这项工作是共同的 BRGM, 博士后授予来自总参谋部杜 Loiret 和卡诺研究所。我们还感谢 Région 中心--卢瓦尔河谷向枢纽项目提供的财政支助。

1. 实验准备
<ol>
	<li>酸洗所有材料 (玻璃, 聚四氟乙烯 (PFTE)) 与样品接触 (5 天在20% 硝酸 (硝酸3) v/v) 然后5天在盐酸 (HCl) 10% v/v)。用超纯水冲洗多次, 并在使用前在层流罩下干燥。</li>
	<li>使用聚乙烯手套 (或类似) 和油烟罩的所有步骤涉及化学品。</li>
</ol>
2. 制备 Hg 和非晶态铁氧化物
<ol>
	<li>准备大约20克 ferryhydrate (Fe (OH)3): 溶解50克 FeCl3-6H2O 在500毫升超纯水 (电阻率和 #62; 18 ω cm-1) 在一个不锈钢叶轮或磁性玻璃反应器搅拌下搅拌器.初始 pH 值为和 #60; 2。</li>
	<li>手动添加10米氢氧化钠溶液沉淀 ferryhydrate。 注: 大约50毫升将需要沉淀所有的铁 (氧) 氢氧化物。调整 pH 值为 6, 保持1小时的搅拌稳定。<ol>
		<li>对于 Hg 刺 (氧) 氢氧化: 准备10毫升的 HgNO3 at 10 克 L-1 , 并添加350µL 到 (氧) 氢氧化溶液。 注: 这将产生最后的汞含量的湿 (氧) 氢氧化物的〜4µg g-1 (氧) 氢氧化。</li>
		<li>对于加氧氢氧化物: 准备100毫升的2O325在 10 g L-1和添加70毫升的氧化铁溶液。这将产生一个最终的 (III) 含量为70毫克/克 (氧) 氢氧化物。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>用不锈钢叶轮或磁力搅拌器搅拌3小时, 然后离心20分钟, 2000 x g. 去除上清液, 在500毫升超纯水中 re-suspend (氧) 氢氧化物。重复离心和冲洗步骤两次。恢复湿 (氧) 氢氧化物 (固体的含水率为85-90% 重量), 并贮存在4° c 直到使用。</li>
	<li>通过伽玛辐射对湿汞或 As 尖铁氧化物进行消毒, 最小吸收辐射剂量为 25 25kgy。</li>
	<li>控制 Hg 和作为 (氧) 氢氧化物内容
	<ol>
		<li>确定颗粒的汞含量26。 注意: 我们发现3.90 ±0.08 µg Hg g-1实体。因此, 18.3 克氧化铁中每列添加的汞总量为71.4 ±1.51 µg。</li>
		<li>确定作为内容在药丸。采用热酸性矿化 (8 毫升 5 N HCL 为4小时50° c), 并通过原子吸收光谱法 (AAS) 进行分析。 注意: 我们发现70毫克为 g-1实体。因此, 18.3 克氧化铁中添加到柱中的总用量为 ~ 1.3 克。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. 制备二氧化硅凝胶和砂基
注: 一种松散的硅胶基质用于阻止在水流下从沙子/氧化铁混合物中迁移的细铁氧化物。最后的凝胶基质是6% 硅胶, 以不形成一个区块, 但只是松散聚集的氧化物。
<ol>
	<li>准备一个10% 硅胶混合物, 加热4克硅胶在40毫升的解决方案 7% KOH 在一个热板上, 搅拌与磁搅拌棒, 直到溶解。</li>
	<li>加入60毫升超纯水, 然后冷却解决方案〜20° c。用稀释的磷酸 (20%) 快速滴定到 pH 值7.5。然后迅速混合的液体硅胶与320克无菌砂和先前添加18.3 克汞-尖或作为尖刺的氧化铁之前, 它固化。</li>
	<li>在步骤4中使用前, 将 "jellified" 混合物与刮刀混合并保持不育。</li>
</ol>
4. 设置列
<ol>
	<li>使用带水套冷却系统的玻璃柱 (内部容积 = 400 毫升, 高度 = 30 厘米, 直径3.5 厘米) 和五石英隔膜定期设置 (每5厘米) 沿列, 使您可以沿列取样。</li>
	<li>切割聚四氟乙烯管 (ptfe int Ø 3 mm), 以确保足够的长度在列的入口和出口。将流入的软管连接到水/介质供应。</li>
	<li>用灭菌 (1 小时110° c) 对所有材料 (玻璃、管材) 进行灭菌。</li>
	<li>垂直附加列。</li>
	<li>将水套与水冷系统连接, 以保持平均温度为20° c。</li>
	<li>从顶部填充列, 如下所示: -一层潮湿的岩棉, 以避免固体损耗; -320 克无菌砂 (枫丹白露砂, D50 = 209 µm); -320 克无菌砂混合18.3 克水合无定形氧化铁与汞或作为 (见步骤 1) 和固定在一个6% 硅胶矩阵 (见步骤 2)。</li>
	<li>在低速 (~ 2 mL h-1) 上垂直连接列, 并将连续 N2气泡超纯无菌水的上升流连在一起。</li>
	<li>用铝箔盖住柱子以保护光线。</li>
</ol>
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56240/56240fig1v2.jpg"> 
图 1:列设置的草绘和照片<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56240/56240fig1v2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

