/德国科学基金会（DFG）:该作品已被跨区域合作研究中心TRR169"适应性，预测和交互Crossmodal学习"的资助。作者感谢斯蒂芬妮盾对稿件的有益的意见。

<html>实验已通过汉堡医学协会（PV4509）的道德委员会。 1.参加者的选择<ol><li>除了标准的选择标准，如健身的疼痛刺激，头部植入物或预先存在的神经系统疾病，确保参与者不是从急性或慢性疼痛的，都没有服用任何止痛药，而且没有已知的药物滥用史。参与者也应该不会在任何药理研究期间实验前4周采取一部分。 </li><li>包括任何性别的参与者，又照顾到只包括使用激素避孕药13，14，以尽量减少对疼痛感觉周期性变化的影响女性参加。 </li><li>管理任何一种刺激之前，确保参加者以书面形式给出的知情同意。 </li></ol>_title"&gt; 2。脑电图设置<ol><li>选择合适的帽子尺寸，并准备脑电图电极设置按照系统的使用说明书。 </li><li>设置采样率和高/低截止以及录音设备的阻抗限制（建议:500赫兹，0.5赫兹高通滤波器，阻抗&lt;20千欧姆）。 </li><li>确保刺激装置和脑电图设备没有电用电池运行脑电图系统耦合的。 </li><li>确保EEG系统和电脑控制电刺激装置之间的联系是无电势。 </li></ol> 3.电刺激设置<ol><li>为了更好地利用脑电图记录的时间分辨率，保持电刺激越短越好。刺激器设置为与1毫秒的持续时间和400伏最大电压的单一，单相刺激脉冲。如果需要更强烈的疼痛程度，或刺激后的脑电记录的确切时间呢ñOT优先，也可以使用其它刺激方案。 </li><li>确保电刺激器被接通但输出至电极被关闭。为DS7A刺激标记为"输出"的开关，以该装置的正确的应该是在向下位置。 </li><li>找到确定所选择的刺激部位的具有里程碑意义的（S）。对于以手刺激，用拇指和食指（展/拇短屈肌）之间的肌肉。请参与者奠定自己的手放在一个平面上与所有数字伸出和并列。通过平分拇指和食指的第一指关节之间的距离确定的刺激部位。 </li><li>清洁通过施加电极制备凝胶在皮肤上。请务必不要使用酒精或消毒液，这可能会留下残渣在皮肤上，可导致过敏或不可靠的刺激。 </li><li>装上刺激电极，并用编织带的地方固定。 </li><li>问个Ë参与者找到手一个舒适的位置，并尽量不要在实验过程中，动的手，如果可能的。对参加者的方便起见，将手下的软组织，以吸收任何湿度，根据表面的透气性。 </li><li>能由"输出"开关切换到向上的位置的激励器的输出。 </li></ol> 4.确定出发点<ol><li>指导有关如何使用鼠标在屏幕上操作的评定量表的参与者。左半部分代表非疼痛的感觉;右半对应于标准疼痛VAS规模，提供一个范围在一个水平行的形式连续感强度的视觉当量。指出该标尺的绝对中心点不能选择的参与者。提供有关锚点15（ 表1）的标准化的指示的参与者。 </li> &lt;LI&gt;给参与者有机会获得舒适与应用强度不同和记录响应刺激的评级过程。使用在此阶段所收集的信息，以得到一个估计为两个强度一贯唤起强烈但非疼痛感觉（低点）和中度疼痛感觉（高点）表示。继续刺激约25 - 30试验或直到满意已达到良好的预期。在此期间，它可能是有利的，以查询关于强度口头反馈和多次呈现刺激强度的主观相似的参与者。 </li><li>尽量挑选强度随机唤起围绕中心规模的反应。