This work was carried out in the framework of the Labex SERENADE (ANR-11-LABX-0064) and the A*MIDEX Project (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02), funded by the French Government program, Investissements d'Avenir, and managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR). We thank the French Ministry of Environment (DRC 33 and Program 190) and ANSES (Nanodata Project 2012/2/154, APR ANSES 2012) for financing the work. We are equally grateful to Olivier Aguerre-Chariol, Patrice Delalain, Morgane Dalle, Laurent Meunier, Pauline Molina, and Farid Ait-Ben-Ahmad for their cooperation and advice during the experiments.

注:此处的协议中提出的技术并不只限于所呈现的测试样品，但可以用于其它样品为好。 1.人工老化[CEREGE平台，普罗旺斯地区艾克斯] <ol><li>取去离子和净化水的250毫升样品在烧杯中喷洒。浸泡水电导率仪的尖端插入水中。注意水的电导率。重复这一过程，每次注意水的电导率。 注:根据ISO 16474 32，它永远也不应该超过5μS/ cm的高。 </li><li>测量的电导率之后，水源连接至存在于不锈钢罩下方风化腔室的贮存器（在图3中示出）。 </li><li>连接溢流管口在腔室通过软管管回一个排水开口。 </li><li>将纳米涂层样本天气放入不锈钢引擎盖和关门。要ENAB乐结果的统计评估，使用最少的三个相同的纳米涂层和参照样品。 </li><li>在数字控制台，本上风化室的前方，选择的120分钟的UV光，102分钟的干和18分钟喷水组成的2小时的周期。 </li><li>输入等于2658对应7个月的周期数。 </li><li>选择氙弧灯等于60±5瓦/米2的辐照度水平。 </li><li>设定在38℃的环境温度。 </li><li>按下控制台上的启动按钮启动的耐候性试验。 </li></ol> 2.磨损和ENM气溶胶表征[INERIS S-Nano平台，维尔纳叶] 注意:使用前，预先验证粒子气溶胶INERIS S-Nano平台的校准板凳其中包括独立的和已安装的引用计数器部分的表征仪器。通过遵循特定的协议，确保仪器正在道具erly。 <ol><li>装配在实验设置中所示的所有单元和工具，并进行必要的连接， 如图2（在单元的细节和设置仪器在Shandilya 等人 33提供）。 </li><li>按通量ON按钮开关上的nanosecured workpost内的自由粒子的空气的流通。 </li><li>使这个粒子自由的空气通过打开室，并保持它的nanosecured工作门柱内侧打开通过排放试验室。 </li><li>建立实验中，直接连接粒子计数器对排放试验室以测量室内的粒子的瞬时数量浓度。直接观察该展示柜的浓度值。 </li><li>而自由粒子的空气在穿过腔室，继续监测这一瞬时数量浓度值，直到它下降到零。以这种方式，确保了室无任何背景的粒子。 </li><li>在此同时，通过在一个往复运动设置有磨损装置的工具的槽内侧轻轻转动其一端倒角的标准的圆柱形研磨材料的边缘。 </li><li>使用具有至少为0.001克的测量精度的数字天平，称取磨料和样品被磨损。 </li><li>一旦完成，通过本在其底部的卡盘固定的倒角磨料的磨损装置的垂直轴上。 </li><li>将纳米结构产品为固定磨料下方轻轻打磨并拧紧固定它的安装系统上的位置。 </li><li>打开气溶胶取样和，通过使用镊子，将一个铜网格，其亮侧向上槽内。把一个圆环在网格上进行修复。 </li><li>关闭取样并将其连接到一个泵通过过滤器上的一个端部（ 即，朝向网格较暗侧）和粒子源上的超视距呃端（即对电网的光明的一面）。安装在用死人的权重立轴所需的正常负荷。 </li><li>通过粒子计数器，检查是否打开室内的背景颗粒浓度下降到零。如果没有，等待它。如果是的话，关闭排放试验室的门。 </li><li>经由在仪表数字游戏机，手动设置粒子计数器的流速和大小测定器为:设置每次点击1.5升/分钟; SMPS-0.3升/分钟; APS- 5升/分钟</li><li>在20分钟的这三个仪器设置总采样时间。分别在磨损装置设定的磨损期限和速度等于10分钟，每分钟60次循环。 </li><li>应变计连接到动态应变仪放大器。动态应变仪放大器连接到哪个应当用于使用安装在它的软件的数据采集计算机。 </li><li>打开软件。 </li><li>点击NEW PROJECT DAQ邻笔一个新的数据采集的文件。 </li><li>通过点击实时更新停止实时数据采集选项</li><li>点击0 EXECUTE设置等于零的基准信号值。 </li><li>通过点击实时更新切换回的实时数据采集。 </li><li>点击可视化选择数据表示的实时图形模式。 </li><li>单击New打开模板。 </li><li>选择选项SCOPE面板，如。 </li><li>立刻开始在粒子计数器和大小测定的数据采集。 </li><li>约的延迟之后。 5分钟，启动磨损。 </li><li>点击数据采集软件的窗口中启动，以获取对应于目前的磨损应变计信号。 </li><li> 2分钟后，打开连接到MPS泵。 </li><li>保持泵运行2 - 取决于气溶胶颗粒的排放量4分钟。注:使用MPS采样气溶胶颗粒的数目应在数即最佳的，既不过于稀少，也不能太盈余可能会妨碍彻底的微观分析。 </li><li>一旦磨损停止，点击STOP关闭数据采集。 </li><li>点击保存数据现在保存采集的数据。 </li><li>经过柜台的大小测定器停止采集数据，打开排放试验室，并再次权衡磨料磨损和纳米产品。 </li><li>继续为每一位耐磨试验的全过程。 </li><li>一旦磨损试验，再一次验证了三种颗粒气溶胶表征仪器INERIS S-Nano平台的校准板凳上。 </li></ol>液体滴Suspensions-沉积技术的3 TEM分析[INERIS标定平台，维尔纳叶] <ol><li>制备液体悬浮液中的1％体积稀水溶液（即 "涂料"）通过在99份的过滤和去离子水的加入包衣悬浮液的1份。 </li><li>打开海湾辉光放电加工机中的R </li><li>设置在以下操作条件:0.1毫巴45毫安，3分钟的持续时间。 </li><li>为了使TEM铜网格亲水其等离子处理，把它放在金属支架上。合上盖子并启动电机。 3分钟后，它会自动停止。 </li><li>取出使用镊子亲水转向网格。其光明的一面轻轻向上放置。沉积稀释的溶液滴（8微升约）到使用注射器的亲水性网格。 </li><li>干燥该网格在一个封闭的腔室，以使得水含量被蒸发，组分粒子尽可沉积在网格。确保该网格不获取被控可以很容易地识别为圆形或链形状，这是油或烟尘颗粒的特性的杂散颗粒。 </li><li>一旦准备就绪，把电网的TEM探头进行微观分析。 [电子加速电压120千伏， 比照 </em&gt;] 31。 </li><li>如果电网出现过缀上粒子进行分析，降低沉积下降的比例稀释和体积。最大音量的操作者能够以沉积约等于12微升。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

在本文章中，纳米安全 - 通过设计的商用产品纳米结构的实验研究，提出。所述纳米安全逐设计的任何产品都可以在其PNC和PSD而言，当它受到机械应力和环境风化进行研究。该项研究选择了该产品是铝硅酸盐砖纳米TiO 2钢筋，釉用铈纳米颗粒和光催化纳米涂层与纳米TiO 2。这些产品在商业市场上很容易接触到客户，并与他们的日常生活以及相关。因此，他们对他们的纳米安...