<ol>
	<li>Oremland, R. S., Stolz, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Ecology+of+Arsenic.">The Ecology of Arsenic.</a> Science. 300 (5621), 939 (2003).</li><li>Silver, S., Phung, L. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+and+enzymes+involved+in+bacterial+oxidation+and+reduction+of+inorganic+arsenic.">Genes and enzymes involved in bacterial oxidation and reduction of inorganic arsenic.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 71 (2), 599-608 (2005).</li><li>Compeau, G. C., Bartha, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sulfate-Reducing+Bacteria:+Principal+Methylators+of+Mercury+in+Anoxic+Estuarine+Sediment.">Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria: Principal Methylators of Mercury in Anoxic Estuarine Sediment.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50, (1985).</li><li>Fleming, E. J., Mack, E. E., Green, P. G., Nelson, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mercury+Methylation+from+Unexpected+Sources:+Molybdate-Inhibited+Freshwater+Sediments+and+an+Iron-Reducing+Bacterium.">Mercury Methylation from Unexpected Sources: Molybdate-Inhibited Freshwater Sediments and an Iron-Reducing Bacterium.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72 (1), 457-464 (2006).</li><li>Barkay, T., Miller, S., Summers, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+mercury+resistance+from+atoms+to+ecosystems.">Bacterial mercury resistance from atoms to ecosystems.</a> FEMS Microbiol Rev. 27 (2-3), 355-384 (2003).</li><li>Dixit, S., Hering, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+arsenic(V)+and+arsenic(III)+sorption+onto+iron+oxide+minerals:+Implications+for+arsenic+mobility.">Comparison of arsenic(V) and arsenic(III) sorption onto iron oxide minerals: Implications for arsenic mobility.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, (2003).</li><li>Andersson, H. A., Nriagu, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Biochemistry of Mercury in the Environnment. , 79-112 (1979).</li><li>Khwaja, A., Bloom, P. R., Brezonik, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binding+Constants+of+Divalent+Mercury+in+Soil+Humic+Acids+and+Soil+Organic.">Binding Constants of Divalent Mercury in Soil Humic Acids and Soil Organic.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, (2006).</li><li>Neculita, C. M., Zagury, G. J., Deschenes, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mercury+Speciation+in+Highly+Contaminated+Soils+from+Chlor-Alkali+Plants+Using+Chemical+Extractions.">Mercury Speciation in Highly Contaminated Soils from Chlor-Alkali Plants Using Chemical Extractions.</a> J Environ Qual. 34 (1), (2005).</li><li>Schuster, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+behaviour+of+mercury+in+the+soil+with+special+emphasis+on+complexation+and+adsorption+processes+-+a+review+of+the+literature.">The behaviour of mercury in the soil with special emphasis on complexation and adsorption processes - a review of the literature.</a> Water Air Soil pollut. 56 (56), 667-680 (1991).</li><li>Wallschl&#228;ger, D., Desai, M. V. M., Spengler, M., Windm&#246;ller, C. C., Wilken, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+humic+substances+dominate+mercury+geochemistry+in+contaminated+floodplain+soils+and+sediments.">How humic substances dominate mercury geochemistry in contaminated floodplain soils and sediments.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 27 (5), (1998).</li><li>Lovley, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissimilatory+Fe(III)+and+Mn(IV)+reduction.">Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction.</a> Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 55 (2), 259-287 (1991).</li><li>Lovley, D. R., Kashefi, K., Vargas, M., Tor, J. M., Blunt-Harris, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+of+humic+substances+and+Fe(III)+by+hyperthermophilic+microorganisms.">Reduction of humic substances and Fe(III) by hyperthermophilic microorganisms.</a> Chem. Geol. 169 (3-4), 289-298 (2000).</li><li>Hansel, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+constraints+of+ferric+(hydr)oxides+on+dissimilatory+iron+reduction+and+the+fate+of+Fe(II).">Structural constraints of ferric (hydr)oxides on dissimilatory iron reduction and the fate of Fe(II).</a> Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta. 68, 3217-3229 (2004).</li><li>Thamdrup, B., Fossing, H., J&#248;rgensen, B. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manganese,+iron+and+sulfur+cycling+in+a+coastal+marine+sediment+Aarhus+bay,+Denmark.">Manganese, iron and sulfur cycling in a coastal marine sediment Aarhus bay, Denmark.</a> Geochim.Cosmochim. Acta. 58 (23), 5115-5129 (1994).</li><li>Planer-Friedrich, B., London, J., McCleskey, R. B., Nordstrom, D. K., Wallschl&#228;ger, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thioarsenates+in+Geothermal+Waters+of+Yellowstone+National+Park:+Determination,+Preservation,+and+Geochemical.">Thioarsenates in Geothermal Waters of Yellowstone National Park: Determination, Preservation, and Geochemical.