感谢瑞士Landquart的"Thim van der Laan"基金会的财政支持。我们还感谢瑞士南部瑞士应用科学与艺术大学，瑞士兰德夸花园应用科学与艺术大学的Thomas Konzett以及瑞士兰德夸大学物理治疗学院的Ursula M.Küng先生，他们在实验过程中的帮助以及亚历山大·马索林（Alexander Masselink）的帮助用英语

伦理声明:苏黎世瑞士国家伦理委员会批准了该协议（KEK-ZH No. 2015-0113） 1.参与者招募<ol><li>通过社交媒体和传单招募参与者。 </li><li>筛选并包括18至30岁之间的大学生的参与者。确保他们每周至少进行两次（最少总时间:2小时）和最多三次（最多总时间:3小时）的耐力运动，他们没有目前的疼痛症状，并且他们有过去12个月，躯干或下肢没有受伤。 </li><li>筛选并排除参与者如果对感冒过敏（包括雷诺氏病），患有心血管疾病或任何其他疾病，必须服用任何药物，怀孕或有骨骼偏差。 </li></ol> 2.熟悉测试协议（第1天） <ol><li>一在实验前一周，指示参与者在跳跃垫上执行最多5 CMJ（参见材料表），每次跳跃12,27之间的休息时间为1分钟。指示他们从直立位置开始，并将手放在他们的臀部，以消除手臂摆动。在CMJ期间允许自定义的运动和收缩时间范围。 </li><li>指导参与者在无痛状态的熟悉会话后一周返回实验室，在实验前48小时未进行彻底的运动。 注意:无痛无疲劳状态将被评估为基线测量值。 </li></ol> 3.基线测量（第2天） <ol><li>测量参与者的身高，体重和估计下半身脂肪百分比三次，并计算平均值28 </suP&gt;。 </li><li>参与者在3秒持续的蹲下位置29 （90°膝盖角度）下，以视觉模拟量表（VAS; 0-10厘米） 5评估他们的正面大腿的各自的DOMS。询问参与者:"您的正面大腿有多痛？"记录VAS中的数字，单位为mm。 注意:刻度的最左端点（0厘米）表示"没有酸痛"，标尺的最右端点（10厘米）表示"严重的酸痛"。 </li><li>参加者可以使用6-20 BORG量表30将其个人感觉到的身体素质放在直立位置。询问参与者:"你实际感觉到的劳累水平是多少？"记录口头传达的号码。 注意:参与者通过告诉研究者一个数字在6（没有感觉到的运动）和20（最大的感觉到的运动）之间进行评价。 </li><li>让参与者进行最大化m的3个CMJ 12,27（在熟悉会话期间练习），在三个跳跃之间有一个30秒的暂停，在跳跃垫上。 注意:CMJ的跳跃高度被间接记录为跳台垫系统的飞行时间。 </li><li>使用最高跳跃，并根据Sayers 等人的研究中使用的公式计算峰值功率输出（PPO）。 31 : PPO =（60.7×跳跃高度[cm]）+（45.3×体重[kg]） - 2,055 注意:在完全跳转协议（见下文）后的恢复应用（0 h）和24,48和72 h后，主观评级和客观评估将直接重复。 </li><li>通过抽签随机地将参与者分配给冷组或热中性组。 </li></ol>彻底的跳转协议<ol><li>随机化后直接指导参与者准备执行详尽的跳转协议，没有任何预热练习。 </li><li>有两名研究人员目视检查跳跃的质量（每次跳跃后最大的跳跃性能，用手指触摸地面），口头纠正，并在跳跃协议期间鼓励参与者。 </li><li>参与者最多可以执行3 x 30 CMJ，或者直到用尽自己的速度，在组间间隔30秒。 注意:暂停期间让参与者坐下来喝水。 </li></ol> 5.恢复应用<ol><li> 在详尽的跳跃协议之后，让盲人研究人员将一个冷的袖口或热中性袖口（参见材料表）应用于参与者的大腿。 <ol><li>将参与者置于仰卧位置，并将两个袖口直接应用于每个大腿的皮肤，以确保完全接触，但使用最小压力以避免任何压缩效应。 注意:任选地，使用由丙二醇和软化水组成的即用型无毒润滑混合物将连续可编程冷却和加热装置的罐重新填充至最大水平。 </li></ol></li><li>启动设备，并使用冷模式（+ 8°C）或热中性模式（+ 32°C）持续20分钟。 注意:指示参与者不要报告有关其温度感觉的信息。 </li><li>在应用程序后脱下大腿袖口并关闭设备。 </li></ol> 0小时后进行非侵入性恢复评估注:执行所有恢复评估的研究人员不应通知受试者是否接受冷或热中性袖带申请。 <ol><li>让参与者对自己的DOMS和RPE进行评估，如步骤3.2和3.3所述。 </li><li>参与者最多可以执行3个CMJ并计算PPO，如步骤3.4和3.5所述。 </li><li>指导参与者保持日常生活习惯，但在72小时恢复期间不要进行酒精，运动和休闲训练。指导参与者在完全跳转协议后24,48和72小时返回实验室。 </li></ol> 7.无创恢复评估24小时（第3天），48小时（第4天）和72小时（第5天） <ol><li>让参与者对自己的DOMS和RPE进行评估，如步骤3.2和3.3所述。 </li><li>让参与者最多执行3个CMJ并计算PPO，如步骤3.4和3.5所述。 注意:协议在72小时随访期结束（第5天）。 </li></ol>