为了获得最佳效果，不要简单地增加或线性降低强度，同时也探索痛苦的一面更极端的末端。这一阶段还应该使参加培训的机会，才能适应潜在的陌生stimulat离子与建立一个一致的评价范围内有一定的参考。由于这个原因，最好是从整个范围的可能刺激强度应用强​​度的同时，也重复一些强度。 </li><li>一旦满意，有两个高点和低点开始强度得到的估计，告知参与者，实验的第一部分是即将开始，他（她）应该保持在额定值的练习，同时随机刺激强度呈现。 </li></ol> 5.确定阈值注:QUEST算法需要估算开始之前，必须指定一些参数。这些参数包括心理功能的陡度（测试版，通常3.5），试验在那里的随机答案预期分数（增量，通常为0.01），且其中虽然无刺激被给予肯定响应甚至预期试验的分数（伽马，没有建议）。贝叶斯estimat离子，预期额定范围之内（SD）和可能的反应（粒）的间距必须指定。对于一个VAS，晶粒应设置为比例（通常为1）的分辨率，和SD应设置得足够大以包括两个秤零点和最大可能的强度加上一些安全余量。这里给出的建议和"典型"的值中详细附带PsychToolbox 6,16的QuestCreate源代码说明。对于在阈值疼痛，至多0.01的伽马值应是合理的。估计方法是在参数设定错误方面相对坚固，但是对于只有几个试验中，未能指定明智参数可能增加最终估算的不确定性的设置。如果标准偏差设置得太低，则程序将具有位于由周围次的标准偏差所跨越的区域之外的问题收敛于估计Ë之前猜测的参数。因此，它在一过大的标准偏差的一侧，而宁可是重要的。 <ol><li>创建具有上面给出的参数的两个QUEST会议。启动一个来自高点强度和一个从低点。有关估计过程的实现逻辑的信息可以在补充材料（S1）被发现。 </li><li>随机选择由相应QuestMean函数给出的两个运行中的一个的探针强度。 </li><li>设置电刺激到探针强度。如果需要应用不同的强度比通过该算法建议或建议的强度超出范围，进料所呈现的强度放回QuestUpdate功能在步骤5.5。 </li><li>触发刺激。 </li><li>参与者已额定的刺激后，运行QuestUpdate用于各个估计会话并提交以及参与者的评级的实际刺激强度供给。 </li><li>继续运行评价试验，直到估计稳定或预定的停止标准（&gt; 40试验）已经达到。 </li><li>记录的平均阈值估计之间既估计运行，从高，低起点出发经QuestMean给出。 </li><li>允许参与者休息在此阶段，如果需要的话。 </li></ol> 6.在刺激阈值水平注意:这是可能的，只要它是可以容忍的参与者以调节等级和块计数您的需求。 <ol><li>通知，对于实验的其余部分，多个块随机刺激将是继参与者，它们应该保持评级之前一样。如果需要的话，刷新上规模锚点的指令。 </li><li>启动脑电图记录。 </li><li>将电刺激器在步骤5.7获得的平均阈值的估计，并保持恒定的设定整个日的休息Ë实验。 </li><li>启动等级块（30次试验），观察脑电图记录的数据质量。根据脑电图数据质量，运行4 - 5块评级，让参与者采取短暂的休息中的块之间。 注意:尝试这些休息时间，保持社会互动与参与到最小或标准化的互动尽可能地。 </li><li>完成后，停止脑电图记录，刺激器输出切换到关闭，并取出电极。取下脑电帽后汇报的参与者。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