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (15), 5245-5251 (2007).</li><li>Burnol, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decoupling+of+arsenic+and+iron+release+from+ferrihydrite+suspension+under+reducing+conditions:+a+biogeochemical+model.">Decoupling of arsenic and iron release from ferrihydrite suspension under reducing conditions: a biogeochemical model.</a> Geochem. Trans. 8 (1), 12 (2007).</li><li>Kocar, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+biogeochemical+and+hydrologic+processes+driving+arsenic+release+from+shallow+sediments+to+groundwaters+of+the+Mekong+delta.">Integrated biogeochemical and hydrologic processes driving arsenic release from shallow sediments to groundwaters of the Mekong delta.</a> Appl. Geochem. 23 (11), (2008).</li><li>Harris-Hellal, J., Grimaldi, M., Garnier-Zarli, E., Bousserrhine, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mercury+mobilization+by+chemical+and+microbial+iron+oxide+reduction+in+soils+of+French+Guyana.">Mercury mobilization by chemical and microbial iron oxide reduction in soils of French Guyana.</a> Biogeochem. 103 (1), (2011).</li><li>Islam, F. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+metal-reducing+bacteria+in+arsenic+release+from+Bengal+delta+sediments.">Role of metal-reducing bacteria in arsenic release from Bengal delta sediments.</a> Nature. 430, (2004).</li><li>Schultz-Zunkel, C., Rinklebe, J., Bork, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trace+element+release+patterns+from+three+floodplain+soils+under+simulated+oxidized-reduced+cycles.">Trace element release patterns from three floodplain soils under simulated oxidized-reduced cycles.</a> Ecol. Eng. 83, 485-495 (2015).</li><li>Nickson, R. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+arsenic+release+to+groundwater,+bangladesh+and+West+Bengal.">Mechanisms of arsenic release to groundwater, bangladesh and West Bengal.</a> App. Geochem. 15, 403-413 (2000).</li><li>Varsanyi, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arsenic,+iron+and+organic+matter+in+sediments+and+groundwater+in+the+Pannonian+basin,+Hungary.">Arsenic, iron and organic matter in sediments and groundwater in the Pannonian basin, Hungary.</a> App. Geochem. 21, 949-963 (2006).</li><li>Hellal, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mercury+mobilization+and+speciation+linked+to+bacterial+iron+oxide+and+sulfate+reduction:+A+column+study+to+mimic+reactive+transfer+in+an+anoxic+aquifer.">Mercury mobilization and speciation linked to bacterial iron oxide and sulfate reduction: A column study to mimic reactive transfer in an anoxic aquifer.</a> J. Contam. Hydrol. 180, 56-68 (2015).</li><li>Battaglia-Brunet, F., Dictor, M. C., Garrido, F., Crouzet, C., Morin, D., Dekeyser, K., Clarens, M., Baranger, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+arsenic(III)-oxidizing+bacterial+population:+selection,+characterization,+and+performance+in+reactors.">An arsenic(III)-oxidizing bacterial population: selection, characterization, and performance in reactors.</a> J Appl. Microbiol. 93 (2002), 656-667 (2002).</li><li>Salvato, N., Pirola, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+mercury+traces+by+means+of+solid+sample+atomic+absorption+spectrometry.">Analysis of mercury traces by means of solid sample atomic absorption spectrometry.</a> Microchim Acta. 123 (1), 63-71 (1996).</li><li>Huguet, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Caract&#233;risation biog&#233;ochimique et potentiel de m&#233;thylation du mercure de biofilms en milieu tropical (retenue de Petit Saut et estuaire du Sinnamary, Guyane Fran&#231;aise). . , (2009).</li><li>Mamindy-Pajany, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arsenic+in+Marina+Sediments+from+the+Mediterranean+Coast:+Speciation+in+the+Solid+Phase+and+Occurrence+of+Thioarsenates.">Arsenic in Marina Sediments from the Mediterranean Coast: Speciation in the Solid Phase and Occurrence of Thioarsenates.</a> Soil Sed. Contam. 22, 984-1002 (2013).</li><li>dos Santos Afonso, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reductive+dissolution+of+iron(III)+(hydro)oxides+by+hydrogen+sulfide.">Reductive dissolution of iron(III) (hydro)oxides by hydrogen sulfide.</a> Langmuir. 8, 1671-1675 (1992).</li><li>Postma, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redox+zonation:+equilibrium+constraints+on+the+Fe(III)/SO4-reduction+interface.">Redox zonation: equilibrium constraints on the Fe(III)/SO4-reduction interface.</a> Geochem Cosmochim. Acta. 60, 3169-3175 (1996).</li><li>Kumar, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sulfur+and+oxygen+isotope+tracing+in+zero+valent+iron+based+In+situ+remediation+system+for+metal+contaminants.">Sulfur and oxygen isotope tracing in zero valent iron based In situ remediation system for metal contaminants.</a> Chemosphere. 90, 1366-1371 (2013).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