没有一个作者有争议或冲突的利益。

该协议描述了执行标准化详尽跳转协议，冷冻疗法恢复模式和恢复特性的非侵入性评估。与运动后恢复研究领域的传统执行方法相比，该随机对照试验的方案提供了几个优点。以前的研究表明，由100跳跃组成的跳跃协议是诱导局部肌肉损伤的有效方法36,37 。 Ferreira-Junior 等人使用了一个跳跃协议，包括五组20个跳跃从0.6米的盒子，两组间休息间隔，以引发额外的大腿36的肌肉损伤。而其他传统的耗尽协议需要昂贵的机械设备38 ，而目前的协议在不使用任何机械设备的情况下引起肌肉疲劳。研究人员否需要购买或租用昂贵的设备来诱发肌肉疲惫或损伤额叶大腿。 采用连续可编程的冷却和加热装置应用恢复干预措施，可以将冷或热传递到身体的特定区域。将两只大腿袖口在仰卧位的两只大腿周围应用20分钟。虽然CWI是增强恢复能力的最有希望的方法之一，但交通运输和必要数量的水是执行这一干预措施的两个重要因素。此外，为了保证理想的水温，需要额外的人来监测和添加冰。 本协议的优点是使用自动化和便携式的冷却和加热装置，其确保在袖带施加期间恒定的温度。描述的协议的另一个优点是评估主观和客观的可能性没有从参与者身上取血样的生态特征。许多发表的文章24,40,41,42中描述了在详尽的方案之后使用的主观评价，DOMS（VAS; 0-10cm）和RPE（BORG; 6-20）。如本协议中所述，CMJ的评估显示出高的重测信度（0.48和0.88之间的类内相关系数（ICC））和有效性25,26 。 协议中有一些关键步骤可能会产生潜在的错误来源。两名研究人员必须在详尽的CMJ（3 x 30）期间观察，口头鼓励和纠正参与者。可以使用加速度计或线性换能器来确保最大CMJ的客观监测。另一关键步骤是应用two大腿袖口为了避免任何压缩效应43,44 ，袖带必须以最低水平的压力缠绕在每个大腿周围。以最小的压力应用袖口可能需要几次练习才能掌握。 本协议有一些限制。剧组之间30秒休息时间非常短，心血管影响非常大。另一个局限性是用于恢复模式的即用型润滑混合物。重要的是考虑到该润滑混合物（ 即丙二醇和软化水）的热容量略低于普通水。当本研究人员不像本协议中描述的那样身体活跃时，5次跳跃的熟悉会话可能会太小。 最后，CMJs的评估提出了机会评估客观恢复特征。 Bishop 等人证明了使用基于移动的应用程序"我的跳跃"来评估跳跃高度的便宜和可行的方法，这已被证明是衡量该变量45,46的可靠方法。然而，Rowsell 等人表明，在穷举足球赛24场后，可观察到在5天随访期间CMJ高度明显下降。 Rupp 等人在彻底耐力试验34后观察到类似的结果。这些结果与本研究的结果一致，表明CMJ高度的评估可能不足以测量肌肉疲劳的量。 在本方案中，冷应用温度设定为8℃，而热中和应用温度设定在32°已经证明，冷水温度通常为≤20℃，热中性水温为24℃至&lt;36℃ 47 。重要的是要考虑脂肪组织的数量显着影响组织冷却速率，较厚的皮肤褶皱需要更长的使用时间48 。研究人员应根据研究人群调整冷却温度和使用时间。 未来的研究应该考虑到与CMJ相比，膝关节伸肌的最大自愿收缩的评估可能是对客观恢复特征的更敏感的评估。为使该协议有效，参与者为CMJ进行熟悉会话至关重要。使用不同于这里描述的研究人群的未来研究将增加跳跃次数ps以保证熟悉效果。此外，未来的研究可能会增加详尽的CMJ之间的休息时间，以保证最大的跳跃性能，从而不受高心血管需求的影响。 总之，目前详尽的跳跃协议是一种简单而实用的方法，可以在不使用任何机械装置的情况下诱发正面大腿肌肉疲惫。通过将主观（ 即 DOMS和RPE）和目标（ 即 CMJ和PPO）参数相结合，可以在72小时恢复期内进行回收，而无需采集任何血液样本。局部运动后冷冻治疗应用可以在几乎任何地方进行，保证恒温冷却。