在这里，我们使用了好理论上成立QUEST方法能够有效地估计无疼痛和疼痛知觉之间的一个强大的心理门槛。在这道门槛。使用常刺激使独立的刺激变化幅度的感性决策的分析。虽然我们在无害和有毒的感觉结构域之间的转变点检测阈值强度，沿疼痛量表其他点（ 例如，50上的100点疼痛量表）也可以与这里提出的估计方法固定。在这些情况下，护理，必须采取以考虑在整个实验过程中习惯或?...

<html>当进行行为实验涉及人类受试者，其能够精确地控制呈现的刺激的强度是重要的。使用相同强度的刺激所有参与者，但是，将在一些设置引入主观感知的偏差。对于一些感知质量，如疼痛，有在恒定刺激水平1，2感知强度高间和个体内的变化。对于假设等于主观知觉的实验，因此，它是必要的，来匹配参与者主观感觉强度。在阈值电平检查时感知，例如疼痛和非疼痛刺激之间，这也是很重要的。心理物理学的研究已经解决了这些类型的问题了几十年，今天有可实现强大的心理锚复杂的，但易于使用的方法。 ntent"&gt;一个刺激的强度映射到一个单独的感觉幅度的简单，经典方法是阶梯方法3。据此，接连刺激的强度的增加或减少，直到有在参与者的响应有关的变化在主观感觉规模所需的阈值或位置重复的次数这一进程号，产生反转点的合理估计。经典的方法，但是，不能利用包含在每个评价试验的所有信息。这会导致不必要的需要大量的试验，以达到收敛。方法如（线性）回归或函数拟合可能会失败，如果刺激强度和感觉大小之间的关系的假设是错误的或不持有所测试的刺激范围。自适应程序不只产生了一定的主观强度稳健点估计，但这样更有效地做。贝斯LY更长实验，这在很大程度上依赖于阈值或感觉幅度准确的估计，这是必要的心理物理学方法是既坚固的同时有效地相对于所需的试验次数。这是在诸如疼痛研究，其中该总暴露于疼痛刺激应保持尽可能低的参与者的好处尤其重要。 虽然传统的楼梯方法仍然被广泛使用， 例如在定量感觉测试，即更好地利用整个试验获取的信息使用更加先进的估计方法正在稳步增加。在这里使用的最大似然估计法QUEST 4，5的情况下，这可能是由于在流行的Matlab的PsychToolbox 6套件一应俱全实施。这个PR的现代化，修订版ocedure优越于在鲁棒性和低数以足够的估计，如果用正确的设置7用来到达，需要试验的经典估计方法。 在QUEST程序背后的基本原理是，以适应Weibull函数传入数据来刺激强度与感觉大小之间的心理转换模型。对于心理Weibull函数的参数是在由实验者给定部分， 例如 ，函数的陡度或偏移由于假阳性率和响应不一致。沿着强度维感兴趣的参数的定位是通过使用贝叶斯最大似然估计的过程近似。由此，一个概率分布假设在目标参数的位置， 即在阈值强度。鉴于这样的分布的明智之前的假设，该算法将测定T他最翔实强度的参与者应该回应。对于当前实施的程序，这是在现有的概率分布8的平均值。对于每个连续试验中，先验概率分布在本质上是乘以在测试刺激级别的参与者的给定响应的可能性，作为其特征在于由Weibull函数。每个响应将用于不断更新的阈值参数的概率分布的估计。重复这一过程，直到满意估算值产生的。该过程是不是一个简单的回归更有效的，因为它使立即使用所收集的响应，以确定下一个要测试的刺激强度。此外，该过程将具体周围的兴趣点， 例如 ，一个阈值或某些感觉强度探测。从回归这样一个有限的范围内仅使用测试数据将导致一种不稳定估计，使得自适应程序设置里只顾风雨相对较低的号码是可行的更为强劲。 这种强大的心理锚固可以用来测量随时间的疼痛敏感性的变化，痛觉过敏/异常性疼痛的研究或在药物干预镇痛作用调节作用，除其他设置。是能够仅仅两个感觉康体之间的门槛锚刺激的强度另一个有趣的前景是检查对面无痛苦的过渡主观感知疼痛的感觉9，10，11。这种情况是非常有趣的，因为如果疼痛阈已经鲁棒估计，疼痛和无疼痛病症可以在脑电图活动对比，例如，在不改变物理刺激强度12。这允许观测通过检查试验评为痛苦和不痛苦的大脑活动的差异不断地刺激条件下，特定的疼痛感知过程的ervation。 我们将演示如何使用现成的实施自适应估计在PsychToolbox以强劲确定的脑电图实验，其中的痛苦和无痛苦的活动之间的对比检查偏侧的影响，取决于刺激部位个人痛阈。由于刺激强度可以在阈值过程后保持不变，这是没有必要考虑与刺激强度脑电活动共变在随后的分析。

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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">EasyCap electrode cap</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">EasyCap, Woerthsee-Etterschlag, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">CUCHW-58</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">actiCap active Ag/Cl EEG electrode set</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">BrainProducts GmbH, Gliching, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">SuperVisc EEG eletrode gel</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">EasyCap, Woerthsee-Etterschlag, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">V16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">BrainAmp EEG amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">BrainProducts GmbH, Gliching, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BrainAmp Standard</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PsychToolbox-3</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Mario Kleiner / Open Source</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">-</td>
			<td>Available at http://psychtoolbox.org/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">MathWorks, Natick, MA</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Matlab R2015b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">DigiTimer DS7A constant current electrical stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">DigiTimer Ltd., Hertfordshire, United Kingdom</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">DS7A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

psychophysically-anchored, robust thresholding in studying pain-related lateralization of oscillatory prestimulus activity