实验柱的设置证明是一个方便的实验室设备, 研究厌氧生物地球化学过程中的连续条件。连续柱系统允许在比泥浆批处理系统或缩影更接近实际含水层的条件下工作。连续系统可以模拟地下水通过含水层沉积物的流动。
该协议中最关键的步骤是制备 TE 铁 (氧) 氢氧化物和硅凝胶和沙子的混合物, 这需要迅速创建, 以获得均匀的质地。除了这一一般关键步骤之外, 还必须仔细设计?...

了解和预测环境中的微量元素 (TE) 移动性和地球化学是至关重要的, 以便监测、开发和适用污染场址的适当管理决策。这尤其适用于有毒的附加费, 如砷 (as) 和汞 (汞) 的情况。这些污水附加费在土壤或含水层中的命运和形态与物理化学条件密切相关, 如 Eh 和 pH, 也与可以直接作用于物种形成或对流动的间接作用的微生物活动有关。
的确, 有些细菌可以直接氧化为 (iii) 至 as (v) 或减少为 (v) 至 as (iii)。这影响作为毒性, 因为 (iii) 是作为和流动性的最毒的形式, 因为 (iii) 比作为 (V) 更流动, 能容易地吸附对铁 (氧) 氢氧化物或有机物质1,2。同样, 细菌强烈参与水星循环, 或者通过它的甲基化, 主要由硫酸盐和铁减少的细菌3,4, 形成神经毒素一甲基汞 (容易生物在食物链中),或通过其还原为挥发性单质 Hg (Hg°)5。
砷和汞的命运也与土壤或含水层组成密切相关, 因为有机物质或铁 (氧) 氢氧化物等化合物可以影响它们的螯合和生物利用度。作为 (V) 吸附井对铁 (氧) 氢氧化物6, 而 Hg 有非常高亲和性为有机物 (om; 主要为硫醇基团), 但也为胶体铁或锰 (氧) 氢氧化在 OM 耗尽的环境7,8,9,10,11。
通过减少铁 (氧) 氢氧化物或有机质的矿化作用, 细菌活动就能影响吸附于 (氧) 氢氧化物或有机物的污水附加费的命运。用细菌直接还原铁是硫磺枯竭区铁还原的主要途径12,13, fe (iii) 被用作终端电子受体, 而间接地, fe (iii) 可由硫化物还原为 fe (II)由细菌硫酸盐减少14形成。此外, 硫酸盐的存在也可以通过形成络合物, 如硫代砷15以汞或 metacinnabar 的形式来改变 hg 和形态。
因此, 更好地了解铁和硫酸盐循环对汞的命运的影响, 如 Hg 和 as, 可以帮助我们更好地管理受污染的场址和保持土壤和水的质量。数据也有助于加强现有的金属流动模型。微生物 Fe (III)-减少16,17,18可导致 TE 的解吸。从理论上讲, 通过微生物还原硫酸盐产生的硫化物间接还原铁 (氧), 也会影响 TE 的流动性。但是, 这些反应的程度和动力学一般都是在批同质系统或批缩影16、18、19、20中进行研究的。间歇实验的缺点是缺乏对发生现象的分离;事实上, 活动是基于和有限的资源存在于批中, 只给出最后的结果的转变的形态和吸附。使用列方法可以更新流入媒体, 并监视时间和空间上的 TE 的命运。与含水层相比, 这些条件更切合实际, 那里的实际现象与连续的渗流条件密切相关。此外, 非均质铁 (氧) 氢氧化物发生在含水层沉积是共同的21,23, 并且固相矿物和化学成分的空间变化肯定会推动微生物活动.
为了阐明这些质对地质微生物现象的影响和与铁相关的 TE 的命运, 我们开发了一个实验室, 一个连续哺养的专栏代表一个简化的模型含水层。柱子被填装在专栏入口创造一个铁枯竭的区域和一个富铁的区域在顶端。定期取样端口使我们能够单独研究每个区域以及与接口相关的现象。这个实验装置的应用的例子为研究 Hg 命运和形态学已经是可利用的24。在这里, 我们给出了实验设置的详细描述和第二个例子, 其应用的重点是在受污染的含水层的行为。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="991">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:276px;">Glass columns&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Beaucaverre, France</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Specific request</td>
			<td style="width:417px;">columns were composed of 3 separate pieces, the main column core with the cooling jacket and the 5 sampling ports (size GL14 with olive) and a top and bottom piece that fits to the main column body and is held in place with a silicone joint and screw (RIN F 40x38 &#38; SVL 42). note: this design was discussed directly with the company. We recommend to find a local glazier.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Septa PTFE/silicone diam 20mm&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>508608</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">PTFE tubing ID 3mm</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">VWR</td>
			<td>228-0745</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Dominique Dutsher SAS</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">66493</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">Peristaltic pump tubing LMT 55</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">VWR</td>
			<td>224-2250</td>
			<td>Tygon&#174; LMT 55&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">Fontainbleau sand&#160; D50=209 &#181;m</td>
			<td>SIBELCO,&#160; France</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:276px;">N2 for bubbling&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Air Liquide, France</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">Gamma iradiation</td>
			<td>Ionisos, Dagneux, France</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Automatic Mercury Analyser (AMA 254, )</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Courtage Analyses, France</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Varian SpectrAA 300 Zeeman</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Agilent&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:276px;">HNO3 Supra pur</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">1.00441.1000</td>
			<td>Producer: Merck</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">HCL 30% Supra pur</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">VWR</td>
			<td>1.00318.1000</td>
			<td>Producer: Merck</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:276px;">Hg(NO3)2</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Merck</td>
			<td>516953</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:276px;">As2O3</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">202673</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:276px;">FeCl3-6H2O</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>207926</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">silica gel</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>336815-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental column setup for studying anaerobic biogeochemical interactions between iron (oxy)hydroxides, trace elements, and bacteria