<html>冷冻治疗是一种经常使用的治疗方式，以增强运动后恢复1，2 。暴露于感冒后身体的血管收缩反应是减少炎症过程3,4的主要机制之一。经常使用的冷冻治疗方法包括冷敷5或袖口6 ，冷空气7,8 ，冷水浸泡（CWI） 9 ，全身冷冻治疗10,11 ，冷却背心12和内部冷却方法13,14 。然而，内部冷却程序已经证明了矛盾的结果15,16 。 一项研究报告说，运动后冷冻疗法并没有提高垂直跳跃性能（VJP），但与主动恢复手术相比，降低主观评分（RPE） 17相比之下，另一项研究表明，冷冻治疗对运动后主观RPE 5没有影响，Hohenauer 等的 Meta分析表明，运动后冷冻治疗可能对主观恢复特征有积极作用，对炎症无影响标记1 。 确定冷冻治疗对恢复的影响的大多数研究涉及昂贵的装置，以诱导肌肉疲劳7,18,19和侵入性程序来评估血浆标记rs或细胞因子19,20,21 。本方案的目的是在不使用任何装置的情况下诱发类似的肌肉疲劳，并提供非侵入性方法来确定局部冷冻治疗袖带应用对主观和客观恢复特征的影响。这种方法背后的理由是为其他研究人员或教练提供了一种工具来诱导肌肉疲劳，而不需要使用任何昂贵的设备;根据本协议实施地方冷却策略;并测量主观和客观的恢复，而不使用侵入性方法。这可能有助于评估主观和客观的恢复特征，在运动现实，非侵入性环境中，详尽的跳跃协议。 已发表的研究表明，用于评估主观恢复特征的经验证的非侵入性方法（ 即， </em&gt;延迟发作肌肉酸痛（DOMS） 22和RPE） 23成功使用。反移动跳跃（CMJ）性能17,24具有很高的测试重测信度25,26 ，也可以作为非侵入性方法来评估客观恢复特性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Anthropometer 100</td><td>GPM Anthropometric Instruments (URL:http://www.seritex.com/)</td><td>not applicable</td><td>Standing body-height can be measured with other accurate systems</td></tr><tr><td>TANITA TBF 611</td><td>TANITA corporation (URL:http://www.tanita.com/en/)</td><td>500314M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Just Jump System</td><td>Probotics Inc. (URL:http://www.probotics.org/JustJump/JustJump.htm)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>23056311</td><td>This system includes the jump mat and the jump height recorder. Other accurate systems, measuring vertical jump height may be used alternatively</td></tr><tr><td>Zamar Therapy ZT Clinic</td><td>Zamar Medical D.O.O (URL:http://www.zamar.care/)</td><td>MG675AA00F</td><td>This is a continous programmable cooling and heating device</td></tr><tr><td>Zamar Large Thigh Thermal Wraps</td><td>Zamar Care (URL:http://www.zamar.care/sport.html)</td><td>not applicable</td><td>2 Thigh Thermal Wraps are needed</td></tr><tr><td>Zamar Equi Insulated 4.7 m &quot;V&quot;t Pipe &amp;amp; Safety Connector</td><td>http://www.zamar.care/clinic.html</td><td>ZAM-1ACS410</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non Tox Freeze 4</td><td>Pakelo Motor Oil S.r.l. (URL:http://www.pakelo.com/)</td><td>0131.34.47</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Schmerzskala (VAS 0 - 10 cm)</td><td>Mundipharma Medical Company (URL:http://www.mundipharma.ch/index.php?id=73)</td><td>not applicable</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BORG scale (6 - 20)</td><td>URL:http://www.mesics.de/fileadmin/user/literature/Allgemein/Borg-Skala_Loellgen.pdf</td><td>not applicable</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

non-invasive assessments of subjective and objective recovery characteristics following an exhaustive jump protocol

剧烈运动后的快速恢复在运动中很重要，通常通过冷冻治疗应用来研究。冷冻疗法具有显着的血管收缩作用，这似乎是其有效性的主要因素。所得到的增强的恢复可以通过使用客观和主观参数来测量。恢复的两个常见的主观特征是迟发性肌肉酸痛（DOMS）和感觉消耗（RPE）评分。两个重要的客观恢复特征是反移动跳跃（CMJ）性能和峰值功率输出（PPO）。在这里，我们提供了一个详细的协议，以自定进度，3 x 30反移动跳转协议（每组30秒休息）之间诱发额外大腿肌肉疲惫。该随机对照试验方案解释了如何在两只大腿上进行局部冷冻治疗袖带（+ 8℃20分钟）和高温中压袖带（+ 32℃20分钟）运动后恢复模式。最后，我们提供一种非侵入性方案来测量这两种恢复方式对主观（ 即大脑前额叶和RPE的DOMS）和客观恢复（ 即 CMJ和PPO）特征24,48和72小时后的影响-应用。这种方法的优点在于，它为研究人员或教练员提供了一种工具，可以在不使用任何昂贵的设备的情况下诱发肌肉疲劳;实施地方冷却策略;并测量主观和客观的恢复，而不使用侵入性方法。该协议的局限性在于组间30秒的休息时间非常短，心血管需求非常高。未来的研究可能会发现与CMJ相比，最大自愿收缩的评估是对肌肉疲劳的更敏感的评估。

测试协议的示意图如图1所示 。本节说明，该方案在72小时随访期间诱导肌肉疲劳和监测主观和客观恢复特征成功，而无需使用侵入性技术（ 图2和图3 ）。 Goodall 等人在肌肉损伤方案29后，在90°蹲位研究DOMS。同样，本研究也评估了DOMS在这个位置。如先前发表的文章所述，DOMS在恢复应用（0小时）后和两组中48小时后直接升高（ 图2A ）29,32。然而，在两组中，这些值在7之后没有回到基准值2小时恢复期32 。 该协议还允许观察整体感知力的变化（ 图2B ）。在本研究中，使用6-20 BORG量表，如Rowsell 等人的研究24 。根据Minett 等人的研究，RPE在恢复应用12后直接升高。然而，这些值在热中性组中24小时后恢复到基线，并保持在该水平长达72小时。在冷组中，RPE值在48小时后再次增加，并保持在该水平达72小时。 图3A和图3B显示，在恢复应用（0小时）之后，完全跳转协议在两个条件下诱导跳跃高度（CMJ）和PPO的降低sup class ="xref"&gt; 12，33。 24 h后跳高（CMJ）和PPO均升高，冷热和热中性组48,47 h后均有下降。这些结果与先前发表的第24,33,34条相符。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55612/55612fig1.jpg" /> 图1:测试协议的示意图。向下箭头表示测量恢复特性的时间点。 DOMS =延迟发作肌肉酸痛，RPE =额外感觉运动，CMJ =反运动跳跃，PPO =峰值功率输出。这个数字已经从Hohenauer 等人修改35 。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55612/55612fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看</a>这个数字的较大版本。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55612/55612fig2.jpg" /> 图2:DOMS和RPE随时间的变化。 （ A ）延迟性肌肉酸痛（DOMS;（中位数±四分位数范围）重复测量ANOVA显示时间效应（P = 0.003）和组效应（P = 0.03），但无x组时间相互作用= 0.89），所有时间点组间差异均无统计学意义（P&gt; 0.05）;（ B ）额定感知功耗（RPE;中位数±四分位数范围）重复测量ANOVA显示时间效应（P &lt;0.001）组间效应（P = 0.09），但无x组时间相互作用（P = 0.29），所有时间点组间差异均P&gt; 0.05，*显示时间效应显着（p &lt;0.05）表明与组间基线值的显着差异（p &lt;0.05）数字已从Hohenauer 等人修改35 。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55612/55612fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55612/55612fig3.jpg" /> 图3:CMJ和PPO随时间的变化。 （ A ）反移动跳跃时的跳跃高度（CMJ;平均值±SD）。重复测量方差分析显示时间效应（P &lt;0.001），但无组分效应（P = 0.35）和时间x组相互作用（P = 0.35）。各组之间的事后差异在所有时间点均为P&gt; 0.05。 （ B ）峰值功率输出（PPO;平均值±SD）。重复测量ANOVA显示时间效应（P &lt;0.001），但无组作用（P = 0.96）和时间x组相互作用（P = 0.35）。所有时间点组之间的事后差异P&gt; 0.05NTS。 *表示显着时间效应（P &lt;0.05）。这个数字已经从Hohenauer 等人修改35 。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55612/55612fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol at JoVE.com

Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol

该方案描述了在72小时恢复期内非侵入性恢复评估的程序。该方案使用反移动跳跃诱发正面大腿的肌肉疲惫，并使用局部冷套或热中性袖带应用作为恢复模式。

根据彻底的跳跃协议进行的主观和客观恢复特征的非侵入性评估

Fast recovery after strenuous exercise is important in sports and is often studied via cryotherapy applications. Cryotherapy has a significant ...

non-invasive-assessments-subjective-objective-recovery

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.6K 次观看.  University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland. 该方案描述了在72小时恢复期内非侵入性恢复评估的程序。该方案使用反移动跳跃诱发正面大腿的肌肉疲惫，并使用局部冷套或热中性袖带应用作为恢复模式。 

视频: Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the wearing experience of subjects. This protocol describes the differences in lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) between experienced wearers (EW) and inexperienced wearers (IEW) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. A three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system with a configured force platform was used to synchronously capture lower-limb joint movements and GRF. 36 young females volunteered to participate in this study and were asked about high-heeled shoe-wearing experience, including frequency, duration, heel types, and heel heights. Eleven who had the experience of 3 to 6 cm heels for a minimum of three days per week (6 h per day) for at least two years and eleven who wore high heels less than twice per month participated. Subjects performed jogging and running at comfortable low and high speeds, respectively, with the right foot completely stepping onto a force platform when passing by along a 10 m walkway. EW and IEW adopted different biomechanical adaptations while jogging and running. IEW exhibited a generally larger range of joint movement, while EW showed a dramatically larger loading rate of GRF during running. Hence, further studies on the lower-limb biomechanics of high-heeled gait should strictly control the wearing experience of the subjects.

This study investigated lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. Subjects were divided into groups of experienced wearers and inexperienced wearers. A three-dimensional motion analysis system with a configured force platform captured lower-limb joint movements and GRF.

运用金本位步态分析法评估下肢慢跑和跑步时的低肢力学经验效应

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the ...

科研

行为学

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

肌肉骨骼超声成像的一种新应用

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

医学

A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers

Incremental exercise testing is the standard means of assessing cardiorespiratory capacity of endurance athletes. While the maximal rate of oxygen consumption is typically used as the criterion measurement in this regard, two metabolic breakpoints that reflect changes in the dynamics of lactate production/consumption as the work rate is increased are perhaps more relevant for endurance athletes from a functional standpoint. Exercise economy, which represents the rate of oxygen consumption relative to performance of submaximal work, is also an important parameter to measure for endurance-athlete assessment. Ramp incremental tests comprising a gradual but rapid increase in work rate until the limit of exercise tolerance is reached are useful for determining these parameters. This type of test is typically performed on a cycle ergometer or treadmill because there is a need for precision with respect to work-rate incrementation. However, athletes should be tested while performing the mode of exercise required for their sport. Consequently, swimmers are typically assessed during free-swimming incremental tests where such precision is difficult to achieve. We have recently suggested that stationary swimming against a load that is progressively increased (incremental tethered swimming) can serve as a &#34;swim ergometer&#34; by allowing sufficient precision to accommodate a gradual but rapid loading pattern that reveals the aforementioned metabolic breakpoints and exercise economy. However, the degree to which the peak rate of oxygen consumption achieved during such a protocol approximates the maximal rate that is measured during free swimming remains to be determined. In the present article, we explain how this rapidly incremented tethered-swimming protocol can be employed to assess the cardiorespiratory capacity of a swimmer. Specifically, we explain how assessment of a short-distance competitive swimmer using this protocol revealed that his rate of oxygen uptake was 30.3 and 34.8 mL&#8729;min-1&#8729;kg-1BM at his gas-exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point, respectively.

As opposed to measurement during free swimming, which presents inherent challenges and limitations, determination of important parameters of cardiorespiratory function for swimmers can be made using a more feasible and easier to administer tethered-swimming rapidly incremented protocol with gas exchange and ventilatory data collection.