在知觉的研究，客观地评估提供刺激的平等参与者对面或量化由刺激了多个试验诱发个体内的轰动幅度往往是非常重要的。这需要刺激幅度的健壮映射到感知强度和心理估计方法如楼梯程序通常实现。像对QUEST算法更新，更有效的程序拟合心理功能中的数据实时，而在同一时间最大化的数据收集的效率。痛苦和非疼痛感知之间的阈值强度的鲁棒估计然后可用于减少变化在感觉输入在振荡大脑活动的后续分析的影响。通过在由自适应估计程序确定的常数阈强度刺激，在收视率的方差可直接归因于感知过程。振荡活动然后可以"痛"和"无疼痛"直接试验间对比，产生一个密切涉及伤害感受的知觉分类过程的活性。

使用等级量表分成一半用于非疼痛，另一半为疼痛感觉（ 图1a），恒定的刺激可以通过很多试验中施加而跨过刻度中点仍屈服的评分（ 图1b）。这种方式，在感觉输入的改变可以被避免，评级结果能够直接与相关的疼痛固有感知分类处理。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55228/55228fig1.jpg" /> 图1:...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Psychophysically-anchored, Robust Thresholding in Studying Pain-related Lateralization of Oscillatory Prestimulus Activity at JoVE.com

Psychophysically-anchored, Robust Thresholding in Studying Pain-related Lateralization of Oscillatory Prestimulus Activity

心理物理学方法如QUEST估计过程可以有效地得到刺激强度在该非疼痛感觉过渡到疼痛感觉的鲁棒估计。通过在阈强度刺激反复，排名反应的变化可以直接在随后的分析归因于感性的分类。

在研究疼痛相关振荡Prestimulus活动偏侧Psychophysically锚，乐百氏阈值

In perceptual studies, it is often important to objectively assess the equality of delivered stimulation across participants or to quantify the ...

psychophysically-anchored-robust-thresholding-studying-pain-related

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

6.9K 次观看.  University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf. 心理物理学方法如QUEST估计过程可以有效地得到刺激强度在该非疼痛感觉过渡到疼痛感觉的鲁棒估计。通过在阈强度刺激反复，排名反应的变化可以直接在随后的分析归因于感性的分类。 

视频: Psychophysically-anchored, Robust Thresholding in Studying Pain-related Lateralization of Oscillatory Prestimulus Activity

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as hedonics, motivation, and goal value in more objective ways. This is particularly relevant for the understanding of overeating and obesity as well as their potential treatments. In this paper are described a set of measures of food-related motivation using handgrip force as a motivational measure. These methods can be used to examine changes in food related motivation with metabolic (satiety) and pharmacological manipulations and can be used to evaluate interventions targeted at overeating and obesity. However to understand food-related decision making in the complex food environment it is essential to be able to ascertain the reward goal values that guide the decisions and behavioral choices that people make. These values are hidden but it is possible to ascertain them more objectively using metrics such as the willingness to pay and a method for this is described. Both these sets of methods provide quantitative measures of motivation and goal value that can be compared within and between individuals.

This article describes a set of methods for the measurement of food related motivation and food related goal values in humans.

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as ...

科研

行为学

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.

Gonadal hormones such as estrogen modulate memory formation in a number of experimental paradigms including fear extinction memory. This protocol describes a set of methods for investigating the influence of gonadal hormones specifically during extinction in naturally cycling females, including estrous cycle monitoring and exogenous estrogen administration.

协议在骑自行车自然雌性大鼠学习条件性恐惧灭绝

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that ...

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

双-H迷宫:一个强大的行为测试学习和记忆的鼠害

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that attempt to recognize user activities. Participants performed a pre-determined set of daily living actions within a continuous test circuit that included mobility activities (walking, standing, sitting, lying, ascending/descending stairs), daily living tasks (combing hair, brushing teeth, preparing food, eating, washing dishes), and subtle environment changes (opening doors, using an elevator, walking on inclines, traversing staircase landings, walking outdoors). 
To evaluate WMMS performance on this circuit, fifteen able-bodied participants completed the tasks while wearing a smartphone at their right front pelvis. The WMMS application used smartphone accelerometer and gyroscope signals to classify activity states. A gold standard comparison data set was created by video-recording each trial and manually logging activity onset times. Gold standard and WMMS data were analyzed offline. Three classification sets were calculated for each circuit: (i) mobility or immobility, ii) sit, stand, lie, or walking, and (iii) sit, stand, lie, walking, climbing stairs, or small standing movement. Sensitivities, specificities, and F-Scores for activity categorization and changes-of-state were calculated.
The mobile versus immobile classification set had a sensitivity of 86.30% &#177; 7.2% and specificity of 98.96% &#177; 0.6%, while the second prediction set had a sensitivity of 88.35% &#177; 7.80% and specificity of 98.51% &#177; 0.62%. For the third classification set, sensitivity was 84.92% &#177; 6.38% and specificity was 98.17 &#177; 0.62. F1 scores for the first, second and third classification sets were 86.17 &#177; 6.3, 80.19 &#177; 6.36, and 78.42 &#177; 5.96, respectively. This demonstrates that WMMS performance depends on the evaluation protocol in addition to the algorithms. The demonstrated protocol can be used and tailored for evaluating human activity recognition systems in rehabilitation medicine where mobility monitoring may be beneficial in clinical decision-making.