含水层中的砷 (as) 和汞 (汞) 等微量元素的命运和形态与物理化学条件密切相关, 如氧化还原电位 (Eh) 和 pH 值, 但也与可直接或间接作用于生物的微生物活动有关形态和/或移动性。的确, 有些细菌可以直接氧化为 (iii) 至 as (v) 或减少为 (v) 至 as (iii)。同样, 细菌也强烈参与汞循环, 无论是通过其甲基化, 形成神经毒素单汞, 或通过其还原为元素 Hg°。砷和汞的命运也与土壤或含水层组成密切相关;事实上, 砷和汞可以结合到有机化合物或 (氧) 氢氧化物, 这将影响它们的流动性。反过来, 细菌活动, 如铁 (氧) 氢氧化还原或有机质矿化可以间接影响和汞螯合物。硫酸盐/硫化物的存在也能强烈地影响这些特定的元素, 通过形成诸如硫砷与砷或 metacinnabar 与汞的配合物。
因此, 人们对环境中砷和汞的命运和形态以及如何限制它们的毒性提出了许多重要的问题。然而, 由于它们对含水层组分的反应性, 很难明确地将发生的生物地球化学过程和它们对这些物质的命运的不同影响区分开来。
为了做到这一点, 我们开发了一个原始的, 实验的, 列的设置, 模拟一个含水层与砷或 Hg 氧化铁丰富的地区与铁耗尽地区, 使更好地了解 TE 地球化学在缺氧条件。以下协议给列设置的一步一步指示为作为或 Hg, 并且一个例子与一样在铁和硫酸盐减少的情况之下。

示例1。铁的减少对流动性和形态的影响
as 柱是直接接种与地下水从一个网站呈现的浓度高于饮用水标准 (Bracieux, 卢瓦尔等雪儿, 法国)。在无菌瓶中抽取地下水, 贮存在5° c 直至使用。这一列是从底部喂养的水中含有天然内源性微生物群落在低流速率 (2 毫升 h-1), 以促进细菌附着在沙子上。温度最初固定在25...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria at JoVE.com

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

含水层中砷和汞的命运和形态与生理-化学条件和微生物活动密切相关。在这里, 我们提出了一个原始的实验柱设置, 模拟一个含水层, 并使更好地了解在缺氧条件下的痕量元素地球化学。结合地球化学和微生物方法, 提出了两个实例。

用于研究铁 (氧) 氢氧化物、微量元素和细菌之间厌氧生物地球化学相互作用的实验柱装置

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as ...

experimental-column-setup-for-studying-anaerobic-biogeochemical

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron (Oxy)Hydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

7.8K 次观看.  BRGM. 含水层中砷和汞的命运和形态与生理-化学条件和微生物活动密切相关。在这里, 我们提出了一个原始的实验柱设置, 模拟一个含水层, 并使更好地了解在缺氧条件下的痕量元素地球化学。结合地球化学和微生物方法, 提出了两个实例。

视频: Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

技术树内组织学习节肢动物和微生物群落

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

科研

环境科学

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are promising technologies for bioenergy production from biomass in terms of biogas and HTC biochar, respectively. In this study, the combination of AD and HTC is proposed to increase overall bioenergy production. Wheat straw was anaerobically digested in a novel upflow anaerobic solid state reactor (UASS) in both mesophilic (37 &#176;C) and thermophilic (55 &#176;C) conditions. Wet digested from thermophilic AD was hydrothermally carbonized at 230 &#176;C for 6 hr for HTC biochar production. At thermophilic temperature, the UASS system yields an average of 165 LCH4/kgVS&#160;(VS: volatile solids) and 121 L CH4/kgVS&#160;at mesophilic AD over the continuous operation of 200 days. Meanwhile, 43.4 g of HTC biochar with 29.6 MJ/kgdry_biochar was obtained from HTC of 1 kg digestate (dry basis) from mesophilic AD. The combination of AD and HTC, in this particular set of experiment yield 13.2 MJ of energy per 1 kg of dry wheat straw, which is at least 20% higher than HTC alone and 60.2% higher than AD only.

A novel Upflow Anaerobic Solid State (UASS) reactor was used for biogas production from fibrous feedstock. Digestate from UASS reactor was hydrothermally carbonized into HTC biochar in a pressurized batch reactor. The integration of the two bioenergy concepts was applied in this study to increase overall bioenergy production.

评定一体化厌氧消化和水热碳化对生物能源生产

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal ...

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted through ion exchange. The resultant production bleed water (PBW) contains contaminants such as arsenic and other heavy metals. Samples of PBW from an active ISR uranium facility were treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). CuO-NP treatment of PBW reduced priority contaminants, including arsenic, selenium, uranium, and vanadium. Untreated and CuO-NP treated PBW was used as the liquid component of the cell growth media and changes in viability were determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells. CuO-NP treatment was associated with improved HEK and HEP cell viability. Limitations of this method include dilution of the PBW by growth media components and during osmolality adjustment as well as necessary pH adjustment. This method is limited in its wider context due to dilution effects and changes in the pH of the PBW which is traditionally slightly acidic&#160;however; this method could have a broader use assessing CuO-NP treatment in more neutral waters.

