistor is shown as an example.

流动辅助介: 一种低成本的制备高性能溶液可纳米线器件的方法

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of ...

Polymeric Microneedle Array Fabrication by Photolithography

This manuscript describes the fabrication of polymeric microneedle (MN) arrays by photolithography. It involves a simple mold-free process by using a photomask consisting of embedded micro-lenses. Embedded micro-lenses were found to influence MN geometry (sharpness). Robust MN arrays with tip diameters ranging between 41.5 &#181;m &#177; 8.4 &#181;m and 71.6 &#181;m &#177; 13.7 &#181;m, with two different lengths (1,336 &#181;m &#177; 193 &#181;m and 957 &#181;m &#177; 171 &#181;m) were fabricated. These MN arrays may provide potential applications in delivery of low molecular and macromolecular therapeutic agents through skin.

Here, we present a protocol describing a mold-free fabrication process of the polymeric microneedles by photolithography.

聚合物微针阵列制造用光刻

This manuscript describes the fabrication of polymeric microneedle (MN) arrays by photolithography. It involves a simple mold-free process by using a ...

Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, three substrates (acrylate, ceramics, and copper) are prepared. To determine the resulting material properties of these substrates, profilometer, contact angle, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and focused ion beam (FIB) measurements are done. The achievable printing resolution and suitable drop volume for each substrate are, then, found through the drop size tests. Then, layers of insulating and conductive ink are inkjet printed alternately to fabricate the target sensor structures. After each printing step, the respective layers are individually treated by photonic curing. The parameters used for the curing of each layer are adapted depending on the printed ink, as well as on the surface properties of the respective substrate. To confirm the resulting conductivity and to determine the quality of the printed surface, four-point probe and profilometer measurements are done. Finally, a measurement set-up and results achieved by such an all-printed sensor system are shown to demonstrate the achievable quality.

Here we present a protocol for the fabrication of inkjet-printed multilayer sensor structures on additively manufactured substrates and foil.

用于智能传感器制造的混合打印

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, ...

Flexible Organic Electronic Devices for Pulsed Electric Field Therapy of Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is difficult to eradicate with standard oncology therapies due to its high degree of invasiveness. Bioelectric treatments based on pulsed electric fields (PEFs) are promising for the improvement of treatment efficiency. However, they rely on rigid electrodes that cause acute and chronic damage, especially in soft tissues such as the brain. In this work, flexible electronics were used to deliver PEFs to tumors and the biological response was evaluated with fluorescent microscopy. Interdigitated gold electrodes on a thin, transparent parylene-C substrate were coated with the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS, resulting in a conformable and biocompatible device. The effects of PEFs on tumors and their microenvironment were examined using various biological models. First, monolayers of glioblastoma cells were cultured on top of the electrodes to investigate phenomena in vitro. As an intermediate step, an in ovo model was developed where engineered tumor spheroids were grafted in the embryonic membrane of a quail. Due to the absence of an immune system, this led to highly vascularized tumors. At this early stage of development, embryos have no immune system, and tumors are not recognized as foreign bodies. Thus, they can develop fast while developing their own vessels from the existing embryo vascular system, which represents a valuable 3D cancer model. Finally, flexible electrode delivery of PEFs was evaluated in a complete organism with a functional immune system, using a syngenic, orthograft (intracranial) mouse model. Tumor spheroids were grafted into the brain of transgenic multi-fluorescent mice prior to the implantation of flexible organic electrode devices. A sealed cranial window enabled multiphoton imaging of the tumor and its microenvironment during treatment with PEFs over a period of several weeks.

This work describes the development of flexible interdigitated electrodes for implementation in 3D brain tumor models, namely, in vitro culture, in ovo model, and in vivo murine model. The proposed method can be used to evaluate the effects of pulsed electric fields on tumors at different levels of complexity.

用于胶质母细胞瘤脉冲电场治疗的柔性有机电子器件

Glioblastoma is difficult to eradicate with standard oncology therapies due to its high degree of invasiveness. Bioelectric treatments based on pulsed ...

癌症研究

用于电容式压力传感的基于微流体通道的软电极

Microfluidic Channel-Based Soft Electrodes and Their Application in Capacitive Pressure Sensing

Flexible and stretchable electrodes are essential components in soft artificial sensory systems. Despite recent advances in flexible electronics, most electrodes are either restricted by the patterning resolution or the capability of inkjet printing with high-viscosity super-elastic materials. In this paper, we present a simple strategy to fabricate microchannel-based stretchable composite electrodes, which can be achieved by scraping elastic conductive polymer composites (ECPCs) into lithographically embossed microfluidic channels. The ECPCs were prepared by a volatile solvent evaporation method, which achieves a uniform dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. Compared to conventional fabrication methods, the proposed technique can facilitate the rapid fabrication of well-defined stretchable electrodes with high-viscosity slurry. Since the electrodes in this work were made up of all-elastomeric materials, strong interlinks can be formed between the ECPCs-based electrodes and the PDMS-based substrate at the interfaces of the microchannel walls, which allows the electrodes to exhibit mechanical robustness under high tensile strains. In addition, the mechanical-electric response of the electrodes was also systematically studied. Finally, a soft pressure sensor was developed by combining a dielectric silicone foam and an interdigitated electrodes (IDE) layer, and this demonstrated great potential for pressure sensors in soft robotic tactile sensing applications.

作者聚焦：基于微流体通道的软电极及其在电容式压力传感中的应用  

Flexible electrodes have a wide range of applications in soft robotics and wearable electronics. The present protocol demonstrates a new strategy to fabricate highly stretchable electrodes with high resolution via lithographically defined microfluidic channels, which paves the way for future high-performance soft pressure sensors.

基于微流控通道的软电极及其在电容式压力传感中的应用

Flexible and stretchable electrodes are essential components in soft artificial sensory systems. Despite recent advances in flexible electronics, most ...

用光刻胶喷涂和柔性掩制备医用注射用针尖上的微细电极

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此视频中的章节

复透皮电化学传感的空心微针为基础的传感器

微电极结构产生的交流电动现象

具有嵌入式金属网的高性能，灵活，透明电极的可扩展解决方案处理制造策略

流动辅助介: 一种低成本的制备高性能溶液可纳米线器件的方法

聚合物微针阵列制造用光刻

用于智能传感器制造的混合打印

用于胶质母细胞瘤脉冲电场治疗的柔性有机电子器件

基于微流控通道的软电极及其在电容式压力传感中的应用

基于微流控通道的软电极及其在电容式压力传感中的应用

基于微流控通道的软电极及其在电容式压力传感中的应用