随着纳米技术的迅速成熟，它的发展是由含工程纳米材料 （ENM）具有显着的性能的产品快速商业化驱动。在文章中通过Potocnick 1描述18（5）规例2011分之1169，由欧盟委员会颁发的，ENM可以被定义为"任何故意制造的材料，含颗粒，未结合状态或作为骨料或作为凝聚并且其中，在数尺寸分布的颗粒的50％或更多，一个或多个外部尺寸在尺寸范围为1纳米至100纳米。"此外，含有ENM的产品，无论是在其固体散装或它们的固体表面上或在其液体悬浮液，可称为纳米产品 。不同类型的安宁与不同的配方和functionalizations在此类产品根据应用和预算的性质使用。该产品可以在浣熊的形式NGS，油漆，瓷砖，砖房子，混凝土等ê。 至于研究而言，人们也可能会发现在已经通过纳米技术完成的创新出版物数量巨大。尽管这一巨大的研究，ENM的吸引人的特征是根据探针的潜在的健康或环境的危害，因为它们倾向纳米结构的产品的使用或处理（例如Oberdorster 等中得到释放，或以气雾剂的形式在空气中发射的2，乐逼捍等 3和好迪等4）。 Kulkarni 等。5定义的气雾剂如在气态介质中的悬浮的固体或液体颗粒。 Hsu和Chein 6表明，纳米结构产品的使用或加工过程中，纳米结构产物经受各种机械应力和环境的耐候便于这种排放。 据梅纳德7，经曝光，ENM这些气溶胶可以与人体组织通过吸入或皮肤接触互动，并获得其沉积从而可能引起各种不利影响，包括致癌的人体内。因此，的ENM发射现象的透彻理解是非常重要的给予前所未有的使用纳米结构的产品，如由夏特金等人 8提及。这可能不会避免从他们接触所产生的意想不到的健康相关的并发症，而且在鼓励纳米技术的信心只会帮助。 然而，在曝光相关的问题，现在已经开始研究界越来越关注和最近已经由各个研究单位在世界各地突出显示（例如，Hsu和Chein 6，Göhler 等人 9，Allen 等人。 <suP&gt; 10，Allen等人 11的Al-Kattan等人12，Kaegi等人13，希斯等人 14，Shandilya 等人 15，31，33，Wohlleben 等人 16，Bouillard 等。 17，Ounoughene 等人18）。考虑到商业市场产品纳米结构的大规模部署，来解决这个问题最有效的办法是先发制人的。在这样的方法中，产品的设计以这样一种方式，它是"nanosafe逐个设计"或"更安全纳米技术设计"（忧郁19）， 即 ​​，低发射。换句话说，它在问题最大化他们的好处，同时在环境中发射气溶胶的最小量的使用过程中解决。 期间的纳米结构产品的使用相测试纳米安全逐设计中，作者提出了一个适当的实验方法本文章中这样做。此方法包括两种类型招揽的:（ⅰ） 机械和（ii） 环境旨在在模拟真实生活讲到的纳米结构产品，砖石砖时，在其使用量相进行。 （i）在模拟机械征集线性擦伤设备。原文和商业形式， 如图1A中所示，在众多的国际公认的测试标准被引用一样ASTM D4060 20，ASTM D6037 21和ASTM D1044 22。根据Golanski 等人 23，由于其强大的和用户友好的设计，其原来的形式已经被广泛地应用于工业，用于分析的产品，如油漆，涂料，金属，纸张，织物等的应力作为表现通过该装置施加对应于家庭环境所施加的典型的，例如，以正鞋和在家庭的不同对象的位移（Vorbau 等人 24和​​Hassan 等人25）。在图1A中，一个水平移动杆移动在一个标准的研磨材料来来回回在样品表面运动。磨耗在接触表面的发生是由于在接触的摩擦。磨耗的幅度可以通过改变哪些作用在磨料顶部的正常负荷（F N）来改变。通过改变磨料和正常负载值的类型，可以改变磨蚀，因此机械应力。 Morgeneyer 等人 26都指出磨损期间将被测量的应力张量由正常和切向分量的。正应力是正常的负载， 即，F N的直接结果，而切向应力是第的结果È切向动作的摩擦过程中，由于力（F T）的测定，它的作用平行或反平行于磨损发生的方向。在此磨损装置的原始形式，不能确定F T。因此，机械应力ENM的气雾化过程中的作用不能完全确定。消除这种限制，如由Morgeneyer 等 26中详细描述的，我们已经（a）由铝2024合金副本替换已安装的水平钢条修改它和（b）安装在所述顶表面上的应变计这个复制的铝合金棒。这示于图1B。这种应变仪具有测量活动的栅长为1.5毫米和测量电网运营商长度5.7毫米。它是由具有3.8微米的厚度和应变系数为1.95±1.5％康铜箔。的机械应力的正确的测量是通过被连接在串联的应变计，由此允许在压力表产生的应变的一个可靠的测量动态应变放大器确保。通过放大器传送的数据是利用数据采集软件收购。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53496/53496fig1.jpg" /> 图1.磨损的装置和应变仪。在Taber磨耗装置（A）和磨损速度，持续时间和行程长度控制装置的商业标准形式。该原本安装钢筋是由铝棒替换和进一步配备有应变仪（B）来衡量的切向力（F T）。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53496/53496fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 在里面<s<html>仲&gt;图2显示了完整的实验装置，其中该修改的Taber磨耗设备被放置在nanosecured工作后的整合之下。自由粒子空气不断这项工作门柱内侧在31000升/ min的流速循环。它有99.99％的粒子过滤效率和已经由Morgeneyer 等人 27在各个纳米颗粒"含尘测试成功地使用。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53496/53496fig2.jpg" /> 图2.实验装置（Shandilya 等 31），一个nanosecured办公设施，开展产生的气溶胶粒子的磨损测试和实时特性（定性和quantitavive）。