游泳运动员心肺评估的快速递增的绑带游泳最大协议

Incremental exercise testing is the standard means of assessing cardiorespiratory capacity of endurance athletes. While the maximal rate of oxygen ...

生物化学

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

Impairment of postural reflexes, termed postural instability, is a common and disabling deficit in Parkinson's disease. To assess postural reflexes, clinicians typically employ the pull test to grade corrective responses to a backward perturbation at the shoulders. However, the pull test is prone to issues with reliability and scaling (score/4). Here, we present an instrumented version of the pull test to more precisely quantify postural responses. Akin to the clinical test, pulls are manually administered except pull force is also recorded. Displacements of the trunk and feet are captured by a semi-portable motion tracking system. Raw data represent distance traveled (in millimeter units), making subsequent interpretation and analysis intuitive. The instrumented pull test also detects variabilities influencing pull test administration, such as pull force, thereby identifying and quantifying potential confounds that can be accounted for by statistical techniques. The instrumented pull test could have application in studies seeking to capture early abnormalities in postural responses, track postural instability over time, and detect responses to therapy.

Impairment of postural reflexes, termed postural instability, is difficult to quantify. Clinical assessments such as the pull test suffer issues with reliability and scaling. Here, we present an instrumented version of the pull test to objectively characterize postural responses.

一种表征姿势反应的仪器拉力测试

Impairment of postural reflexes, termed postural instability, is a common and disabling deficit in Parkinson's disease. To assess postural reflexes, ...

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field

Current athlete monitoring practice in team sports is mainly based on positional data measured by global positioning or local positioning systems. The disadvantage of these measurement systems is that they do not register lower extremity kinematics, which could be a useful measure for identifying injury-risk factors. Rapid development in sensor technology may overcome the limitations of the current measurement systems. With inertial measurement units (IMUs) securely fixed to body segments, sensor fusion algorithms and a biomechanical model, joint kinematics could be estimated. The main purpose of this article is to demonstrate a sensor setup for estimating hip and knee joint kinematics of team sport athletes in the field. Five male subjects (age 22.5 &#177; 2.1 years; body mass 77.0 &#177; 3.8 kg; height 184.3 &#177; 5.2 cm; training experience 15.3 &#177; 4.8 years) performed a maximal 30-meter linear sprint. Hip and knee joint angles and angular velocities were obtained by five IMUs placed on the pelvis, both thighs and both shanks. Hip angles ranged from 195&#176; (&#177; 8&#176;) extension to 100.5&#176; (&#177; 8&#176;) flexion and knee angles ranged from 168.6&#176; (&#177; 12&#176;) minimal flexion and 62.8&#176; (&#177; 12&#176;) maximal flexion. Furthermore, hip angular velocity ranged between 802.6 &#176;&#183;s-1 (&#177; 192 &#176;&#183;s-1) and -674.9 &#176;&#183;s-1 (&#177; 130 &#176;&#183;s-1). Knee angular velocity ranged between 1155.9 &#176;&#183;s-1 (&#177; 200 &#176;&#183;s-1) and -1208.2 &#176;&#183;s-1 (&#177; 264 &#176;&#183;s-1). The sensor setup has been validated and could provide additional information with regard to athlete monitoring in the field.&#160;This may help professionals in a daily sports setting to evaluate their training programs, aiming to reduce injury and optimize performance.

Monitoring athletes is essential for improving performance and reducing injury risk in team sports. Current methods to monitor athletes do not include the lower extremities. Attaching multiple inertial measurement units to the lower extremities could improve monitoring athletes in the field.

一种基于惯性测量单元的方法，以评估场上团队运动运动员的臀部和膝盖关节运动学

Current athlete monitoring practice in team sports is mainly based on positional data measured by global positioning or local positioning systems. The ...

A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion

Concussion is one of the most commonly reported injuries amongst children and youth involved in sport participation. Following a concussion, youth can experience a range of short and long term neurobehavioral symptoms (somatic, cognitive and emotional/behavioral) that can have a significant impact on one&#8217;s participation in daily activities and pursuits of interest (e.g., school, sports, work, family/social life, etc.). Despite this, there remains a paucity in clinically driven research aimed specifically at exploring concussion within the youth sport population, and more specifically, multi-modal approaches to measuring recovery. This article provides an overview of a novel and multi-modal approach to measuring recovery amongst youth athletes following concussion. The presented approach involves the use of both pre-injury/baseline testing and post-injury/follow-up testing to assess performance across a wide variety of domains (post-concussion symptoms, cognition, balance, strength, agility/motor skills and resting state heart rate variability). The goal of this research is to gain a more objective and accurate understanding of recovery following concussion in youth athletes (ages 10-18 years). Findings from this research can help to inform the development and use of improved approaches to concussion management and rehabilitation specific to the youth sport community.

This article provides an overview of a multi-modal approach to assessing recovery following concussion in youth athletes. The described protocol uses pre- and post-concussion assessment of performance across a wide variety of domains and can inform the development of improved concussion rehabilitation protocols specific to the youth sport community.

多模式的方法来评估恢​​复的青少年运动员脑震荡之后

Concussion is one of the most commonly reported injuries amongst children and youth involved in sport participation. Following a concussion, youth can ...

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

Concussions are occurring at alarming rates in the United States and have become a serious public health concern. The CDC estimates that 1.6 to 3.8 million concussions occur in sports and recreational activities annually. Concussion as defined by the 2013 Concussion Consensus Statement &#8220;may be caused either by a direct blow to the head, face, neck or elsewhere on the body with an &#8216;impulsive&#8217; force transmitted to the head.&#8221; Concussions leave the individual with both short- and long-term effects. The short-term effects of sport related concussions may include changes in playing ability, confusion, memory disturbance, the loss of consciousness, slowing of reaction time, loss of coordination, headaches, dizziness, vomiting, changes in sleep patterns and mood changes. These symptoms typically resolve in a matter of days. However, while some individuals recover from a single concussion rather quickly, many experience lingering effects that can last for weeks or months. The factors related to concussion susceptibility and the subsequent recovery times are not well known or understood at this time. Several factors have been suggested and they include the individual&#8217;s concussion history, the severity of the initial injury, history of migraines, history of learning disabilities, history of psychiatric comorbidities, and possibly, genetic factors. Many studies have individually investigated certain factors both the short-term and long-term effects of concussions, recovery time course, susceptibility and recovery. What has not been clearly established is an effective multifaceted approach to concussion evaluation that would yield valuable information related to the etiology, functional changes, and recovery. The purpose of this manuscript is to show one such multifaceted approached which examines concussions using computerized neurocognitive testing, event related potentials, somatosensory perceptual responses, balance assessment, gait assessment and genetic testing.

There is great variability in an individual&#8217;s risk for concussion and their corresponding recovery. A multifaceted approach to concussion evaluation is warranted; including baseline testing of athletes before participation in sport and timely evaluation post injury. The goal of this protocol is to provide an appropriate multifaceted approach to examine concussions.

一个神经科学方法脑震荡的学生运动员的考试

Concussions are occurring at alarming rates in the United States and have become a serious public health concern. The CDC estimates that 1.6 to 3.8 ...

Importance of Jumping Ability in Handball Throwing Speed and Accuracy

Throwing the ball to score a goal in handball is a critical action for success in offensive play. Speed and accuracy are two determining factors for successful throws. While there is substantial research on the importance of these factors, discrepancies exist regarding their relationship. This study aims to analyze the impact of jumping ability on throwing speed and accuracy across different competitive levels in handball. Thirty-five male handball players were recruited from amateur and professional levels. Jumping ability was assessed and throwing speed and accuracy were measured using a high-performance sports radar. Significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) were found between amateur and professional groups in countermovement jump (CMJ) and throwing speed jump. The comparative analysis revealed significant differences in throwing speed and in correct and incorrect throws, with large to very large effect sizes. Pearson's r correlation indicated significant correlations between throwing speed jump and CMJ, countermovement jump left (CMJL), and countermovement jump right (CMJR), and between throwing speed deficit and CMJL in the total sample. The results show that professional handball players exhibit higher throwing accuracy and speed compared to amateurs. Throwing speed and accuracy are positively correlated with performance in male handball players.

The study examined the influence of jumping ability on throwing speed and accuracy in 35 male handball players. Professional players demonstrated superior accuracy and speed compared to amateurs. Jumping ability was identified as a robust predictor of competitive level and exhibited a positive correlation with throwing performance.

跳跃能力对手球投掷速度和准确性的重要性

Throwing the ball to score a goal in handball is a critical action for success in offensive play. Speed and accuracy are two determining factors for ...

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals

Reliable exercise protocols are required to test changes in exercise performance in elite athletes. Performance improvements in these athletes may be small; therefore, sensitive tools are fundamental to exercise physiology. There are currently many exercise tests that allow for the examination of exercise capacity in able-bodied athletes, with protocols mainly for lower-body or whole-body exercise. There is a trend to test athletes in a sport-specific setting that closely resembles the actions that the participants are used to performing. Only a few protocols test short-term, high-intensity exercise capacity in participants with an impairment of the lower body. Most of these protocols are very sport-specific and are not applicable to a wide range of athletes. One well-known test protocol is the 30 s Wingate test, which is well-established in cycling and in arm crank exercise testing. This test analyzes high-intensity exercise performance over a 30 s time duration. In order to monitor exercise performance over a longer duration, a different method was modified for application to the upper body. The 3 min, all-out arm crank ergometer test allows athletes to be tested in a manner specific to 1,500 m wheelchair racing (in terms of exercise duration), as well as to upper body exercises such as rowing or hand-cycling. In order to increase the reliability with identical test conditions, it is crucial to precisely replicate settings such as the resistance (i.e., torque factor) and the position of the participants (i.e., the height of the crank, the distance between the crank and the participant, and the fixation of the participant). Another important issue concerns the beginning of the exercise test. Fixed revolutions per minute are required to standardize the test conditions for the start of the exercise test. This exercise protocol shows the importance of accurate operations to reproduce identical test conditions and settings.

We present a protocol to test the aerobic and anaerobic power of the upper body muscles over a duration of 3 min in able-bodied as well as in paraplegic and tetraplegic individuals. The protocol presents specific modifications in its application for upper-body exercise in individuals with or without disability.

脊髓损伤和健康人员三分钟全能臂曲柄运动试验实验方案

Reliable exercise protocols are required to test changes in exercise performance in elite athletes. Performance improvements in these athletes may be ...

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite of these eccentric hamstring actions are concentric quadriceps actions, where the larger and likely stronger quadriceps straighten the knee. Therefore, to stabilize the lower limbs during movement, the hamstrings must eccentrically combat against the strong knee-straightening torque of the quadriceps. As such, eccentric hamstring strength expressed relative to concentric quadricep strength is commonly referred to as the &#34;functional ratio&#34; as most movements in sports require simultaneous concentric knee extension and eccentric knee flexion. To increase the strength, resiliency, and functional performance of the hamstrings, it is necessary to test and train the hamstrings at different eccentric speeds. The main purpose of this work is to provide instructions for measuring and interpreting eccentric hamstring strength. Techniques for measuring the functional ratio using isokinetic dynamometry are provided and sample data will be compared. Additionally, we briefly describe how to address hamstring strength deficiencies or unilateral strength differences using exercises that specifically focus on increasing eccentric hamstring strength.

The hamstrings are a group of muscles that are sometimes problematic for athletes, resulting in soft tissue injury in the lower limbs. To prevent such injuries, functional training of the hamstrings requires intensive eccentric contractions. Additionally, hamstring function should be tested in relation to quadricep function at different contraction speeds.

肌肉失衡: 运动人群功能性偏心肌筋强度的检测与训练

Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite ...

根据彻底的跳跃协议进行的主观和客观恢复特征的非侵入性评估

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

运用金本位步态分析法评估下肢慢跑和跑步时的低肢力学经验效应

肌肉骨骼超声成像的一种新应用

游泳运动员心肺评估的快速递增的绑带游泳最大协议

一种表征姿势反应的仪器拉力测试

一种基于惯性测量单元的方法，以评估场上团队运动运动员的臀部和膝盖关节运动学

多模式的方法来评估恢复的青少年运动员脑震荡之后

一个神经科学方法脑震荡的学生运动员的考试

跳跃能力对手球投掷速度和准确性的重要性

脊髓损伤和健康人员三分钟全能臂曲柄运动试验实验方案

肌肉失衡: 运动人群功能性偏心肌筋强度的检测与训练

根据彻底的跳跃协议进行的主观和客观恢复特征的非侵入性评估

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

运用金本位步态分析法评估下肢慢跑和跑步时的低肢力学经验效应

肌肉骨骼超声成像的一种新应用

游泳运动员心肺评估的快速递增的绑带游泳最大协议

一种表征姿势反应的仪器拉力测试

一种基于惯性测量单元的方法，以评估场上团队运动运动员的臀部和膝盖关节运动学

多模式的方法来评估恢​​复的青少年运动员脑震荡之后

一个神经科学方法脑震荡的学生运动员的考试

跳跃能力对手球投掷速度和准确性的重要性

脊髓损伤和健康人员三分钟全能臂曲柄运动试验实验方案

肌肉失衡: 运动人群功能性偏心肌筋强度的检测与训练

多模式的方法来评估恢复的青少年运动员脑震荡之后