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Production bleed water (PBW) was treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and cellular toxicity was assessed in cultured human cells. The goal of this protocol was to integrate the native environmental sample into a cell culture format assessing the changes in toxicity due to CuO-NP treatment.

去除微量元素的氧化铜纳米粉体制备铀<em&gt;原位</em&gt;恢复泌水及其对细胞活力的影响

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of electrical transmission between distant cells in an organism requires in vivo, artifact-free recordings of cells embedded within their native environment. The transmission of electrical signals from wounded to unwounded areas in a plant has since long piqued the interest of botanists. The phloem, the living part of the plant vasculature that is spread throughout the plant, has been postulated as a major tissue in electrical transmission in plants. The lack of suitable electrophysiological methods poses many challenges for the study of the electrical properties of the phloem cells in vivo. Here we present a novel approach for intracellular electrophysiology of sieve elements (SEs) that uses living aphids, or other phloem-feeding hemipteran insects, integrated in the electrical penetration graph (EPG) circuit. The versatility, robustness, and accuracy of this method made it possible to record and study in detail the wound-induced electrical signals in SEs of central veins of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana1. Here we show that EPG-electrodes can be easily implemented for intracellular electrophysiological recordings of SEs in marginal veins, as well as to study the capacity of SEs to respond with electrical signals to several external stimuli. The EPG approach applied to intracellular electrophysiology of SEs can be implemented to a wide variety of plant species, in a large number of plant/insect combinations, and for many research aims.

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph EPG for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) is a well-established technique for studying the feeding behavior of stylet-bearing insects. Here we show a new application of EPG as a non-invasive tool for the acquisition of intracellular electrophysiology recordings of sieve elements (SEs), the cells that form the phloem vasculature in plants.

在电气贯穿图（EPG）的韧皮部筛分子获取和测量电信号中的新应用

Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of ...

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

清洁取样和痕量金属研究河和河口水域分析

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling from hydrothermal sources in the Precambrian ocean was oxidized by molecular oxygen [O2] produced by cyanobacteria. The oldest BIFs, deposited prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at about 2.4 billion years (Gy) ago, could have formed by direct oxidation of Fe(II) by anoxygenic photoferrotrophs under anoxic conditions. As a method for testing the geochemical and mineralogical patterns that develop under different biological scenarios, we designed a 40 cm long vertical flow-through column to simulate an anoxic Fe(II)-rich marine upwelling system representative of an ancient ocean on a lab scale. The cylinder was packed with a porous glass bead matrix to stabilize the geochemical gradients, and liquid samples for iron quantification could be taken throughout the water column. Dissolved oxygen was detected non-invasively via optodes from the outside. Results from biotic experiments that involved upwelling fluxes of Fe(II) from the bottom, a distinct light gradient from top, and cyanobacteria present in the water column, show clear evidence for the formation of Fe(III) mineral precipitates and development of a chemocline between Fe(II) and O2. This column allows us to test hypotheses for the formation of the BIFs by culturing cyanobacteria (and in the future photoferrotrophs) under simulated marine Precambrian conditions. Furthermore we hypothesize that our column concept allows for the simulation of various chemical and physical environments &#8212; including shallow marine or lacustrine sediments.

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

We simulated a Precambrian ferruginous marine upwelling system in a lab-scale vertical flow-through column. The goal was to understand how geochemical profiles of O2 and Fe(II) evolve as cyanobacteria produce O2. The results show the establishment of a chemocline due to Fe(II) oxidation by photosynthetically produced O2.

一个铁（II）的实验室模拟的前寒武纪富海洋上升流系统探索光合细菌生长

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

Determination of Inorganic Arsenic in a Wide Range of Food Matrices using Hydride Generation - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) underlined in its Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food that in order to support a sound exposure assessment to inorganic arsenic through diet, information about distribution of arsenic species in various food types must be generated. A method, previously validated in a collaborative trial, has been applied to determine inorganic arsenic in a wide variety of food matrices, covering grains, mushrooms and food of marine origin (31 samples in total). The method is based on detection by flow injection-hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry of the iAs selectively extracted into chloroform after digestion of the proteins with concentrated HCl. The method is characterized by a limit of quantification of 10 &#181;g/kg dry weight, which allowed quantification of inorganic arsenic in a large amount of food matrices. Information is provided about performance scores given to results obtained with this method and which were reported by different laboratories in several proficiency tests. The percentage of satisfactory results obtained with the discussed method is higher than that of the results obtained with other analytical approaches.

The usefulness of an analytical method to determine inorganic arsenic in a wide range of food matrices is demonstrated. The method consists of selective extraction of inorganic arsenic into chloroform with a final determination by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry.

用氢化物发生-原子吸收光谱法测定多种食品基质中的无机砷。

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) underlined in its Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food that in order to support a sound exposure assessment to ...

RGB and Spectral Root Imaging for Plant Phenotyping and Physiological Research: Experimental Setup and Imaging Protocols

Better understanding of plant root dynamics is essential to improve resource use efficiency of agricultural systems and increase the resistance of crop cultivars against environmental stresses. An experimental protocol is presented for RGB and hyperspectral imaging of root systems. The approach uses rhizoboxes where plants grow in natural soil over a longer time to observe fully developed root systems. Experimental settings are exemplified for assessing rhizobox plants under water stress and studying the role of roots. An RGB imaging setup is described for cheap and quick quantification of root development over time. Hyperspectral imaging improves root segmentation from the soil background compared to RGB color based thresholding. The particular strength of hyperspectral imaging is the acquisition of chemometric information on the root-soil system for functional understanding. This is demonstrated with high resolution water content mapping. Spectral imaging however is more complex in image acquisition, processing and analysis compared to the RGB approach. A combination of both methods can optimize a comprehensive assessment of the root system. Application examples integrating root and aboveground traits are given for the context of plant phenotyping and plant physiological research. Further improvement of root imaging can be obtained by optimizing RGB image quality with better illumination using different light sources and by extension of image analysis methods to infer on root zone properties from spectral data.

An experimental protocol is presented for assessment of soil grown plant root systems with RGB and hyperspectral imaging. Combination of RGB image time series with chemometric information from hyperspectral scans optimizes insights into plant root dynamics.

RGB 和光谱根成像植物表型和生理研究: 实验装置和成像协议

Better understanding of plant root dynamics is essential to improve resource use efficiency of agricultural systems and increase the resistance of crop ...

Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard for evaluating the mining value of shale gas. Currently, studies on the correlation between particle size and methane adsorption are controversial. In this study, an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, is used to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes in shale to determine the relationship between the particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale. Thegravimetric method requires fewer parameters and produces better results in terms of accuracy and consistency than methods like the volumetric method. Gravimetric measurements are performed in four steps: a blank measurement, preprocessing, a buoyancy measurement, and adsorption and desorption measurements. Gravimetric measurement is presently considered to be a more scientific and accurate method of measuring the amount of adsorption; however, it is time-consuming and requires a strict measuring technique. A Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB) is the key to verify the accuracy and consistency of this method. Our results show that adsorption capacity and particle size are correlated, but not a linear correlation, and the adsorptions in particles sieved into 40 - 60 and 60 - 80 meshes tend to be larger. We propose that the maximum adsorption corresponding to the particle size is approximately 250 &#181;m (60 mesh) in the shale gas fracturing.

We use an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes of shale, in order to find out the relationship between particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale.

页岩中粒径与甲烷吸附能力关系的实验研究

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard ...

An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations

Organic-mineral interactions are widely occurring in hydrothermal environments, such as hot springs, geysers on land, and the hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean. Roles of minerals are critical in many hydrothermal organic geochemical processes. Traditional hydrothermal methodology, which includes using reactors made of gold, titanium, platinum, or stainless-steel, is usually associated with the high cost or undesired metal catalytic effects. Recently, there is a growing tendency for using the cost-effective and inert quartz or fused silica glass tubes in hydrothermal experiments. Here, we provide a protocol for carrying out organic-mineral hydrothermal experiments in silica tubes, and we describe the essential steps in the sample preparation, experimental setup, products separation, and quantitative analysis. We also demonstrate an experiment using a model organic compound, nitrobenzene, to show the effect of an iron-containing mineral, magnetite, on its degradation under a specific hydrothermal condition. This technique can be applied to study complex organic-mineral hydrothermal interactions in a relatively simple laboratory system.

Earth-abundant minerals play important roles in the natural hydrothermal systems. Here, we describe a reliable and cost-effective method for the experimental investigation of organic-mineral interactions under hydrothermal conditions.

研究矿物对有机热液转化影响的实验协议

Organic-mineral interactions are widely occurring in hydrothermal environments, such as hot springs, geysers on land, and the hydrothermal vents in the ...