这项审查是没有资金支持。我们感谢 Sanypet力量党10 USA公司佛罗里达州奥兰多市，为美国提供亲切本研究中使用的ND。

的协议进行了检查，并通过前，在研究开始时的兽医伦理审查委员会批准。在动物研究中ARRIVE准则的建议进行了协商，并考虑21-25。 1.狗选择和食物补充<ol><li>选择不同的品种的24犬（平均年龄和体重±标准差:2.9±0.3岁，32.01±1.17公斤; 14男性，女性10）的行为障碍的明显的临床症状，如焦虑，缺乏自信，不规则的生物节律，反应性，活化，烦躁不安，警觉性，并不断探索环境。 </li><li>随机分为动物分成两组，并把每到一个215278平方英尺的单框。按照制造商的指示，给予标准膳食的适当剂量（SD，N = 12）或营养饮食（ND中，n = 12）10天，根据动物（ 表1）的权重。 </li&gt; <li>完整的狗两个兽医检查之前（T0）和（T1）的治疗后10天。 </li></ol> 2.行为症状获取和评分<ol><li>有一个认证的兽医行为比分行为（标记，焦虑，缺乏自信，不规则的生物节律，反应性，激活，烦躁，紧张，环境的探索和注意力要求）和临床（头皮屑，发痒，同花顺，脂溢性皮炎，皮毛不透明度，呕吐，腹泻，胀气，流泪和肛门囊饱食），每只狗的条件。 <ol><li>对于每一个狗，凝聚了比分前后10天的评估后如下:1 =没有症状; 2 =症状温和的存在; 3 =显着的症状出现。 </li><li>在评估结束总结，对于每个症状，各组的前和后10天的狗的分数。上绘制统计软件中的数据。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.传感器<ol><li>确保该领不是传感器的最佳拟合更宽超过30毫米。 </li><li>使用在第3及4所概述的程序，评价与时间的行为变化花费活性和在休息之前，并与特定的饮食治疗后。 </li></ol> 4.传感器设置<ol><li>打开本机底部的Micro USB帽和使用所提供的传感器连接到电脑的USB 1X / 2.0端口或具有U 2级/有限电源电缆SB输出。当一个LED开始闪烁，电荷传感器，至少90分钟。 </li><li>下载并从网上商店安装专门的免费移动应用程序。 </li></ol> 5.活动监测与分析<ol><li>插入一个无线路由器和专用的Wi-Fi基站的插头分成两个不同的插座。等到路由器准备以及Wi-Fi基站开始闪烁。 </li><li>在移动设备上启用蓝牙，并确保它是连接到互联网。 </li><li>打开该应用并注册。然后，点击"添加新的狗"，并按照以下步骤操作。 <ol><li>把狗的照片，并提供它的名字。 </li><li>适当地设置性别，年龄，体重，绝育状态，和狗的位置。 </li><li>设置初级和狗的二次品种。 </li><li>选择，如果适用的话，过敏（皮肤，耳朵等 ），关节炎，脑衰老，癌症，糖尿病，心脏疾病，或过度我们的存在飞行。 </li><li>选择三个可用的生活方式之一，与它们各自分，根据个人的要求（平均1，2.活动，或3奥海）。 注:根据狗的年龄，每一个生活方式的点会发生变化。鉴于此评价的目的是减少多动和狗的应力，第一生活方式，"平均"，被设定为最终的目标达成。 </li><li>塔上的"Wi-Fi基站"，然后在"对的基站"将传感器连接到Wi-Fi基站。等到单词"FitBark"出现下面的"对基站"。 </li></ol></li><li>剪辑充电感应到狗的项圈。 </li><li>重复步骤每只狗4.3到4.4。 </li></ol> 6.树皮录音<ol><li>在研究开始时确定一个数字录音机到每个盒子的壁。 </li><li>开始录制树皮活动。 <ol><li>每天，一前cquiring新的数据，通过与记录器一起提供一个可伸缩的USB连接器的装置中的数字语音记录器连接到计算机。 </li><li>具有语音数据的文件夹从设备拖动到计算机，并用当前日期命名。 </li></ol></li><li>重复步骤6.2.1 - 每天10天6.2.2。 </li><li>在评估的端变换（以s）记录树皮时间。前和后10天总结树皮时间为每个组。上绘制统计软件中的数据。 </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