A standardized evaluation method was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that includes continuous activities in a realistic daily living environment. Testing with a series of daily living activities can decrease activity recognition sensitivity; therefore, realistic testing circuits are encouraged for valid evaluation of WMMS performance.

在日常生活环境评价一个智能手机为基础的人类活动识别系统

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that ...

Assessing Activity-based Anorexia in Mice

Rodents develop activity-based anorexia (ABA) when exposed to a restricted feeding schedule and allowed free access to a running wheel. These conditions lead to a life-threatening reduction in body weight. However, rodents exposed to only one of these conditions ultimately adapt to re-establish normal body weight. Although increased running coupled with reduction in voluntary food intake appear paradoxical under ABA conditions, ABA behavior is observed across numerous mammalian species. 
The ABA paradigm provides an animal model for anorexia nervosa (AN), an eating disorder with severe dysregulation of appetite-behavior. Subjects are singly housed with free access to a running wheel. Each day, the subject is offered food for a limited amount of time. During the course of the experiment, a subject's body weight decreases from high activity and low caloric intake. The duration of the study varies based on how long food is offered daily, the type of food offered, the strain of mouse, if drugs are being tested, and environmental factors.
A lack of effective pharmacological treatments for AN patients, their low quality of life, high cost of treatment, and their high mortality rate indicate the urgency to further research AN. We provide a basic outline for performing ABA experiments with mice, offering a method to investigate AN-like behavior in order to develop novel therapies. This protocol is optimized for use in Balb/cJ mice, but can easily be manipulated for other strains, providing great flexibility in working with different questions, especially related to genetic factors of ABA.

Mice individually housed with a running wheel while given limited access to food develop reductions in food consumption and increase activity on the running wheel. This experimental phenomenon is called activity-based anorexia. This paradigm provides an experimental tool for studying the neurobiology and behaviors underlying aspects of anorexia nervosa.

小鼠活动性厌食症的评估

Rodents develop activity-based anorexia (ABA) when exposed to a restricted feeding schedule and allowed free access to a running wheel. These conditions ...

Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning, a Robust Rodent Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Fear behaviors are important for survival, but disproportionately high levels of fear can increase the vulnerability for developing psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To understand the biological mechanisms of fear dysregulation in PTSD, it is important to start with a valid animal model of the disorder. This protocol describes the methodology required to conduct stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) experiments, a preclinical model of PTSD, in both rats and mice. SEFL was developed to recapitulate critical aspects of PTSD, including long-term sensitization of fear learning caused by an acute stressor. SEFL uses aspects of Pavlovian fear conditioning but produces a distinct and robust sensitized fear response far greater than normal conditional fear responses. The trauma procedure involves placing a rodent in a conditioning chamber and administering 15 unsignaled shocks randomly distributed over 90 minutes (for rat experiments; for mouse experiments, 10 unsignaled shocks randomly distributed over 60 minutes are used). On day 2, rodents are placed in a novel conditioning context where they receive a single shock; then, on day 3 they are placed back in the same context as on day 2 and tested for changes in freezing levels. Rodents that previously received the trauma display enhanced levels of freezing on the test day compared to those that received no shocks on the first day. Thus, with this model, a single highly stressful experience (the trauma) produces extreme fear of the stimuli associated with the traumatic event.

Here we describe the detailed methodology required to conduct stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) experiments, a preclinical model of post-traumatic stress disorder, in both rats and mice. The model utilizes aspects of Pavlovian fear conditioning and freezing as an index of enhanced fear in rodents.

