Name: the 4 mountains test: a short test of spatial memory with high sensitivity for the diagnosis of pre-dementia alzheimer's disease
Uploaded: 2016-10-13T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 23 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease at JoVE.com

本次测试的FThe发展是由英国医学研究理事会高级研究奖学金，以支持NB。 TH已获得支持，心理学约克大学系。 所提出的研究由阿尔茨海默氏症的研究英国赠款授予DC支持。 DC由健康研究生物医学研究中心的剑桥研究所的资助。所有的作者想感谢所有的患者和对照组的盛情参与，以及他们各自的机构。

1.参加者的选择标准<ol><li>选择个人谁是不是色盲，具有正常或矫正到正常视力。 </li></ol> 2.测试准备<ol><li>座椅在安静的房间的病人或控制的参与者。 </li><li>确保病人或控制参与者都有眼镜来矫正视力，如果适用。 </li></ol> 3.实践检验<ol><li>指导参与者如下: "在此测试中，你会看到，你应该仔细研究的山地景观的照片。那张照片之后，将通过从视图和照明或天气的不同条件下不同点看到项同类的风景。" "一个的四个画面的显示完全相同的地方如在先前的图象，虽然会从稍微不同视点和照明或天气条件的显示。你的任务是确定该四画面笑的WS同一个地方，你刚刚看到的一个"。 "聚焦场景（山区和其他地理特征的形状和排列）的布局。 "哪个图为先前图像的地方吗？" </li><li>指导学员完成3实践项目。 <ol><li>在必要时这些项目提供口头反馈，拉丝与会者注意刺激的相关特征。 </li><li>在实践阶段，指导参与者要求澄清，如果他们不能确定任务的任何方面，并加强原有的说明根据需要，在进行测试项目之前。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.主要测试<ol><li>告知他们将被给予主要测试，包括有多少问题，预计他们将有多少时间在每个参与者。例如:"现在你要做的主要测试总共有15个问题，一个。ð他们就像那些实践你刚刚完成。我给你一个很短的时间来研究每个图片，然后你必须在其中选择你的答案约20秒。" </li><li>目前该测试项目和记录反应，让参与者对每个项目共30秒。转小册子的网页，以控制刺激呈现和响应的定时。 </li><li>提出样本图像时，开始计时。 </li><li>显示样本图像，持续8秒，然后打开一个空白页（1秒），然后转到页包含响应图像（1秒），然后显示响应图像长达20秒，或直到参与者表示他们的选择。 </li><li>请参与者表示通过指向选定的图像他们的反应。停止计时，当参与者，并取得了他们的选择。 </li><li>记录参与者的响应，并就相应的响应表的响应所用的时间，没有给出反馈关于是否响应是正确与否。 </li></ol> 5.Test评分<ol><li>测试会议结束后，得分正确反应总数（一个简单的原始的总数）。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they do have not competing financial interests.

四山测试（4MT）是非自我中心空间记忆很短的测试，是对参展MCI患者predementia AD敏感。从先前的研究显示，这种测试能够区分以下的AD相关和非AD有关的痴呆18,19 4MT分数MCI患者组之间的显著差异有和没有AD的CSF生物标志物的证据，谁在条款否则匹配人口统计，症状持续时间，病前智商和性能上一般neuropsychometric测试。特别值得注意的是，有在雷伊听觉言语学习测试（RAVLT）性能方面2 MCI组之间无显著差异。该RAVLT是情节记忆的一种广泛使用的测试，被认为对AD的早期诊断敏感性高，引为适用于诊断MCI因公元3认知测试中的一个。 4MT的测试，以检测早期AD的存在的能力是通过进一步说明测试的灵敏度和特异性的措施。 8/15的或低于4MT评分以100％诊断的敏感性和特异性78％为MCI患者发现早期AD有关，就证明了AD的生物标志物的证据。受试者工作特征曲线下的相关领域为0.93。 与海马体积相关（r = 0.42）和与该非自我中心人类空间记忆的楔前相关（r = 0.55），与视点一致的皮层厚度相关4MT分数是由包括海马和楔前一个功能网络升任。任务无功能磁共振成像研究显示，海马和楔前叶表示高度互联的枢纽"默认模式网络"内的支撑空间和情节记忆39,40和最近这次研究的结果都符合这个网络的脆弱性保持到早期AD 41 。 两者合计，得到的结果从涉及与MCI患者和AD几项研究证明的原则是，4MT是predementia AD敏感测试。这一试验的潜在增加值被观测在该最近的工作强调的是，无论海马体积，被认为是AD的生物标志物，或与RAVLT情景记忆的检测，能够使用和不使用的底层证据MCI患者区分广告。涉及4MT进一步较大规模的研究正在进行中，将解决这个研究，涉及到其相对较小的样本大小的主要限制。这些包括纵向研究，评估4MT性能预测MCI转化为痴呆和纵向研究无症状长者，以确定是否受损4MT性能可能预示随后的AD相关的认知衰退的能力。 AD与非AD特异性的研究将解决重测信度问题的病人，而不是控件，我描述n这个文件。 在考试管理的关键步骤 试验是直接施用，但必须小心，以提供准确的指示和实践。特别是，随着任务的试点工作表明，指令的措辞是很重要的，因为识别任务的非自我中心（查看无关）的性质似乎陌生。参与者可以有条款的特质的解释，如"场景"，"图像"，"风景"，但他们也明白那句"同一个地方"，以涵盖不同的观点。在协议中关键的一步是确保指令的这个元素已经从实践发展到测试项目之前的理解。 结果表明，试验是海马病理学，但在原则上有选择地敏感，性能可以通过作为受抑郁或焦虑中，f患者合作，动机和注意力（被也限制或示例），由他们的指示理解和可能被涉及的眼光和非自我中心空间记忆等脑区的损伤。正是因此，测试参与者的动机重要，细心和inclusio /排除标准和相应的措施足以排除业绩不佳替代的解释。 测试修改 该4MT现在被用作衡量的结果为抗AD药物介入研究，施加到前痴呆发病的人。鉴于需要进行反复测试，测试的备用15项形式，考试难度在3项研究中使用的15项测试匹配，已经生成，尽管当前刺激的良好的重测信度。进一步的困难匹配的15项替代版本测试，目前正在以方便日后的纵向研究和T内的多个重复测试开发reatment试验。 上述协议的多个修饰可以通过。在公布的临床研究中，患者和对照具有15项地形存储器测试进行了测试。用于研究目的的任务的其他版本可能是有用的。感性（样本图像保持匹配时可见）和非空间变体（其中参与者匹配纹理，光照和气候条件，而不是空间组织）的任务已被用于与地形存储器10相比这可能使混杂激励或检测感性的问题。与只健康参与者21非临床研究，可以使用一个更有挑战性的30项地形存储器测试。 该技术的局限性 在4MT的成功应用，需要视功能是足够完整的感知测试激励。 在CON包涵体的4MT有这将有利于其作为痴呆前期AD在常规的临床实践的诊断测试使用多种运营优势。具体地，它的简洁，易于给药和非侵入性的性质，允许其在非专业使用，以及专家，临床设置。鉴于这些优点，正在进行的工作正在探索应用这种测试来从社区为基础的存储器诊所和医院门诊部，与长期随访衍生较大患者群，以确定4MT的从MCI预测转换为痴呆的能力的可行性。在4MT电子形式的规定将促进计划的广泛采用这种测试作为临床诊断工具。

阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）是痴呆的最常见的原因，它是现在理解的AD该predementia阶段中存在的临床上沉默的"症状前"的阶段的形式。对症/"前驱"的阶段，其表现是轻度认知障碍（MCI），其中个体表现出认知功能减退（一般为记忆障碍），但保留功能独立性和生活自理1保留活动。 AD的本临床复议反映在当前套诊断标准AD 2,3。 在其predementia阶段的AD的诊断是非常重要的，而不是仅仅为提供最好的临床护理而且在AD的疾病修饰治疗的预计到达的光，因为如果施加在早期阶段这样的治疗可能是最有效的的疾病。这是通过最近反amylo的临床试验中示出ID药物solanezumab;而初步结果未能显示出任何的治疗效果，在试验的患者病情较轻的分组数据的重新评估发现审判的认知终点4显著的效果。 然而，MCI由于AD是很难从MCI的其它原因，其中还包括nonneurodegenerative障碍如焦虑临床区分。有因此需要一种测试，即以AD相关的痴呆不仅敏感，但也无创和适于在常规临床诊断实践广泛使用。后者的要求是针对MCI在人口老龄化的高患病率的关键，用5％的估计患病率- 20％，在英国的人口年龄超过65岁5，其中许多人将参加非专业，以社区为基础，记忆诊所。 目前的测试并不满足这一需求。使用的测试，以检测AD相关性痴呆（如MRI扫描确定全脑或海马萎缩），当应用于AD 6的痴呆预阶段已降低的灵敏度。在简易精神状态检查（MMSE）7在内存临床应用最广泛的认知测试，但不敏感，非特异性，具有较差的预测能力8。基于生物标记的测试，如淀粉样蛋白PET或淀粉样蛋白/ tau的CSF的研究中，在转换到痴呆9的良好的预测，但是侵入性和昂贵的，并且它们的受限制的可用性来选择专科诊所妨碍其在日常临床实践的使用。 4山测试（4MT）10可满足这一需要。该4MT是工作非自我中心的空间记忆（即评估的参与者的从移位的视点召回一系列计算机生成的景观的空间配置的能力），旨在反映在空间认知海马的作用的短测试。科学原理FOr中使用这样的试验是建立在两个原则，既通过广泛的研究的支持。第一个是在海马和相关的内侧颞叶（MTL）结构从AD的最早阶段的影响。对于这方面的证据是从AD的神经病理学研究，其中表明，神经变性在MTL内最初观察得到的，与参与第一内嗅皮质，随后，海马11,12。在这些区域中严重的神经元损失是本即使在临床上明显的AD 13的早期阶段。第二个原则是，海马是极为参与空间记忆。这个问题源自海马神经元的位置有关的发射活动的自由活动大鼠14最初的论证，进而导致海马功能15的"认知地图"的理论。随后的工作表明，人类的海马也有类似的作用，与地方相关ACTIVITY期间将患者的颞叶癫痫16海马神经元手术前记录观察到的，并与涉及空间存储器17的任务期间在功能成像研究海马的激活。 的4MT任务和刺激在Hartley 等人进行了描述。 （2007）10。同样的刺激已在迄今发表的所有18-21后来的研究中被使用。 在4MT每个项目由计算机生成的景观5的图像， 如图1，参与者观看样本图像，然后被要求从4的替代品，其示出从不同的视点相同的地方选择一个目标图像。其余3图像描绘箔的山水地形与目标系统的景观不同。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54454/54454fig1.jpg" /> 图1.四山测试（4MT）（a）所有4MT刺激是基于含有4群山由等高线图所示为一个例子（详情见文）计算机生成heightfields。图像是使用虚拟摄像头放置在指定的7个地点之一渲染。（B）参与者看到他们学习看到四个不同的图像（一个目标显示从不同的角度看同一个地方，和3个箔呈现不同的前一个样本图像位）。他们的任务是确定目标，相应的目标和铝箔图像（目标看左上角）样本图像的（C）例（D）。请注意，所有的图像都在试验相同的比例示出，并且该视点和其它非空间特性样品和测试图像之间的系统性变化。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54454/54454fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请</a>此处查看该图的放大版本。 每一个景观是由相似的地形特征:地平面与小规模的起伏，半圆形山脉（定义每个图像中的地平线），以及各种形状和大小的4突出山区。一个例子被示出为在图1A的轮廓图。从大量的景观被选择的刺激，创建使得每个都有一个明确不同的全球地形内的个别地方功能项之间和靶和铜箔的风景之间共享。用于生成图像箔景观是由样品/目标不同的风景山的形状大小和位置创建。这提供了一组箔共享（程度相似跨项目）局部地形特点，例如，基于内存的局部特征的非空间战略将是无效的。样品和目标图像使用相同的地形绘制但不同的摄像机位置。视点变化的目的是鼓励非自我中心的空间策略（利用这是众所周知的海马结构中存在的空间表示，看到哈特利等人 ，2014年为最近的综述22）和基于自我中心或视觉表现，以阻止策略（这是众所周知的海马结构之外的存在，看到伯吉斯，杰弗瑞＆奥基夫，1999年23）。信息后一种类型是由观点的不可预知的转移打乱了，尤其是一些地形特征是共同的目标和铝箔景观。为了进一步阻止视觉模式匹配策略，照明，景观的颜色和纹理和天气条件的样品和测试图像之间的变化。因此，每个项目包括有一组非空间特征，目标图像描绘了从不同的观点和不同的非空间F中的同一景观样本图像eatures和独特的地形地貌3箔图像，但与目标共享非空间特性。 以下是4MT空间内存性能演示（地点记忆; PM）患者的焦点海马损伤被选择性受损，而空间感（地点感知; PP），非空间记忆和非空间的感知相对幸免10，本次测试应用于患者与老年痴呆症。从独立的研究小组的结果表明，该4MT可以分化AD患者有关的痴呆，不仅从年龄匹配的对照受试者，而且从患者与其他痴呆引起病症18,19。 最近，4MT已经显示出区分MCI患者和无底层的AD生物标志物的证据，说明了作为临床试验predementia 20 AD的潜在效用。作为同一研究的一部分，该4MT被成功地应用到一个MCI病人队列从意大利内存诊所招募，展示了这一试验，设计，是独立于语言的，在不同的临床和文化环境的效用。 本文介绍了4MT方法，并总结了MCI患者的研究，这是由Moodley 等人发表在满是本文的结果。 （2015年）20。在这项研究中，对4MT性能与涉及空间处理，即海马，楔前叶和后扣带回关键脑区的结构的测量进行比较。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Four Mountains Test booklet</td><td></td><td></td><td>Available via Professor Neil Burgess and Dr. Tom Hartley. Test booklet can be assembled using an A4 file or similar.</td></tr><tr><td>Four Mountains Test response sheet</td><td></td><td></td><td>Available via Professor Neil Burgess and Dr. Tom Hartley. Response sheet is used to record participant&#039;s response and response time and to then generate raw totals.</td></tr></tbody></table>

the 4 mountains test: a short test of spatial memory with high sensitivity for the diagnosis of pre-dementia alzheimer's disease

这个协议描述了4山测试（4MT），空间记忆的一个简短的测试，其中记忆的四山计算机生成风景内的地形布局是使用延迟匹配到样品范例测试的的管理。非自我中心空间记忆是通过改变最初提出和目标图像之间的视点，颜色和纹理评估。 非自我中心空间记忆是海马的一个关键功能，最早的大脑区域中的一个来在阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）和海马功能障碍的影响早痴呆的发病。据推测，在4MT性能将有助于predementia AD，其临床表现为轻度认知障碍（MCI）的诊断。 该4MT施加到患者的MCI，分层进一步基于脑脊髓液（CSF）的AD生物标志物的状态（10 MCI标志物阳性，9 MCI生物标记负），并与轻度AD痴呆，以及健康对照。比较测试包括广泛接受早期AD的敏感情节的措施记忆力和注意力测试。行为数据与海马，楔前叶和后扣带回的定量MRI措施相关。 4MT得分两个MCI基（p值= 0.001）之间显著不同，与100％的敏感性和78％的特异性的MCI的阳性AD生物标志物， 即，predementia公元分类相关联的≤8/ 15的测试成绩。 4MT测试成绩与海马体积（r = 0.42）和楔前叶（R = 0.55）的皮质厚度相关。 总之，4MT是有效地识别AD的早期阶段。持续时间短，易于应用和评分，以及4MT有利的心理特性实现对predementia AD一个简单而准确的诊断测试的需求。

这项研究是按照赫尔辛基宣言进行。所有参与者都给予书面知情同意书。来自英国的研究伦理委员会南部东海岸，距离布莱顿和苏塞克斯大学医院NHS信托获得伦理委员会批准（参考10 / H1107 / 23和13 / LO / 0277，分别）。 21 MCI患者被招募的形式认知障碍诊所赫斯渥公园神经中心，海沃兹希思，西萨塞克斯郡，英国。 MCI是根据国际公认的标准1，它指定I）的认知能力下降的主观报告，线人II）认知功能障碍的客观证据上正式测试III）没有痴呆症和IV）保存日常生活和功能的活动证实诊断独立。 客观认知TESTING使用进行要么Addenbrooke的认知考试，修订24或用简易精神状态检查（MMSE）的认知缺陷的皇后广场筛选试验（EK灵顿2003）组合7。作为临床诊断检查的一部分，患者接受临床和实验室评估，以排除认知衰退潜在可治疗的原因，如维生素B12缺乏或甲状腺功能减退。显著脑血管疾病的存在是一个核心的排除标准，作为成像（皮质梗死的存在，广泛和/或融合性白质高信号（WMH）和WMH&gt;直径10mm），和/或证明显著血管病灶负荷哈金斯基缺血性得分&gt; 4 月25日 。患者数据与来自年龄匹配健康对照（HC）的无认知障碍病史和11例轻度AD相关痴呆根据McKhann CRI相比，确诊特里亚26。 该MCI患者组分成MCI的生物标志物阳性（+ MCI VE）和MCI生物标志物阴性（MCI-VE）测试的基础底层AD病理， 即 ，脑脊液β淀粉样蛋白1-42和tau蛋白的生物标志物脑脊液证据分组水平。使用更新的截止分数27测定生物标记物阳性/阴性状态。积极CSF生物标志物的MCI患者的检测（ 即 MCI +已经分组）将履行predementia AD诊断标准，不同地称为前驱AD 2或MCI因公元3。两个MCI患者没有进行CSF测试。 病前智商（全国成人阅读测试，尼尔森和威利森1984）28，情景记忆（雷伊澳元:所有受试者在电池的神经心理测验，其中包括以下认知领域的测试测试itory词语学习测验，RAVLT，雷伊1941）29，注意力和执行功能（连线测验A和B，Reitan 1958）30，执行功能（词汇和语义流畅，顿等人 。1994）31，工作记忆（数字广度，布莱克本和本顿1957年）32和更高的视觉处理（从视觉对象和空间知觉测试对象决策测试）33 MRI扫描，进行基于在临床成像科学中心，布莱顿和苏塞克斯医学院，英国1.5T扫描仪。 T1加权3D体积的MRI数据用一个磁化准备快速采集梯度回波序列获得的，具有1×1×1毫米3体素尺寸，TI = 600毫秒，TE = 4毫秒，TR = 1160毫秒。 2 AD患者和MCI 4例患者无法接受MRI扫描。结构相关性进行了报道，其余的参与者。 34测定，涉及的白灰质迭代重建接口和软脑膜表面，并用非线形变形到一个概率脑图谱后续标记。该Desikan概率脑图谱使用35，且选定（投资回报）感兴趣区域后扣带回和楔前叶，反映了空间认知的推定作用及其在公元36,37早期参与。 总海马体积使用FSL /第一个工具（FMRIB，牛津大学为中心的脑，牛津的功能性磁共振成像，UK）38测量。不是为其他脑区确定的相关性，体现了研究假设。特别是，具有额叶脑相关不计算区域，因为4MT性能不受损的患者与额颞叶痴呆18,19。 所有的研究组（MCI，AD，HC），并在MCI的生物标记分组，在人口（年龄，性别，受教育年限）（ 表1）条款相匹配。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 一个） </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td> HC </td><td> MCI </td><td>广告</td><td rowspan="2"> p </td></tr><tr><td> N = 20 </td><td> N = 21 </td><td> N = 11 </td></tr><tr><td>性别，男:女</td><td> 7:13 </td><td> 15:06 </td><td> 5:06 </td><td> 0.06 </td></tr><tr><td>年龄，年</td><td> 62.6（6.1） </td><td> 68.1（8.9） </td><td> 66.2（8.9） </td><td> 0.1 </td></tr><tr><td>教育，年</td><td> 12.1（1.7） </td><td> 11.7（1.9） </td><td> 12.4（2.2） </td><td> 0.58 </td></tr><tr><td> B） </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td> MCI -ve </td><td> MCI +已经</td><td rowspan="2"> p </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> N = 9 </td><td> N = 10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>性别，男:女</td><td> 7:02 </td><td> 8:02 </td><td> 0.67 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>年龄，年</td><td> 65（9.5） </td><td> 68.1（6.2） </td><td> 0.41 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>教育，年</td><td> 11.6（1.9） </td><td> 12.1（2.1） </td><td> 0.56 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>病程，年</td><td> 3.8（0.44） </td><td> 3.7（0.82） </td><td> 0.8 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> 表1.参与者的人口统计数据 。数据表示为平均（标准差）为A）根据认知状态（HC =健康的对照，MCI =轻度认知障碍，AD分组所有参与者=阿尔茨海默氏病B）MCI患者根据CSF AD生物标志物状态分组。转载，经许可，从Moodley 等 。 （2015年）20。 一般neuropsychometric评估 MCI患者受损的情景记忆（RAVLT;延迟回忆和再认记忆）的测试和执行功能（连线测验A和B）。通过比较，并与他们的诊断分类相一致，AD患者有关的痴呆是在所有认知领域（ 表2）受损。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td colspan="8"> 所有的参与者 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> HC &lt;/ STRONG&gt; </td><td> MCI </td><td> 广告 </td><td> 方差分析 </td><td> HC VS MCI </td><td> HC VS AD </td><td> MCI VS AD </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> PP </td><td> 4.9 </td><td> 4.3 </td><td> 2.8 </td><td> F（2,49）= 16.0 </td><td rowspan="2"> P = 0.1 </td><td rowspan="2"> P &lt;0.001 </td><td rowspan="2"> P = 0.001 </td></tr><tr><td> -0.9 </td><td> -1.2 </td><td> -0.8 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> 下午 </td><td> 11.1 </td><td> 7.6 </td><td> 4.6 </td><td> F（2,49）= 32.0 </td><td rowspan="2"> P &lt;0.001 </td><td rowspan="2"> P &lt;0.001 </td><td rowspan="2"> P = 0.004 </td></tr><tr><td> -2.1 </td><td> -2.7 </td><td> -1.3 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"> MCI参与者 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> HC </td><td> MCI-VE </td><td> MCI +已经 </td><td> 广告 </td><td> 方差分析 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> PP </td><td> 4.9 </td><td> 4.9 </td><td> 3.9 </td><td> 2.8 </td><td> F（3,46）= 13.8 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> -0.9 </td><td> -1.2 </td><td> -0.9 </td><td> -0.8 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> 下午 </td><td> 11.1 </td><td> 9.6 </td><td> 5.8 </td><td> 4.6 </td><td> F（3,46）= 34.3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> -2.1 </td><td> -1.6 </td><td> -2.3 </td><td> -1.3 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"> 两两比较 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> HC VS MCI-VE </td><td> HC VS MCI +已经 </td><td> HC VS AD </td><td> MCIve- VS MCI +已经 </td><td> MCI-VE VS AD </td><td> MCI +已经VS AD </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PP </td><td> P = 1.0 </td><td> P = 0.06 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td><td> P = 0.2 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td><td> P = 0.09 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 下午 </td><td> P = 0.3 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td><td> P = 0.002 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td><td> P = 0.6 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> 对于所有参与者表2 Neuropsychometric数据。Neuropsychometric数据，表示为原始分数，在与英国临床实践neuropsychometric数据，描述为平均值（标准偏差）的报告一致。纳尔特=全国成人阅读测试。 MMSE =迷你精神站TE考试（对照组未执行）。 VOSP-OD =视觉对象和空间概念电池。 RAVLT-DR =雷伊听觉言语学习测试，延迟回忆（表一）。 RAVLT-RP =雷伊听觉言语学习测试识别性能（表一）。转载，经许可，从Moodley 等 。 （2015年）20。 MCI的亚组的直接比较没有透露由获得的考试成绩的任何显著差异MCI-VE和MCI +已经病人，用连线测验"B"（ 表3）除外。有没有在2 MCI组之间的​​情景记忆没有显著差异（RAVLT;延迟回忆和再认记忆）。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td></td><td> MCI-VE </td><td> MCI +已经 </td><td> T（DF） </td><td>未校正p </td></tr><tr><td> MMSE </td><td> 27.6（0.7） </td><td> 27.4（1.3） </td><td> 0.3（17） </td><td> 0.8 </td></tr><tr><td> 纳尔特 </td><td> 116.3（8.0） </td><td> 109.1（11.1） </td><td> 1.5（16） </td><td> 0.2 </td></tr><tr><td> VOSP </td><td> 17（1.7） </td><td> 16.4（2.3） </td><td> 0.6（16） </td><td> 0.5 </td></tr><tr><td> RAVLT-DR </td><td> 2.8（2.7） </td><td> 2.7（1.8） </td><td> 0.1（16） </td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td> RAVLT-RP </td><td> 0.6（0.2） </td><td> 0.6（0.2） </td><td> -0.1（16） </td><td> 0.9 </td></tr><tr><td> 词汇流畅 </td><td> 42.9（9.2） </td><td> 36.9（10.6） </td><td> 1.3（16） </td><td> 0.2 </td></tr><tr><td> 语义流畅 </td><td> 28.6（3.9） </td><td> 27.9（6.7） </td><td> 0.3（16） </td><td> 0.8 </td></tr><tr><tD&gt; 小径 </td><td> 37.3（8.3） </td><td> 43.8（16.2） </td><td> -1.0（16） </td><td> 0.3 </td></tr><tr><td> 步道乙 </td><td> 82.6（24.6） </td><td> 125.0（39.0） </td><td> -2.7（16） </td><td> 0.02 </td></tr><tr><td> 数字跨度 </td><td> 6.9（1.5） </td><td> 6.3（0.8） </td><td> 1.1（16） </td><td> 0.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表3. Neuropsychometric结果MCI患者 。根据表现为原始分数CSF的AD生物标志物的状态（阿尔法= 0.004，调整多重比较）为MCI的患者Neuropsychometric数据，分组，在与英国临床实践neuropsychometric数据，描述为平均值（标准偏差）的报告一致。转载，经许可，从Moodley 等 。 （2015年）20。 4MT性能 <br/&gt;有在性能方面的测试4MT（P &lt;0.001， 表4）研究组之间的差异显著。修正多重比较后，两两组比较发现健康对照组（HC）显著差异和MCI +已经组（P &lt;0.001），HC和AD（P &lt;0.001），MCI-VE和AD（P &lt;0.001），关键的是，MCI之间-VE VS MCI +已经组（p = 0.002）。 HC之间，在下午的考试成绩没有显著差异和MCI-VE（P = 0.3）或2之间MCI + ve和AD组（P = 0.6）。 图显示了个人得分4MT和研究组之间得分的差异。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td colspan="8"> 所有的参与者 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> HC </td><td> MCI </td><td> 广告 </td><td> 方差分析 </td><td><s仲&gt; HC VS MCI </td><td> HC VS AD </td><td> MCI VS AD </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> PP </td><td> 4.9 </td><td> 4.3 </td><td> 2.8 </td><td> F（2,49）= 16.0 </td><td rowspan="2"> P = 0.1 </td><td rowspan="2"> P &lt;0.001 </td><td rowspan="2"> P = 0.001 </td></tr><tr><td> -0.9 </td><td> -1.2 </td><td> -0.8 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> 下午 </td><td> 11.1 </td><td> 7.6 </td><td> 4.6 </td><td> F（2,49）= 32.0 </td><td rowspan="2"> P &lt;0.001 </td><td rowspan="2"> P &lt;0.001 </td><td rowspan="2"> P = 0.004 </td></tr><tr><td> -2.1 </td><td> -2.7 </td><td> -1.3 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"> MCI参与者 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> HC </td><td> MCI-VE </td><td> MCI +已经</td><td>广告</td><td>方差分析</td><td></td><tD&gt; </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> PP </td><td> 4.9 </td><td> 4.9 </td><td> 3.9 </td><td> 2.8 </td><td> F（3,46）= 13.8 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> -0.9 </td><td> -1.2 </td><td> -0.9 </td><td> -0.8 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> 下午 </td><td> 11.1 </td><td> 9.6 </td><td> 5.8 </td><td> 4.6 </td><td> F（3,46）= 34.3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> -2.1 </td><td> -1.6 </td><td> -2.3 </td><td> -1.3 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"> 两两比较 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> HC VS MCI-VE </td><td> HC VS MCI +已经</td><td> HC VS AD </td><td> MCIve- VS MCI +已经</td><td> MCI-VE VS AD </td><td> MCI +已经VS AD </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PP </td><td> P = 1.0 </td><td> P = 0.06 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td><td> P = 0.2 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td><td> P = 0.09 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 下午 </td><td> P = 0.3 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td><td> P = 0.002 </td><td> P &lt;0.001 </td><td> P = 0.6 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> 表4. 4MT成绩 。 4MT分数（刻划出的15），对所有的参与者（顶部）和MCI患者根据CSF的AD生物标志物的状态（中间），用成对比较（底部）进行分组。 HC =健康对照; MCI =轻度认知功能障碍; AD =阿尔茨海默氏病。转载，经许可，从Moodley 等 。 （2015年）20。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54454/54454fig2.jpg" /> 图 2. MCI患者 4MT成绩 。 4MT成绩（得分OU15 T）由CSF AD生物标志物状态分组MCI患者。转载，经许可，从Moodley 等 。 （2015年）20。 4MT的MCI患者区分与AD病理学（ 即 ，MCI-ve和MCI +已经被接收者操作特性曲线（AUC ROC）下的面积所示（ 图3）。测试性能的能力用的的AUC相关联0.93; 8或低于PM得分与100％的敏感性和78％的特异性相关联用于区分的MCI +从MCI-VE个体已经。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54454/54454fig3.jpg" /> 图3显示使用和不使用AD的生物标志物的证据MCI患者的歧视ROC曲线，ROC曲线。 ROC曲线下0.93区域。 相关性4MT和定量MRI数据之间 偏相关开展了对患者的MCI和AD相关的痴呆，年龄和总颅内体积校正。左，右半球之间平均后，发现PM评分和海马体积相关（r = 0.42，P = 0.03，无法存活的0.02校正Alpha阈值）之间，以及下午得分和楔前叶皮质厚度（R =之间显著的关联0.55，p = 0.003）。观察PM得分和后扣带回皮质厚度之间无显著相关（r = 0.19，P = 0.4）。在图4中所提供的这些相关性的散点图。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54454/54454fig4.jpg" /> 图4. 散点图的相关演示具有结构MRI数据。散点图显示出4MT评分和hippocampa之间的相关性升容积（上），所述楔前（中间）的皮层厚度和后扣带回（底部）的所有MCI和AD患者的大脑皮质的厚度。转载，经许可，从Moodley 等 。 （2015年）20。 4MT的稳定性和可靠性的测试 在4MT的心理特性在41名健康对照一个独立的队列进行了评估没有认知功能障碍的症状。参加者重新测试7和初步测试后28天。平均值之间的影响大小得分在基线和7和28天用的是科恩的D统计评估。适度的实践效果在7天（D = 0.35）由28天（D = 0）消除观察到的，这表明有由后者间隔没有可证实的练习效果。 可靠性的高度发现4M之间在基线和复试Ť性能。平均测量组内系数为0.808（95％CI 0.54 -0.918，F23，23 = 5.96，P &lt;0.01）和0.641（95％CI -0.115 - 0.862，F16，16 = 2.49，P &lt;0.05），在7和28 D，分别。在测试得分的平均差异分别为0.71±1.52，并在7和28天0±2.24。 在病人的参与者的稳定性和4MT的可靠性将在即将到来的，较大规模的研究进行评估。

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The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

This article describes the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a hippocampus-dependent test of working allocentric spatial memory. The hippocampus is affected early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this article outlines the 4MT methodology and results of patient testing, which demonstrates the value of the 4MT in the diagnosis of pre-dementia AD.

四山测试:空间记忆的一个简短的测试与高灵敏度的预痴呆诊断阿尔茨海默氏病

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of ...

the-4-mountains-test-short-test-spatial-memory-with-high-sensitivity

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

32.1K 次观看.  University of Cambridge. This article describes the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a hippocampus-dependent test of working allocentric spatial memory. The hippocampus is affected early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this article outlines the 4MT methodology and results of patient testing, which demonstrates the value of the 4MT in the diagnosis of pre-dementia AD. 

视频: The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

A Behavioral Test Battery for the Repeated Assessment of Motor Skills, Mood, and Cognition in Mice

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and dysfunctions in mood and cognition are common and often shared symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. Shown here is a behavioral test battery for motor, mood, and cognition, which can be repeatedly tested in a longitudinal study. This battery assesses the overall behavioral phenotype in mice by examining each domain of behavior with at least two independent well-accepted tests (i.e., open-field test and rotarod test for motor function, social interaction test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test for emotional function, and Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test for cognitive function). Therefore, this sensitive and comprehensive test battery is a powerful tool for the study of behavioral alternation in neurodegeneration.

A comprehensive behavioral test battery of motor skills, mood&#8212;including social interaction, depression, and anxiety&#8212;and cognition is designed for the repeated assessment of neurodegeneration-related behavioral changes in mice.

一种用于小鼠运动技能、情绪和认知重复评估的行为测试电池

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and ...

科研

行为学

A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the first sign of dementia among elderly populations and its early detection is crucial in our aging societies. Common MCI tests are time-consuming such that indiscriminate massive screening would not be cost-effective. Here, we describe a protocol that uses machine learning techniques to rapidly select candidates for further screening via a question-based MCI test. This minimizes the number of resources required for screening because only patients who are potentially MCI positive are tested further.
This methodology was applied in an initial MCI research study that formed the starting point for the design of a selective screening decision tree. The initial study collected many demographic and lifestyle variables as well as details about patient medications. The Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were used to detect possible cases of MCI. Finally, we used this method to design an efficient process for classifying individuals at risk of MCI. This work also provides insights into lifestyle-related factors associated with MCI that could be leveraged in the prevention and early detection of MCI among elderly populations.

This methodology produces decision trees that target population groups more prone to suffering from mild cognitive impairment and are useful for cost-effective selective screening of the disease.

设计轻度认知障碍有效选择性筛查的机器学习方法

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the first sign of dementia among elderly populations and its early detection is crucial in our aging societies. Common ...

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological cognitive decline. It is thus essential that cognitive tests and their administration are as fair as possible. However, an important source of bias during cognitive testing comes from negative aging stereotypes that can impair the memory performance of older adults and inflate age differences on cognitive tasks. The fear of confirming negative aging stereotypes creates an extra pressure among older adults which interferes with their intellectual functioning and leads them to perform below their true abilities. Here, we present a protocol that highlights simple but efficient interventions to alleviate this age-based stereotype threat effect. The first study showed that simply informing older participants about the presence of younger participants (threat condition) led older adults to underperform on a standardized memory test compared with younger participants, and that this performance difference was eliminated when the test was presented as age-fair (reduced-threat condition). The second study replicated these findings on short cognitive tests used to screen for predementia in clinical settings and showed that teaching older adults about stereotype threat inoculated them against its effects. These results provide useful recommendations about how to improve older adults' memory assessment both in Iab studies and in clinical settings.

Here, we present a protocol designed to show how negative aging stereotypes can impair memory performance of older adults during cognitive testing and how to reduce this deleterious effect. This method can help older people to perform at an optimal level during testing in both lab studies and clinical settings.

在老年人认知测试中突出和减少消极衰老成见的影响

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological ...

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

Evidence accumulated from the last decade has proven that silent cerebrovascular lesions (SCLs) and their underlying pathogenic processes contribute to cognitive decline in the elderly. However, the distinct effects of each type of the lesions on cognitive performance remain unclear. Moreover, research data from Chinese elderly with SCLs is scarce. In this study, 398 otherwise healthy hypertensive elderly subjects (median age 72 years) were included and assessed. All participates were required to complete a battery of structured neuropsychological assessment, including forward and backward digit span tests, symbol digit modalities test, Stroop test, verbal fluency test and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. These tests were used to assess attention, executive function, information processing speed, language, memory and visuospatial function. A multi-sequence 3T MRI scanning was arranged within one month of the neuropsychological assessment to evaluate the burden of SCLs. SCLs were rated visually. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and silent lacunes (SLs) were identified as strictly lobar CMBs and SLs or deep CMBs and SLs according to their locations, respectively. Similarly, white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) were separated into periventricular WMHs (PVHs) and deep WMHs (DWMHs). A series of linear regression models were used to assess the correlation between each type of SCLs and individual cognitive function domain. The results showed that CMBs tend to impair language-related cognition. Deep SLs affect executive function, but this association disappeared after controlling for other types of SCLs. PVHs, rather than DWMHs, are associated with cognitive decline, especially in executive function and processing speed. It is concluded that different aspects of SCLs have differential impact on cognitive performance in hypertensive elderly Chinese.

Here, we present a protocol to assess whether various types of silent cerebrovascular lesions are differentially associated with deficits in certain cognitive domains in a cohort of 398 hypertensive elderly Chinese, using a combination of neuropsychological tests and multi-sequence 3T MRI scanning.

沉默脑血管病变高血压患者认知表现评估

Evidence accumulated from the last decade has proven that silent cerebrovascular lesions (SCLs) and their underlying pathogenic processes contribute to ...

Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Impaired functional connectivity in the Default Mode Network (DMN) may be involved in the progression of Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD). The Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC) is a potential imaging marker for monitoring the progression of AD. Previous studies did not focus on the functional connectivity between the PCC and nodes in regions outside the DMN, but our study is an effort to explore these overlooked functional connections. For collecting data, we used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Granger Causality Analysis (GCA). fMRI provides a non-invasive method for studying the dynamic interactions between the different brain regions. GCA is a statistical hypothesis test for determining whether one-time series is useful in forecasting another. In simple terms, it is judged by comparing the &#34;Known all the information on the last moment, the distribution of the probability of X at this time&#34; and the &#34;Known all the information on the last moment except Y, the distribution of the probability of X at this time&#34;, to determine whether there is a causal relationship between Y and X. This definition is based on the complete information source and stationary chronological sequence. The main step of this analysis is to use X and Y to establish the regression equation and draw a causal relationship by a hypothetical test. Since GCA can measure causal effects, we used it to investigate the anisotropy of the functional connectivity and explore the hub function of the PCC. Here, we screened 116 participants for MRI scanning, and after preprocessing the data obtained from neuroimaging, we used GCA to derive the causal relationship of each node. Finally, we concluded that the directed connection is significantly different between the Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and AD groups, both from the PCC to the whole brain and from the whole brain to the PCC.

Based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging with Granger causality analysis, we investigated the alterations in the directed functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and whole brain in patients with Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD), patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and healthy controls.

在阿尔茨海默病和轻度认知功能损害的定向功能连接格兰杰因果关系分析中的应用

Impaired functional connectivity in the Default Mode Network (DMN) may be involved in the progression of Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD). The Posterior ...

医学

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

In a constantly aging population, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders is expected to rise. Understanding disease mechanisms is the key to find preventive and curative measures. The most effective way to achieve this is through direct examination of diseased and healthy brain tissue. The authors present a protocol to obtain, process, characterize and store good quality brain tissue donated by individuals registered in an antemortem brain donation program. The donation program includes a face-to-face empathic approach to people, a collection of complementary clinical, biological, social and lifestyle information and serial multi-dimensional assessments over time to track individual trajectories of normal aging and cognitive decline. Since many neurological diseases are asymmetrical, our brain bank offers a unique protocol for slicing fresh specimens. Brain sections of both hemispheres are alternately frozen (at -80 &#176;C) or fixed in formalin; a fixed slice on one hemisphere corresponds to a frozen one on the other hemisphere. With this approach, a complete histological characterization of all frozen material can be obtained, and omics studies can be performed on histologically well-defined tissues from both hemispheres thus offering a more complete assessment of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms. Correct and definite diagnosis of these diseases can only be achieved by combining the clinical syndrome with the neuropathological evaluation, which often adds important etiological clues necessary to interpret the pathogenesis. This method can be time consuming, expensive and limited as it only covers a limited geographical area. Regardless of its limitations, the high degree of characterization it provides can be rewarding. Our ultimate goal is to establish the first Italian Brain Bank, all the while emphasizing the importance of neuropathologically verified epidemiological studies.

This protocol describes a method to track individual brain-aging trajectories through a brain donation program and proper characterization of brains. Brain donors are involved in a long-term longitudinal study including serial multi-dimensional assessments. The protocol contains a detailed description of brain processing and an accurate diagnostic methodology.

Abbiategrasso 脑库协议，用于收集、处理和描述老化的大脑

In a constantly aging population, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders is expected to rise. Understanding disease mechanisms is the key to find ...

神经科学

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a well-accepted tool for evaluating executive function. The standard TMT was invented more than 60 years ago and has been modified into many versions. With the development of digital technologies, TMT is now modified to a digitized version. The present study demonstrated digital TMT (dTMT) performed on a computer, and Walking TMT (WTMT) on the floor. Both revealed more information compared with the traditional version of TMT.

Here, we present a protocol to show how to perform two types of cognitive assessment tools derived from the paper-pencil version of the Trail Making Test.

传统跟踪测试修改为全新的评估工具:数字和步行路线制作测试

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a well-accepted tool for evaluating executive function. The standard TMT was invented more than 60 years ago and has been ...

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients

General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task assessment has advantages for identifying cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients and has been gradually applied in clinical assessment and cognitive training. Moreover, the Stroop paradigm has higher sensitivity and specificity for attentional assessment than conventional clinical cognitive assessment scales. Therefore, this study presents the dual-task assessment based on the Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients. This study demonstrates a single- and dual-task evaluation based on the Stroop paradigm and confirms its feasibility through case experiments and synchronized functional near-infrared spectroscopy evaluation. The Stroop reaction time and correct rate are used as the main indicators to evaluate the cognitive level of the subjects. This study protocol aims to provide new ideas to figure out the ceiling effect in general clinical assessment failure for high-functioning stroke patients.

Clinical assessment scales are notsensitive enough to cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task paradigm presents advantages and potential in the assessment and cognitive training of cognitive dysfunction. The study here proposes a dual-task Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients.

检测高功能卒中患者认知缺陷的双任务斯特鲁普范式

General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task ...

Transcranial Pulse Stimulation for Alzheimer's Patients

Transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation therapy with Conformit&#233; Europ&#233;enne (CE) marking for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Initial pilot studies have demonstrated promising effects on cognitive function. This article focuses on the procedure for treating patients with AD using an MRI-guided, neuro-navigated TPS device. The protocol to be followed for this is described in detail, including the necessary procedures and device settings. A brief overview of the representative clinical results published to date is also provided. In addition to significant clinical improvements in cognition and affect, adverse events (AE) and possible adverse device events (ADE) are presented to provide safety data. Finally, the method is critically discussed. In the future, randomized controlled trials should be conducted to rule out any placebo effects. There is also currently a lack of long-term studies with a larger number of patients. Despite these unresolved questions, TPS has the potential as an adjunct treatment for Alzheimer's patients when used in a controlled, scientifically guided setting.

This article describes the procedure of transcranial pulse stimulation in patients with Alzheimer's disease. It discusses the indications, methodology, and future prospects in detail.

阿尔茨海默病患者的经颅脉冲刺激

Transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation therapy with Conformit&#233; Europ&#233;enne (CE) marking for the treatment of ...

Hybrid PET/MRI Imaging of Alzheimer's Disease Based on 18F-AV-1451

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive dysfunction, decline in daily living abilities, and behavioral changes, imposing a significant economic and social burden worldwide. One of the primary pathological hallmarks of AD is the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) provides detailed structural and functional information along with specific protein distributions, making it an increasingly valuable tool for AD diagnosis and research. 18F-AV-1451 is a radiotracer specifically designed for tau protein detection in PET imaging of brain tissue. This study presents a detailed protocol for the radiosynthesis of 18F-AV-1451, patient preparation, PET/MRI image acquisition techniques, and its potential applications in AD evaluation. 18F-AV-1451 PET/MRI could aid neurologists in diagnosing AD, assessing disease severity, and gaining insights into its pathological mechanisms. In conclusion, this protocol provides a sensitive, comprehensive, and non-invasive approach for the evaluation of AD, offering valuable insights into disease progression and pathology.

This protocol describes the use of 18F-AV-1451 PET/MRI to reveal tau pathology and neurodegeneration, aiding neurologists in diagnosing Alzheimer&#39;s disease, assessing its severity, and gaining insights into its progression and underlying pathological mechanisms.

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive dysfunction, decline in daily living ...