SD和ND两个市售的饮食能完全满足对于蛋白质，碳水化合物，和根据用于完整和互补宠物食品的营养指导方针的脂肪含量的建议。然而，在ND，营养物质，如石榴 （0.0457％）， 缬草 （0.026％）， 迷迭香 （0.000044％），椴树属（0.0635％），茶提取物（0.031％），和L-色氨酸（0.0329％），增加了。值得注意的是，这个临床评价是由以前微不足道的评价，其中2只具有明显的行为症状主要归因于广泛性焦虑后ND补充3天的表现显著改善的启发。在这里，我们成功地使用了相同的ND 24狗呈现行为症状主要归因于广泛性焦虑。 发生在该协议的唯一关键的一步是有关Wi-Fi连接。在几类Boxes，传感器信号没有达到Wi-Fi站，因此并没有提供关于狗的活动的任何数据。因此，一个Wi-Fi范围扩展器是用来完全覆盖那些箱子和Wi-Fi站之间的距离。许多研究已经完成，以验证为宠物44和人类46-54小，重量轻，运动感应的加速度计是有用的。在此临床评估中使用的传感器呈现相对于使用摄像机55,56，的金标准方法有一些限制，如从焦虑有关一个缺少在从睡眠和一般运动判别剩余活性特异性。另一方面，传感器允许容易和快速检测的运动，以及由移动电话应用的方法来监测每日的改进的能力。此外，相对于其它市售设备，此新的传感器具有较低的重量和价格，可通过任何重量的狗佩戴，并具有一长期（〜14天）的电池寿命。此外，由于Wi-Fi站的，它不需要业主，而它正在注册的改善57-59接近狗。事实上，随着产品公司的网站上注册后，该站可以收集并存储可以看出无论是在计算机或移动设备上的信息，甚至在很长的距离（ 即超出了蓝牙和Wi-Fi覆盖范围）。这种传感器可能的进一步应用将是过度运动的受分离焦虑47-54，异常重复性的行为60，或61猝睡症一次独自留在家中的狗进行监控。 我们的研究结果铺平道路管理与行为症状的狗主要归因于广泛性焦虑症不同的短期办法的方式，让业主重新建立与狗相互依恋关系。总之，更好的了解狗的行为，都是由宠物主人，并能够识别相关的广泛性焦虑行为和临床症状行为的专家，可能会与特定的饮食，以确保动物一个更好的生活质量结合。

狗通常被认为是最忠实的家养动物与人类居住。他们往往被认为是家庭成员的行为变化被视为严重关切，特别是当这些变化威胁他们的人身安全和福祉一般1。因此，佐剂的开发方法，以共同治疗缓解犬行为障碍将有助于家庭改善他们的狗的生活质量，避免不必要的现象如狗遗弃和安乐死2。大多数这些行为障碍的是有关引起的应力焦虑，没有适当的干预1,3焦虑可能变得病态。 据推测，在狗焦虑症不仅受到显著生活的变化，而且还由慢性或创伤后的应力，可以改变它们的体内平衡，并可以因此导致适应ð引起isorders 1,3。这项研究是基于行为障碍主要归因于广泛性焦虑的临床评价。这种疾病的典型临床症状包括不变或增加的反应，身体和环境的探索，激活，警觉性和过度吠叫;这也常常会影响狗和业主1,4,5之间的社会互动。诱发因素可能是内在的，如遗传，或外在的，如环境刺激1,6。事实上，上述的临床症状可以即使没有触发环境刺激变得频繁。在这个意义上，这些因素的起源研究成为正确的诊断和随后的治疗至关重要。 广泛性焦虑最常见的治疗方法依靠counterconditioning和脱敏技术，其中所述狗学会如何表现一度面临引起焦虑，或在药理学Appro公司的刺激基于抗焦虑药物管理局7 ACH。基于这些考虑，受的行为障碍，主要归因于广泛性焦虑24只狗接受一个counterconditioning和脱敏行为疗法与10天营养品饮食组合。所述饮食包括鱼蛋白，大米碳水化合物， 石榴，缬草，混合式的迷迭香，椴属，茶提取物和L-色氨酸，用omega - 3:-6比为1:0.8。文献报告清楚地证明了P.石榴被用于治疗慢性焦虑和失眠1,8，而缬草是用于轻度睡眠障碍和神经紧张9,10。此外，抗焦虑和抗抑郁作用已迷迭香后观察巴戟 11-14和椴属15,16的消耗。 L-茶氨酸的茶成分之一，已经显示出发挥作用OLE减轻压力和慢性焦虑17,18降低心脏速率。相反，许多研究报告的焦虑，情绪和抑郁症状L-色氨酸消耗和/或ω-3缺乏19,20之后的发作。 广泛性焦虑行为和临床症状，包括标记，焦虑，缺乏自信，不规则的生物节律，反应性，激活，烦躁，紧张，环境的探索，身体的探索，关注需求，头皮屑，发痒，同花顺，脂溢性皮炎，皮毛不透明度，呕吐，腹泻，胀气，流泪和肛门囊饱食，也进行了评估。大多数的这些症状伴随着诱发狗花费更多的时间清醒，活跃的，而不是在休息或睡觉的迹象。因此，活动和评估前后各有狗花了休息时间进行了评估。连续监测活动的每日改进和休息时间，市售的传感器，将其固定于狗和连接到移动电话或到Wi-Fi站的套环，使用。