压力增强恐惧学习--创伤后应激障碍的健壮啮齿动物模型

Fear behaviors are important for survival, but disproportionately high levels of fear can increase the vulnerability for developing psychiatric disorders ...

A Visual Guide for Studying Behavioral Defenses to Pathogen Attacks in Leaf-Cutting Ants

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies have described the behaviors connected with disease defense, and the associated use of chemicals and antimicrobials, no common visual reference has been made. The main aim of this study was to record short clips of behaviors involved in disease defense, both prophylactically and directly targeted towards an antagonist of the colony following infection. To do so we used an infection experiment, with sub-colonies of the leaf-cutting ant species Acromyrmex echinatior, and the most significant known pathogenic threat to the ants&#39; fungal crop (Leucoagaricus gongylophorus), a specialized pathogenic fungus in the genus Escovopsis. We filmed and compared infected and uninfected colonies, at both early and more advanced stages of infection. We quantified key defensive behaviors across treatments and show that the behavioral response to pathogen attack likely varies between different castes of worker ants, and between early and late detection of a threat. Based on these recordings we have made a library of behavioral clips, accompanied by definitions of the main individual defensive behaviors. We anticipate that such a guide can provide a common frame of reference for other researchers working in this field, to recognize and study these behaviors, and also provide greater scope for comparing different studies to ultimately help better understand the role these behaviors play in disease defense.

We present a visual guide to disease defense behaviors in leaf-cutting ants, with individual clips and accompanying definitions, illustrated in an experimental infection scenario. Our main aim is to help other researchers recognize key defensive behaviors and to provide a common understanding for future research in this field.

叶切蚁病原体攻击行为防御研究的可视化指南

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies ...

Behavioral Approaches to Studying Innate Stress in Zebrafish

Responding appropriately to stressful stimuli is essential for survival of an organism. Extensive research has been done on a wide spectrum of stress-related diseases and psychiatric disorders, yet further studies into the genetic and neuronal regulation of stress are still required to develop better therapeutics. The zebrafish provides a powerful genetic model to investigate the neural underpinnings of stress, as there exists a large collection of mutant and transgenic lines. Moreover, pharmacology can easily be applied to zebrafish, as most drugs can be added directly to water. We describe here the use of the 'novel tank test' as a method to study innate stress responses in zebrafish, and demonstrate how potential anxiolytic drugs can be validated using the assay. The method can easily be coupled with zebrafish lines harboring genetic mutations, or those in which transgenic approaches for manipulating precise neural circuits are used. The assay can also be used in other fish models. Together, the described protocol should facilitate the adoption of this simple assay to other laboratories.

This manuscript describes a simple method to measure stress behaviorally in adult zebrafish. The approach takes advantage of the innate tendency that zebrafish prefer the bottom half of a tank when in a stressful state. We also describe methods for coupling the assay with pharmacology.

斑马鱼内生应激研究的行为方法

Responding appropriately to stressful stimuli is essential for survival of an organism. Extensive research has been done on a wide spectrum of ...

Automated Measurements of Sleep and Locomotor Activity in Mexican Cavefish

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep deprivation, and consolidated periods of behavioral immobility. The Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus (A. mexicanus), is a model for studying trait evolution in response to environmental perturbation. A. mexicanus exist as in eyed surface-dwelling forms and multiple blind cave-dwelling populations that have robust morphological and behavioral differences. Sleep loss has occurred in multiple, independently-evolved cavefish populations. This protocol describes a methodology for quantifying sleep and locomotor activity in A. mexicanus cave and surface fish. A cost-effective video monitoring system allows for behavioral imaging of individually-housed larval or adult fish for periods of a week or longer. The system can be applied to fish aged 4 days post fertilization through adulthood. The approach can also be adapted for measuring the effects of social interactions on sleep by recording multiple fish in a single arena. Following behavioral recordings, data is analyzed using automated tracking software and sleep analysis is processed using customized scripts that quantify multiple sleep variables including duration, bout length, and bout number. This system can be applied to measure sleep, circadian behavior, and locomotor activity in almost any fish species including zebrafish and sticklebacks.

This protocol details the methodology for quantifying locomotor behavior and sleep in the Mexican cavefish. Previous analyses are extended to measure these behaviors in socially-housed fish. This system can be widely applied to study sleep and activity in other fish species.

墨西哥河鱼睡眠和睡眠活动的自动测量

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep ...