笔者想感谢詹姆斯·福雷斯特在这种技术最初的想法帮助。26这项工作是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学的资金支持，由美国国家科学基金会的MRSEC计划下奖项是部分支持没有。 DMR-11- 20901在宾夕法尼亚大学。

1.膜的制备<ol><li>称量0.04克聚苯乙烯，并放入30ml的小瓶中。 </li><li>称取2克甲苯到小瓶。通过聚苯乙烯的甲苯溶液重量2％得到的约100nm的膜。 </li><li>让解决方案静坐O / N充分溶解聚苯乙烯，让解决方案的解决。 </li><li>放置1厘米×1厘米硅（Si）晶片上旋涂机。 </li><li>旋转晶片以8,000rpm进行45秒。虽然它在旋转，下降纺丝晶片上约1毫升甲苯。 注:所有涉及旋涂步骤被在通风橱中进行。 </li><li>对现在静止的Si晶片，1.3滴添加来自步骤溶液到Si晶片，直到在Si晶片的整个表面被覆盖。 </li><li>前的溶液干燥的晶片上，旋Si晶片以4000rpm持续20秒。 </li><li>确定使用椭圆偏光薄膜的厚度（参见步骤2）。 </li><li>如果膜是所希望的厚度，安EAL在真空炉中在393 K时胶片15小时。 </li></ol> 2.确定膜厚<ol><li>放置旋转流延膜到椭圆计阶段和测量椭圆角Ψ（λ）和Δ（λ）在70℃用1秒采集时间和区域平均设置入射光角度打开。 </li><li>使用椭圆计软件，根据制造商的协议适合所得Ψ（λ）和Δ（λ）数据到一个三层模型。没有额外的用户输入。第一层是硅的基板层，第二层是一个原生氧化层的厚度为1.5纳米，且第三 ​​层是一个柯西模型（N = A + B /λ2中，k = 0），这对应聚苯乙烯薄膜的光学性质。在此模型中，A和B是拟合参数，和n和k是折射率的实部和虚分量。 </li><li>对于柯西层，适合的Thickness并且如果该膜是高于10纳米的A和B参数。如果电影是小于10纳米，只适合 。 注意:这将进一步在代表结果部分进行讨论。 </li></ol> 3.冷却率相关的 Tg测量<ol><li>涂层的变温阶段椭圆仪用导热膏的加热元件的表面上。 </li><li>放置退火聚苯乙烯膜到发热元件上。 </li><li>紧紧夹住膜到发热元件上。 </li><li>流程100％干氮气通过温度阶段的&lt;69千帕的压力。 </li><li>利用温度阶段软件，创建的温度分布。这种温度曲线始于一个加热坡道393钾养分150 K /分钟。保持该膜在393K 20分钟。 <ol><li>然后，交替冷却斜坡293度以速率150，120，90，60，30，10，7,3，和1的K /分钟加热斜坡393钾养分150 K /分钟。放置5分钟坦佩每个斜坡后叉涂抹举行。 </li></ol></li><li>在椭偏仪软件，使温度相关椭偏模型类似于在部分2的所有三个层是相同的，除了将基板改变成温度依赖性的Si模型。 </li><li>在该层的温度相关的硅模型，打开参数"使用分机从帕姆记录温度"。 </li><li>利用实验室设备控制软件，具有椭偏仪软件读​​取温度阶段的温度值。 </li><li>对齐，使得信号到达最大强度的椭偏仪。 </li><li>在"编辑硬件配置"，设置快速采集时间为1秒，高精度区平均。正常的采集时间设置为3秒，高精度的区域平均。 </li><li>根据在椭偏仪软件的"就地"选项卡中勾选"快速采集时间模式"对话框，按"开始采集"。然后，启动温度分布。 3 K /分钟冷却斜坡前，取消选中快速采集时间框。 </li></ol> 4.确定的 Tg值<ol><li>出口温度和厚度轮廓入优选的图表和分析软件，并分离的温度和厚度的数据的所有9冷却速率。 </li><li>为了采集的温度期间占区平均化的效果，取每一个温度下的值，并与温度值平均它在它之前，使得T =（T 1 + T I-1）/ 2，其中T I是在给定时间的温度值，和T 的i-1是前一时间点的温度。 </li><li>积厚度与温度的关系为每个冷却速度。 </li><li>上执行超冷却的液体制度的一部分的线性拟合（高温制度与较大的膨胀系数）。这一制度将大约从393 K至380 K. </li><li> PERFORM上同一组数据的玻璃状体系的一部分的线性拟合。这一制度具有较低的膨胀系数，将大约从293度至340 K. </li><li>找到交集这两条线的点。其中这些线相交的温度是玻璃化转变温度。 </li><li>做到这一点的所有九个斜坡。 </li></ol> 5.分析平均薄膜动态<ol><li>对于给定的膜厚情节日志（冷却速度（K /分钟））与1 / T 克（K -1）。 </li><li>与此相比，间接的经验关系直接体积和表面动力学的测量:冷却速率*τα= 1000。23，24 </li></ol>

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The Authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

冷却速率依赖性T 克测量是高通量的表征实验可以确定该的 Tg，玻璃和超冷却的液体中，温度的平均动力学依赖的膨胀系数，和一个特定的玻璃状物质在脆弱一次实验。此外，与荧光，嵌入，或纳米孔松弛实验，CR-T 克实验是相对快速和简单的，因为他们不使用荧光团或其他复杂的实验技术。由于椭圆偏振的敏感性，这种方法可用于厚度薄至几纳米，厚至几微米的膜，只要...

凯迪琼斯和Corey 1的开创性工作表明，超薄聚苯乙烯膜的玻璃化转变温度 （Tg）相对于所述体相值在厚度小于60nm的低减小。从那时起，许多实验研究2-11都支持所观察到的减少的 Tg是通过迁移率提高了的靠近这些膜的自由表面的层所引起的假设。然而，这些实验是一个单一的弛豫时间间接措施，因此，存在一个争论12-18集中于平均薄膜动力学和在空气/聚合物界面的动态之间有直接的关系。 要回答这个问题的争论，很多研究都直接测量自由表面（τ 面 ）的动态。纳米颗粒包埋，19,20纳米孔松弛，21和荧光22的研究表明，在空气/聚合物界面ħ作为级动力学订单比体的α松弛时间（τα）具有比τα的弱得多的温度依赖性更快。由于其弱的温度依赖性的，这些膜的表面 τ，薄聚苯乙烯膜的19-22和增强的动力学，23,24相交散装阿尔法松弛（τα）在一个单一的点T *，这是几度以上的 Tg，并在≈1秒的τα。的T *的存在可以解释为什么实验进行探测弛豫时间比*快看不到任何对的 Tg超薄聚苯乙烯薄膜的厚度依赖13-18最后，而增强的移动层，表明它具有直接测量厚度为4-8纳米，20-22有证据表明，在空气/聚合物界面的动态的传播长度比所述移动面Laye的厚度大得多河5,25,26 本报告旨在全面描述一个协议，利用椭偏仪的冷却速度依赖性T 克（CR-T G）的实验。的CR-T 克此前已用于描述超薄膜聚苯乙烯的平均动力。23,24,27,28此外，近来，使用该技术，以显示在超薄聚苯乙烯膜的平均动态之间有直接的关系和23的 CR-T 克测量优于其它类型的测量，如荧光，纳米粒子嵌入，纳米孔松弛，nanocalorimetry，介电谱，以及布里渊光散射的优点动力学在自由表面，研究的是，它们是相对快速和简单的实验不利用荧光团或其他复杂的实验技术。在椭圆偏振光谱法的最新进展允许使用这种技术能够有效地确定光普罗珀特超薄膜聚合物和其他类型的杂化材料具有优异的精度的独立实体。因此，该技术探测技术适用薄膜中的温度和时间制度有关的玻璃化转变（T≤ 的 Tg，τα≥100秒）的平均动力学。此外，这种技术将提供关于玻璃状的膨胀系数的信息和晚饭冷却液体状态以及该系统，然后可以用散装胶片数据相比较的脆弱性。最后，CR- 的 Tg实验可以使用，只要该膜的完整性保持整个实验用于任何玻璃状系统。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Toluene</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>179418-1L</td><td>This can be purchased from any chemical company.</td></tr><tr><td>Atactic Polystyrene</td><td>Polymer Source Inc.</td><td>P-4092-S</td><td>This can be purchased from any chemical company.</td></tr><tr><td>THMS 600 temperature stage</td><td>Linkam</td><td>THMS 600</td><td>any temperature stage that can be fit to an ellipsometer could be used.</td></tr><tr><td>M2000V Spectroscopic Ellipsometer</td><td>J.A. Woollam</td><td>M200V</td><td>This procedure should be applicable for any spectroscopic ellipsometer.</td></tr><tr><td>Spin Coater</td><td>Laurell Technologies</td><td>WS-650-23B</td><td>This Procedure is possible with any spin coater</td></tr><tr><td>Sample vials</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>02-912-379</td><td>Any sample vials will do</td></tr><tr><td>Silicon wafers</td><td>Virginia semi conductors</td><td>325S1410694D</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

cooling rate dependent ellipsometry measurements to determine the dynamics of thin glassy films

本报告旨在全面描述了利用椭偏仪的冷却速度依赖性T 克（CR-T G）实验的实验技术。这些测量是简单的高通量表征实验，由此可以判定玻璃化转变温度 （T g）中，平均动力学，脆性和超冷却的液体和玻璃状状态为各种玻璃材料的膨胀系数。此技术允许这些参数在一次实验中进行测量，而其它方法必须结合各种不同的技术来调查所有这些性能的。动态测量接近的 Tg是特别具有挑战性。冷却速度依赖性T 克测量在其上直接探测本体和表面弛豫动力学其他方法的优点是，它们是相对快速和简单的实验，不利用荧光团或其他复杂的前perimental技术。此外，这种技术探测技术相关的薄膜在温度和松弛时间（τα）制度有关的玻璃化转变（τα&gt; 100秒）的平均动力学。的限制，使用椭圆偏光冷却速度依赖性T 克实验的是，它无法探测的弛豫时间相关的粘度测量（τα&lt;&lt; 1秒）。其他的冷却速度依赖的 Tg测量技术，但可以扩展CR-T 方法G更快的松弛时间。此外，该技术可以使用，只要该膜的完整性保持整个实验用于任何玻璃状系统。

拟合原始椭偏数据 聚苯乙烯膜是透明的，在椭圆计（500-1,600纳米）的波长范围。因此，一个柯西模型是用于描述折射聚苯乙烯膜的折射率的良好模型。 图1A示出 Ψ（λ）和Δ（λ）为厚（274毫微米）膜聚苯乙烯，并将所得配合到一例柯西模型<img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53499/53499eq1.jpg" /> 。对于膜?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films at JoVE.com

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

在这里，我们提出了一个协议，用于冷却速率取决于椭圆光度法实验，可确定玻璃化转变温度 （Tg），平均动力学，脆性和超冷却的液体的膨胀系数和玻璃用于各种玻璃状材料。

冷却率相关的椭偏仪测量确定薄膜玻膜的动力学

This report aims to fully describe the experimental technique of using ellipsometry for cooling rate dependent Tg (CR-Tg) experiments. These measurements ...

cooling-rate-dependent-ellipsometry-measurements-to-determine

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

8.1K 次观看.  University of Pennsylvania. 在这里，我们提出了一个协议，用于冷却速率取决于椭圆光度法实验，可确定玻璃化转变温度 （Tg），平均动力学，脆性和超冷却的液体的膨胀系数和玻璃用于各种玻璃状材料。 

视频: Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

High-resolution Thermal Micro-imaging Using Europium Chelate Luminescent Coatings

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient optical micro-imaging technique which can be used to map and quantify such behavior. Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has a 612 nm luminescence line whose activation efficiency drops strongly with increasing temperature, due to T-dependent interactions between the Eu3+ ion and the organic chelating compound. This material may be readily coated on to a sample surface by thermal sublimation in vacuum. When the coating is excited with ultraviolet light (337 nm) an optical micro-image of the 612 nm luminescent response can be converted directly into a map of the sample surface temperature. This technique offers spatial resolution limited only by the microscope optics (about 1 micron) and time resolution limited by the speed of the camera employed. It offers the additional advantages of only requiring comparatively simple and non-specialized equipment, and giving a quantitative probe of sample temperature.

Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has an optical luminescence line at 612 nm, whose activation efficiency decreases strongly with temperature. If a sample coated with a thin film of this material is micro-imaged, the 612 nm luminescent response intensity may be converted into a direct map of sample surface temperature.

高分辨率热显微成像采用铕螯合物的荧光涂料

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient ...

科研

工程学

Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. Optical property evaluation of thin films and the surfaces of bulk materials is an important step in understanding new optical material systems and their applications. The method presented can estimate thickness, refractive index, and use absorptive properties of materials for detection. This metrology system uses evanescent field-based photoacoustics (EFPA), a field of research based upon the interaction of an evanescent field with the photoacoustic effect. This interaction and its resulting family of techniques allow the technique to probe optical properties within a few hundred nanometers of the sample surface. This optical near field allows for the highly accurate estimation of material properties on the same scale as the field itself such as refractive index and film thickness. With the use of EFPA and its sub techniques such as total internal reflection photoacoustic spectroscopy (TIRPAS) and optical tunneling photoacoustic spectroscopy (OTPAS), it is possible to evaluate a material at the nanoscale in a consolidated instrument without the need for many instruments and experiments that may be cost prohibitive.

Here we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. This technique evanescent field-based photoacoustics can be used to create a photoacoustic metrology system to estimate materials&#39; thicknesses, bulk and thin film refractive indices, and explore their optical properties.

基于渐逝场光声:光学性能评估在表面

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. ...

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two chalcogenide compositions are demonstrated: Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60, which have both been studied extensively for planar mid-infrared (mid-IR) microphotonic devices. In this approach, uniform thickness films are fabricated through the use of computer numerical controlled (CNC) motion. Chalcogenide glass (ChG) is written over the substrate by a single nozzle along a serpentine path. Films were subjected to a series of heat treatments between 100 &#176;C and 200 &#176;C under vacuum to drive off residual solvent and densify the films. Based on transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and surface roughness measurements, both compositions were found to be suitable for the fabrication of planar devices operating in the mid-IR region. Residual solvent removal was found to be much quicker for the As40S60 film as compared to Ge23Sb7S70. Based on the advantages of electrospray, direct printing of a gradient refractive index (GRIN) mid-IR transparent coating is envisioned, given the difference in refractive index of the two compositions in this study.

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

A method of uniform thickness solution-derived chalcogenide glass film deposition is demonstrated using computer numerical controlled motion of a single-nozzle electrospray.

厚度均匀葛电沉积<sub&gt; 23</sub&gt;锑<sub&gt; 7</sub&gt;取值<sub&gt; 70</sub&gt;和As<sub&gt; 40</sub&gt;取值<sub&gt; 60</sub&gt;硫系玻璃薄膜

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two ...

Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials such as organo-lead halide perovskites is presented. The perovskite film thickness and absorption coefficient are initially characterized by profilometry and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. Calibration of both laser power and cavity sensitivity is described in detail. A protocol for performing Flash-photolysis Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity (TRMC) experiments, a non-contact method of determining the conductivity of a material, is presented. A process for identifying the real and imaginary components of the complex conductivity by performing TRMC as a function of microwave frequency is given. Charge carrier dynamics are determined under different excitation regimes (including both power and wavelength). Techniques for distinguishing between direct and trap-mediated decay processes are presented and discussed. Results are modelled and interpreted with reference to a general kinetic model of photoinduced charge carriers in a semiconductor. The techniques described are applicable to a wide range of optoelectronic materials, including organic and inorganic photovoltaic materials, nanoparticles, and conducting/semiconducting thin films.

A Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity technique for investigating direct and trap-mediated recombination dynamics and determining carrier mobilities of thin film semiconductors is presented here.

通过时间分辨微波电导率重组动力学薄膜光伏材料

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials ...

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve desired molecular orientation states in LC displays, the "static" surface property of LCs, so-called surface anchoring, has been intensively studied. As a rule of thumb, once the initial orientation of LCs is "locked" by specific surface treatments, such as rubbing or treatment with a specific alignment layer, it hardly changes with temperature. Here, we present a system exhibiting an orientational transition upon temperature variation, which conflicts with the consensus. Right on the transition, the bulk LC molecules experience the orientational rotation, with 90&#176; between the planar (P) orientation at high temperatures and the vertical (V) orientation at low temperatures in the first-order transitional manner. We have tracked thermodynamic surface anchoring behavior by means of polarizing optical microscopy (POM), dielectric spectroscopy (DS), high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (HR-DSC), and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) and reached a plausible physical explanation: that the transition is triggered by a growth of surface wetting sheets, which impose the V orientation locally against the P orientation in the bulk. This landscape would provide a general link explaining how the equilibrium bulk orientation is affected by surface-localized orientation in many LC systems. In our characterization, POM and DS are advantageous by offering information on the spatial distribution of the orientation of LC molecules. HR-DSC gives information about the precise thermodynamic information on transitions, which cannot be addressed by conventional DSC instruments due to limited resolution. GI-XRD provides information on surface-specific molecular orientation and short-range orderings. The goal of this paper is to present a protocol for preparing a sample that exhibits the transition and to demonstrate how the thermodynamic structural variation, both in the bulk and on surfaces, can be analyzed through the abovementioned methods.

Here, we present a protocol to trigger an orientational transition of a liquid crystal in response to temperature. Methodologies are described for preparing a sample in order to observe the transition and the detailed transitional evolution.

由界面润湿片的热力学生长触发的液晶中的定向转变

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve ...

Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous light irradiation. The photo-excitation of dopants that can quickly dissipate light into heat, coupled with anisotropic thermal expansion and self-shadowing of the film, gives rise to the self-sustained deformation. The oscillations observed are influenced by the dimensions and the modulus of the film, and by the directionality and intensity of the light. The system developed offers applications in energy conversion and harvesting for soft-robotics and automated systems.
The general method described here consists of creating free-standing liquid crystalline films and characterizing the mechanical and thermal effects observed. The molecular alignment is achieved using alignment layers (rubbed polyimide), commonly used in the display manufacturing industry. To obtain actuators with large deformation, the mesogens are aligned and polymerized in a splay/bend configuration, i.e., with the director of the liquid crystals (LCs) going gradually from planar to homeotropic through the film thickness. Upon irradiation, the mechanical and thermal oscillations obtained are monitored with a high-speed camera. The results are further quantified by image analysis using an image processing program.

The goal of the protocol is to create liquid crystalline polymer films that can mechanically oscillate under continuous light irradiation. We describe in great detail the conception of free-standing films, from the liquid crystal alignment method to the photo-actuation. The experimental protocol applied to prepare this material is broadly applicable.

光诱导的宏观振荡运动液晶网络的制备

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous ...

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant) and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O (Cu variant) entropy-stabilized oxides. Phase pure and chemically homogeneous (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (x = 0.20, 0.27, 0.33) and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O (x = 0.11, 0.27) ceramic pellets are synthesized and used in the deposition of ultra-high quality, phase pure, single crystalline thin films of the target stoichiometry. A detailed methodology for the deposition of smooth, chemically homogeneous, entropy-stabilized oxide thin films by pulsed laser deposition on (001)-oriented MgO substrates is described. The phase and crystallinity of bulk and thin film materials are confirmed using X-ray diffraction. Composition and chemical homogeneity are confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The surface topography of thin films is measured with scanning probe microscopy. The synthesis of high quality, single crystalline, entropy-stabilized oxide thin films enables the study of interface, size, strain, and disorder effects on the properties in this new class of highly disordered oxide materials.

The synthesis of high quality bulk and thin film (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O entropy-stabilized oxides is presented.

组分变熵稳定氧化物的体积和薄膜合成

Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant) and ...

Film Control to Study Contributions of Waves to Droplet Impact Dynamics on Thin Flowing Liquid Films

Droplet impact is a very common phenomenon in nature and attracts attention due to its aesthetic fascination and wide-ranging applications. Previous studies on flowing liquid films have neglected the contributions of spatial structures of waves to the impact outcome, while this has recently been shown to have a significant influence on the drop impact dynamics. In this report, we outline a step-by-step procedure to investigate the effect of periodic inlet forcing of a flowing liquid film leading to the production of spatiotemporally regular wave structures on drop impact dynamics. A function generator in connection with a solenoid valve is used to excite these spatiotemporally regular wave structures on the film surface while the impact dynamics of uniform-sized droplets are captured using a high-speed camera. Three distinct regions are then studied; viz. the capillary wave region preceding the large wave peak, the flat film region, and the wave hump region. The effects of important dimensionless quantities such as film Reynolds, drop Weber and Ohnesorge numbers parameterized by the film flow rate, drop speed, and drop size are also examined. Our results show interesting, hitherto undiscovered dynamics brought about by this application of film inlet forcing of the flowing film for both low and high inertia drops.

A protocol to study the contributions of waves to droplet impact dynamics on flowing liquid films is presented.

薄膜控制研究波浪对液滴冲击动力学的影响薄流动液体薄膜

Droplet impact is a very common phenomenon in nature and attracts attention due to its aesthetic fascination and wide-ranging applications. Previous ...

Thin Film Composite Silicon Elastomers for Cell Culture and Skin Applications: Manufacturing and Characterization

In this protocol, we present methods to fabricate thin elastomer composite films for advanced cell culture applications and for the development of skin adhesives. Two different poly-(dimethyl siloxanes) (PDMS and soft skin adhesive (SSA)), have been used for in depth investigation of biological effects and adhesive characteristics. The composite films consist of a flexible backing layer and an adhesive top coating. Both layers have been manufactured by doctor blade application technique. In the present investigation, the adhesive behavior of the composite films has been investigated as a function of the layer thickness or a variation of the Young&#39;s modulus of the top layer. The Young&#39;s modulus of PDMS has been changed by varying the base to crosslinker mixing ratio. In addition, the thickness of SSA films has been varied from approx. 16 &#181;m to approx. 320 &#181;m. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy have been used for thickness measurements. The adhesive properties of elastomer films depend strongly on the film thickness, the Young&#39;s modulus of the polymers and surface characteristics. Therefore, normal adhesion of these films on glass substrates exhibiting smooth and rough surfaces has been investigated. Pull-off stress and work of separation are dependent on the mixing ratio of silicone elastomers.
Additionally, the thickness of the soft skin adhesive placed on top of a supportive backing layer has been varied in order to produce patches for skin applications. Cytotoxicity, proliferation and cellular adhesion of L929 murine fibroblasts on PDMS films (mixing ratio 10:1) and SSA films (mixing ratio 50:50) have been conducted. We have shown here, for the first time, the side by side comparison of thin composite films manufactured of both polymers and present the investigation of their biological- and adhesive properties.

A protocol for the manufacturing process of polymeric thin film composite structures possessing either different Young&#39;s moduli or thicknesses is presented. Films are produced for advanced cell culture studies or as skin adhesives.

用于细胞培养和皮肤应用的薄膜复合硅弹性体: 制造和表征

In this protocol, we present methods to fabricate thin elastomer composite films for advanced cell culture applications and for the development of skin ...

发育生物学

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

Smart viscoelastic materials that respond to specific stimuli are one of the most attractive classes of materials important to future technologies, such as on-demand switchable adhesion technologies, actuators, molecular clutches, and nano-/microscopic mass transporters. Recently it was found that through a special solid-liquid transition, rheological properties can exhibit significant changes, thus providing suitable smart viscoelastic materials. However, designing materials with such a property is complex, and forward and backward switching times are usually long. Therefore, it is important to explore new working mechanisms to realize solid-liquid transitions, shorten the switching time, and enhance the contrast of rheological properties during switching. Here, a light-induced crystal-liquid phase transition is observed, which is characterized by means of polarizing light microscopy (POM), photorheometry, photo-differential scanning calorimetry (photo-DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The light-induced crystal-liquid phase transition presents key features such as (1) fast switching of crystal-liquid phases for both forward and backward reactions and (2) a high contrast ratio of viscoelasticity. In the characterization, POM is advantageous in offering information on the spatial distribution of LC molecule orientations, determining the type of liquid crystalline phases appearing in the material, and studying the orientation of LCs. Photorheometry allows measurement of a material&#8217;s rheological properties under light stimuli and can reveal the photorheological switching properties of materials. Photo-DSC is a technique to investigate thermodynamic information of materials in darkness and under light irradiation. Lastly, XRD allows studying of microscopic structures of materials. The goal of this article is to clearly present how to prepare and measure the discussed properties of a photorheological material.

This protocol demonstrates the preparation of a photorheological material that exhibits a solid phase, various liquid crystalline phases, and an isotropic liquid phase by increasing temperature. Presented here are methods for measuring the structure-viscoelasticity relationship of the material.

扭曲弯曲的液晶的高对比度和快速光圈开关

Smart viscoelastic materials that respond to specific stimuli are one of the most attractive classes of materials important to future technologies, such ...