<table><tbody><tr><td>FitBark Activity monitor</td><td>FitBark Inc.</td><td></td><td>Sensor</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;FitBark Wi-Fi Base Station</td><td>FitBark Inc.</td><td>7002</td><td>Wi-Fi Base Station</td></tr><tr><td>FORZA10 Behavioral Diet 6lbs</td><td>Forza10 USA Corp</td><td>E0030922007</td><td>Nutraceutical diet</td></tr><tr><td>M5, 3G Mobile Wi-Fi&amp;nbsp;</td><td>TP-LINK</td><td>M5250</td><td>Router</td></tr><tr><td>SmartBox</td><td>Laika</td><td></td><td>215,278 sq ft Dog box</td></tr><tr><td>Recorder</td><td>Olympus</td><td>WS-831</td><td>Voice recorder</td></tr></tbody></table>

behavioral disturbances: an innovative approach to monitor the modulatory effects of a nutraceutical diet

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, the traditional ways to monitor behavioral changes in dogs are complicated and not efficient. In the current clinical evaluation, a new, simple monitoring system was used to assess the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the intense and restless activity of 24 dogs of different ages and breeds. This protocol describes how to easily and rapidly evaluate improvement in a set of symptoms related to generalized anxiety by using a specific sensor, a mobile phone app, a wireless router, and a computer. The results showed that dogs treated with specific diets showed significant improvement in the times spent active and at rest after 10 days (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively). These dogs also showed an overall significant improvement in clinical and behavioral symptoms. A specific sensor, along with its related hardware, was demonstrated to successfully monitor behavioral changes relating to movement in dogs.

表1示出营养饮食的由制造商建议的每日量。在图1中 ，每日平均活动和休息时间由属于在评估期间的SD和ND组狗花费被示出。例如，在ND组中观察后第10天从7,343±611.7一个T0值的5093±526.5的T 1值的显著减少，而在SD组中观察到（ 图1A，* P &lt;0.05无显著差异）。相反，日平均休息时间显著从7.6±0.3小时的T 0值后10天增加至在ND组中9.5±0.3 h的T1值（** P &lt;0.01），而在未观察到显著差异SD组（ 图1B）。 关于行为症状，减少平均标记强度从2.50至2.41，在属于ND组犬观察，而在那些属于SD组（ 图2A）中没有观察到差异。相反，焦虑，缺乏自信，和不规则生物节律显示在属于ND组狗显著降低，从2.50±0.19 T0值到1.16±0.11的T 1值（*** P &lt;0.001， 图2B） ，从2.08±0.28 T0值到1.17±0.12的T 1值（ 图2C，* p &lt;0.05），和从2.08±0.28 T0值至1.08±0.08（ 图2D的T 1值，** p &lt;0.01），分别为。在各个SD组中没有观察到显著差异。此外，反应性，激活，烦躁，紧张，环境探测，关注需求平均强度显示ND后补充显著减少。特别是，从反应的2.16±一个T0值下降0.27 1.25±0.13的T1值（ 图2E，** P &lt;0.01），活化从2.25±0.25 T0值下降到1.33±0.14的T1值（ 图2F，* P &lt;0.05），减少烦躁从2.66±0.18 T0值1.66±0.22的T1值（ 图2G，** p &lt;0.01），警觉从2.50±0.19一个T0值下降到1.66±0.22（ 图2H，*一个T1值p &lt;0.05），环境探索从2.33±0.18 T0值下降1.66±0.22（ 图2I的T1值，** p &lt;0.01），并注意从需求的2.24±0.15 T0值下降到T1 1.55±0.21的值（ 图2J，* p &lt;0.05）。各个SD组中没有观察到显著差异。 在图3中的临床症状在属于SD和ND基，之前（T0）和后10天评估期间（T1）的狗的平均强度，示出。头皮屑从2.33±0.14 T0值显著下降至1.08±0.08的T1值（ 图3A，*** P &lt;0.001）。此外，发痒，同花顺，皮脂溢出和毛皮不透明显著从2.08±0.26 T0值下降到1.04±0.05 T1值，从2.11±0.24 T0值的1.16±0.11 T1值，从T0的2.35±0.25到1.33±0.14的T 1值的值，从2.22±0.13 T0值的1.41±0.15，分别的T 1值（ 图3B-E，* p &lt;0.05）。观察到呕吐，腹泻，胀气，流泪和肛门囊饱食的分数，从2.75±0.10 T0值显著下降至1.58±0.17（ 图3F，*一个T1值类似的趋势P &lt;0.001），从2.69±0.12 T0值至2.06±0.19（ 图3G的T 1值，* P &lt;0.01），从1.75±0.13 T0值至1.25±0.13（ 图3H的T 1值* p &lt;0.05），从2.16±0.11 T0值1.32±0.03（ 图3I的T 1值，* p &lt;0.05），和从2.28±0.12 T0值到1.30±0.14的T 1值（ 图3J，* p &lt;0.01），分别。在属于SD一群狗没有观察到显著差异。 图4示出由属于前（T0），在SD和ND基和评价期间（T1）之后狗叫声花费的平均时间。在ND组观察10天后从180.21±15.35 T0一个值的76.02±7.22 T1值A显著下降。无显著差异表外实体RVED的SD小组。 利用图表和统计软件对数据进行分析。所有数据表示为±平均值的标准误差，并使用达戈斯蒂诺皮尔森正态测试被首先检查常态。采用双向ANOVA检验接着Tukey多重比较检验评估期间在活动，休息和吠叫时间以及症状的差异进行分析。 P &lt;0.05被认为是显著。 值得注意的是，在研究开始时，各狗被自动地被移动应用软件分配根据体重，年龄，和繁殖以实现期望的日常活动。治疗后，属于ND组所有的狗表现出的平均每日活性显著降低（P &lt;0.05）相对于SD组，这甚至低于预期，以及随之而来的在平均每天休息时间显著增加（P &lt;0.01）。这些结果也很好地随之临床症状和体征（ 图2 - 3）相关，这表明显著改善以及在吠叫时间显著减少（ 图4，P &lt;0.001）。两者合计，所有这些考虑加强改善广泛性焦虑共同行为疗法的结果的ND的功效。这些结果也与我们最近的一篇论文，其描述在缓解一些的临床症状，如头皮屑，发痒，冲洗，腹泻和胀气，已全部被考虑在本研究中一个类似的习惯的功效协议26。 还值得一提的是，临床症状也可能是整体炎症状态的表现形式，与随之而来的氧化应激失衡。炎还已知向焦虑症的病因，抑郁27和神经递质的活动28。在这个意义上，我们最近发现特定的化合物，土霉素，作为能够触发炎性病症的可能剂在体外 29,30 和体内 31,32。土霉素属于一种四环素类，这是在精养（ 例如，家禽30，家畜33，和水产养殖34）的最广泛和合法使用抗生素由于其低成本和高功效35。不幸的是，土霉素也有富含钙的组织如骨和齿36的高亲和性，并且可以保持固定在处理的动物中长时间，甚至尊重停药时间30。另外，宠物食品的生产依赖于肉（主要是家禽）的副产物，这是机械分离37。这种分离摹enerates骨基于膳食轴承土霉素残基中存在的市售饲料（罐头，半湿润，干燥），在20 - 30％，可以在宠物的身体内蓄积。 关于ND基，这是合理的假设的所有临床症状的平均得分强度减少是这样的营养物质的石榴 38， 缬草 39， 迷迭香抗炎和抗氧化作用的结果巴戟 40，椴属41，茶提取物42，和多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的膳食中存在。例如，多不饱和脂肪酸已经显示调节注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患者和攻击性的犬43行为症状。这些狗具有较低二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）水平比正常，以及更高的ω-6:ω-3的比例<suP&gt; 44,45。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54878/54878fig1.jpg" /> 图 1。 ND减少活动时间和狗增加休息时间。狗的日平均活动（A）和休息时间（B）的示意图前（T0）后（T1），SD和ND补充10天（** P &lt;0.01）。误差棒为±平均值的标准误差。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54878/54878fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54878/54878fig2.jpg" /> 图 2。 ND改善受影响犬的行为障碍。平均的示意图得分behavi的强度<html>在狗中口服症状之前（T0）和之后（T1）SD和ND补充10天。 （A）标记。 （B）焦虑（*** P &lt;0.001）。 （C）踌躇（* P &lt;0.05）。 （D）不规则的生物节律（** P &lt;0.01）。 （E）反应性（** P &lt;0.01）。 （F）激活（* P &lt;0.05）。 （G）易怒（** P &lt;0.01）。 （H）机敏（* P &lt;0.05）。 （一）环境探测（** P &lt;0.01）。 （J）注意要求（** P &lt;0.01）。误差棒为±平均值的标准误差。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54878/54878fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <html> 78fig3.jpg"/&gt; 图 3。 ND改善受影响狗的临床症状。平均值的示意图。比分之前（T 0）在狗的临床症状的强度和10天后（T1）SD和ND补充（A）的头皮屑（*** P &lt;0.001）。 （B）痒（* P &lt;0.05）。 （C）同花顺（* P &lt;0.05）。 （D）皮脂溢出（* P &lt;0.05）。 （E）毛皮不透明度（* P &lt;0.05）。 （F），呕吐（*** P &lt;0.001）。 （G），腹泻（** P &lt;0.01）。 （H）胀气（* P &lt;0.05）。 （Ⅰ）流泪（* P &lt;0.05）。 （J）肛门囊饱食（** P &lt;0.01）。误差棒为±平均值的标准误差。NK"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54878/54878fig4.jpg" /> 图 4。 ND降低了树皮的时间在补充狗。的平均时间示意图前花（T0）后（T1），SD和ND补充（*** P &lt;0.001），10天狗叫声。误差棒为±平均值的标准误差。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54878/54878fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"> 每日率 </td></tr><tr><td>重量（kg） </td><td>量（g） </td></tr><tr><td> 1 - 10 </td><td> 30 - 180 </td></tr><tr><td> 11 -20 </td><td> 190 -300 </td></tr><tr><td> 21 - 35 </td><td> 310 - 455 </td></tr><tr><td> 36 - 50 </td><td> 465 - 595 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表 1。食品的每日金额提供给了狗。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Disturbances: An Innovative Approach to Monitor the Modulatory Effects of a Nutraceutical Diet at JoVE.com

Behavioral Disturbances: An Innovative Approach to Monitor the Modulatory Effects of a Nutraceutical Diet

We report a simple approach to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the daily activity and clinical and behavioral symptoms of dogs with evident behavioral disturbances.

行为障碍:一个创新的方法来监控保健品饮食的调节作用

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, ...

behavioral-disturbances-an-innovative-approach-to-monitor-modulatory

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.8K 次观看.  “G. d’Annunzio” University. We report a simple approach to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the daily activity and clinical and behavioral symptoms of dogs with evident behavioral disturbances.

视频: Behavioral Disturbances: An Innovative Approach to Monitor the Modulatory Effects of a Nutraceutical Diet

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to this multifactorial disorder is the consumption of a high fat diet, a behavior that has been shown to increase both caloric intake and body fat content. However, the elements regulating preference for high fat food over other foods remain understudied.
To overcome this deficit, a model to quickly and easily test changes in the preference for dietary fat was developed. The Fat Preference model presents rats with a series of choices between foods with differing fat content. Like humans, rats have a natural bias toward consuming high fat food, making the rat model ideal for translational studies. Changes in preference can be ascribed to the effect of either genetic differences or pharmacological interventions. This model allows for the exploration of determinates of fat preference and screening pharmacotherapeutic agents that influence acquisition of obesity.

Dietary fat content influences both energy intake and body fat composition in mammals. By examining rats&#8217; preference for high fat food in a series of choice experiments, it is possible to test genetic differences and pharmacological interventions on their preference for high fat food.

脂肪偏好：饮食行为的一种新模型大鼠

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

科研

行为学

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

为远程沉默的神经活动在鼠害的方法在学习独立的阶段

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

Using the Activity-based Anorexia Rodent Model to Study the Neurobiological Basis of Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A challenging illness to treat, due to the lack of understanding of the underlying neurobiology, AN has the highest mortality rate among psychiatric illnesses. To address this need, neuroscientists are using an animal model to study how neural circuits may contribute toward vulnerability to AN and may be affected by AN. Activity-based anorexia (ABA) is a bio-behavioral phenomenon described in rodents that models the key symptoms of anorexia nervosa. When rodents with free access to voluntary exercise on a running wheel experience food restriction, they become hyperactive &#8211; running more than animals with free access to food. Here, we describe the procedures by which ABA is induced in adolescent female C57BL/6 mice. On postnatal day 36 (P36), the animal is housed with access to voluntary exercise on a running wheel. After 4 days of acclimation to the running wheel, on P40, all food is removed from the cage. For the next 3 days, food is returned to the cage (allowing animals free food access) for 2 hr daily. After the fourth day of food restriction, free access to food is returned and the running wheel is removed from the cage to allow the animals to recover. Continuous multi-day analysis of running wheel activity shows that mice become hyperactive within 24 hr following the onset of food restriction. The mice run even during the limited time during which they have access to food. Additionally, the circadian pattern of wheel running becomes disrupted by the experience of food restriction. We have been able to correlate neurobiological changes with various aspects of the animals&#8217; wheel running behavior to implicate particular brain regions and neurochemical changes with resilience and vulnerability to food-restriction induced hyperactivity.

Here we present a protocol to induce activity-based anorexia (ABA) in female adolescent mice. ABA is a condition of hyperactivity evoked by imposing food restriction on rodents with access to a running wheel. This phenomenon is being used as a model to study the underlying neurobiology of anorexia nervosa.

使用基于活动的厌食症啮齿动物模型来研究神经性厌食症的神经生物学基础

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A ...

An Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Instigating Depressive Symptoms, Behavioral Changes and Negative Health Outcomes in Rodents

Chronic, unresolved stress is a major risk factor for the development of clinical depression. While many preclinical models of stress-induced depression have been reported, the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) protocol is an established translationally-relevant model for inducing behavioral symptoms commonly associated with clinical depression, such as anhedonia, altered grooming behavior, and learned helplessness in rodents. The UCMS protocol also induces physiological (e.g., hypercortisolemia, hypertension) and neurological (e.g., anhedonia, learned helplessness) changes that are clinically associated with depression. Importantly, UCMS-induced depressive symptoms can be ameliorated through chronic, but not acute, treatment with common SSRIs. As such, the UCMS protocol offers many advantages over acute stress protocols or protocols that utilize more extreme stressors. Our protocol involves randomized, daily exposures to 7 distinct stressors: damp bedding, removal of bedding, cage tilt, alteration of light/dark cycles, social stresses, shallow water bath, and predator sounds/smells. By subjecting rodents 3-4 hr daily to these mild stressors for 8 weeks, we demonstrate both significant behavioral changes and poor health outcomes to the cardiovascular system. This approach allows for in-depth interrogation of the neurological, behavioral, and physiological alterations associated with chronic stress-induced depression, as well as for testing of new potential therapeutic agents or intervention strategies.

The unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) protocol is a validated method for studying behavioral and physiological changes associated with chronic stress and depressive symptoms. Eight weeks of imposition of the UCMS protocol induces behavioral changes and poor health outcomes in rodents of either gender.

煽动抑郁症状，行为变化和不利健康结果鼠害一个不可预知的慢性轻度应激协议

Chronic, unresolved stress is a major risk factor for the development of clinical depression. While many preclinical models of stress-induced depression ...

Assessing Activity-based Anorexia in Mice

Rodents develop activity-based anorexia (ABA) when exposed to a restricted feeding schedule and allowed free access to a running wheel. These conditions lead to a life-threatening reduction in body weight. However, rodents exposed to only one of these conditions ultimately adapt to re-establish normal body weight. Although increased running coupled with reduction in voluntary food intake appear paradoxical under ABA conditions, ABA behavior is observed across numerous mammalian species. 
The ABA paradigm provides an animal model for anorexia nervosa (AN), an eating disorder with severe dysregulation of appetite-behavior. Subjects are singly housed with free access to a running wheel. Each day, the subject is offered food for a limited amount of time. During the course of the experiment, a subject's body weight decreases from high activity and low caloric intake. The duration of the study varies based on how long food is offered daily, the type of food offered, the strain of mouse, if drugs are being tested, and environmental factors.
A lack of effective pharmacological treatments for AN patients, their low quality of life, high cost of treatment, and their high mortality rate indicate the urgency to further research AN. We provide a basic outline for performing ABA experiments with mice, offering a method to investigate AN-like behavior in order to develop novel therapies. This protocol is optimized for use in Balb/cJ mice, but can easily be manipulated for other strains, providing great flexibility in working with different questions, especially related to genetic factors of ABA.

Mice individually housed with a running wheel while given limited access to food develop reductions in food consumption and increase activity on the running wheel. This experimental phenomenon is called activity-based anorexia. This paradigm provides an experimental tool for studying the neurobiology and behaviors underlying aspects of anorexia nervosa.

小鼠活动性厌食症的评估

Rodents develop activity-based anorexia (ABA) when exposed to a restricted feeding schedule and allowed free access to a running wheel. These conditions ...

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve of food intake, meal duration and rate of eating modeled by a quadratic equation. The purpose of the method is to change eating behavior by providing visual feedback on the computer screen that the subject can adapt to because her/his own rate of eating appears on the screen during the meal. The data generated by the method is automatically analyzed and fitted to the quadratic equation using a custom made algorithm. The method has the advantage of recording eating behavior objectively and offers the possibility of changing eating behavior both in experiments and in clinical practice. A limitation may be that experimental subjects are affected by the method. The same limitation may be an advantage in clinical practice, as eating behavior is more easily stabilized by the method. A treatment that uses this method has normalized body weight and restored the health of several hundred patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders and has reduced the weight and improved the health of severely overweight patients.

Subjects eat food from a plate placed on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal. Feedback on the computer screen allows the subject to adapt her/his eating behavior to reference curves thus normalizing body weight.

用一种新的反馈系统控制进食行为

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve ...

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

高架加迷宫试验结合视频跟踪软件研究外源性生酮类补充剂的毒性作用

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>使用可口的食物获取小鼠模型研究暴饮暴食症

Intermittent Binge-Intake Model in Mice

Obesity affects one in eight individuals globally. Overeating, especially high-calorie foods, plays a significant role in obesity. Binge eating disorder (BED) is a complex condition caused by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. It involves excessive consumption of high-calorie foods in a short period and is often linked to anxiety and cravings.
Here, we present a protocol employing continuous and intermittent access to a new highly palatable food (HPF) -- M&amp;M&#39;s -- to develop a mouse model for investigating binge eating disorder (BED). The HPF, chosen for its high fat and sugar content, represents an optimal food source to study due to its strong palatability, which makes it particularly suited for examining compulsive eating behaviors. Using C57BL/6 mice, we provided continuous or intermittent access to M&amp;M&#39;s while allowing unrestricted access to standard chow and water. By the 8th day, the mice in the intermittent access group exhibited pronounced binge-eating behaviors, which persisted through the 26th day. These mice also consumed significantly more calories -- predominantly from the confectionary -- than those in the continuous access and control groups. The contrast between continuous and intermittent access underscores the critical role of feeding schedules in promoting the overconsumption of palatable foods.
Furthermore, behavioral assessments revealed intermittent access to the HPF-induced anxiety-like behaviors, highlighting the psychological impact of access patterns on both eating behavior and emotional states. By incorporating these two distinct feeding paradigms, this study offers valuable insights into how the availability of highly palatable foods can exacerbate binge-eating tendencies. This model provides a more realistic approach to studying binge-eating behaviors and their metabolic consequences. It highlights the importance of standardized models in biomedical research. Our findings offer insights into the physiological and neural mechanisms underlying BED, which could pave the way for developing effective therapeutic interventions for BED and obesity.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:用于研究暴食症的基于 M&M 的可访问小鼠模型 - 对饮食行为、焦虑和神经机制的见解

A binge-eating model was established in mice using intermittent access to M&amp;M's (a highly palatable food made of fat and sugar). Mice with intermittent access to this high-fat, high-sugar food showed stress-like behaviors, increased caloric intake, and a preference for that food over standard chow compared to mice with continuous or no access to the food.

小鼠间歇性暴饮暴食模型

Obesity affects one in eight individuals globally. Overeating, especially high-calorie foods, plays a significant role in obesity. Binge eating disorder ...

行为障碍:一个创新的方法来监控保健品饮食的调节作用

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小鼠间歇性暴饮暴食模型

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小鼠间歇性暴饮暴食模型