的自由粒子的空气的一小部分经过排放腔室内部的槽，以消除它的背景颗粒数浓度。PLOAD / 53496 / 53496fig2large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 磨损设备的电机之外保持其线性滑动部分保持在一个自行设计的排放试验室中，具有尺寸0.5米×0.3米×0.6米，（在乐鼻邯等 28详细信息）。它有助于在防止磨损装置&#39;马达排放在测试结果的干扰。所产生的气溶胶粒子的采样是径向对称罩（713厘米3体积）的接近度内完成的。通过采用这样的罩，所述气雾颗粒的损失，由于其沉积在表面上可以被最小化。其他优点包括在气溶胶粒子数浓度的增加，由于发动机罩的相对于发射测试室中的相对较低的体积。由于这种设置，粒子气溶胶的实时表征和分析磨耗期间š如何产生可以通过实验在它们的数量浓度 ， 大小分布 ， 元素组成和形状方面进行。根据Kulkarni 等。5，ENM的个数浓度的气溶胶粒子可以被定义为"ENM存在于单位立方厘米空气的数量"。同样，ENM气雾剂的粒度分布"表达一种ENM属性（通常数量和质量浓度）与颗粒在给定的尺寸范围相关联的量的关系"。 粒子计数器（可测量尺寸范围:4纳米到3μm）测量气溶胶粒子数浓度（PNC）。颗粒大小测定器（可测量尺寸范围:15纳米- 20微米）测量粒度分布（PSD）。气雾剂粒子采样器（由R&#39;mili 等人在详细地描述。 <sup&gt; 30）用于颗粒收集通过过滤技术在多孔铜网格，可以稍后在透射电子显微镜（TEM），用于释放颗粒的各种定性分析使用。 （二）对环境的请求可以通过在一个风化室加速人工老化， 如图3所示来进行模拟。如由Shandilya 等人 31，风化条件可以保持在符合国际标准或根据被定制类型模拟。用光学辐射滤波器安装 - （400纳米300）的UV曝光是通过氙弧灯提供。雨水的作用是通过喷洒去离子和净化水到他们模拟。一个水库被放置在试验样品下方，以收集径流水。所收集的水或渗滤液可以稍后用于执行ENM浸出分析。 <imgALT ="图3"SRC ="/文件/ ftp_upload / 53496 / 53496fig3.jpg"/&gt; 图3. 耐候试验箱。SUNTEST的XLS +耐候试验箱的商业形态包含一个不锈钢罩内该纳米涂层样本被放置。该水库被放置这是罩内被喷了水的源头引擎盖下方。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53496/53496fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Photocal Masonry</td><td>Nanofrance Technologies</td><td></td><td>Test sample</td></tr><tr><td>Masonry brick (ref. 901796)</td><td>Castorama</td><td></td><td>Support for test sample</td></tr><tr><td>Optical microscope (model Imager.M1m)</td><td>Carl Zeiss&lt;br/&gt; MicroImaging GmbH</td><td></td><td>For microcopic analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Energy-dispersion spectroscope (model X-max)</td><td>Oxford Instruments</td><td></td><td>For elemental composition analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Transmission Electron&lt;br/&gt; Microscope (model CM12)</td><td>Philips</td><td></td><td>For microcopic analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Weathering chamber (model Suntest XLS+)</td><td>Atlas</td><td></td><td>For accelerated artificial weathering</td></tr><tr><td>Xenon arc lamp (model NXE 1700)</td><td>Ametek SAS</td><td></td><td>UV rays source</td></tr><tr><td>Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass spectrometer (model 7500cx)</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td></td><td>For leachate&lt;br/&gt; water samples analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Taber linear abraser (model 5750)</td><td>Taber Inc.</td><td></td><td>For abrasion</td></tr><tr><td>Taber H38 abradant</td><td>Taber Inc.</td><td></td><td>For abrasion</td></tr><tr><td>Condensation Particle Counter 3775</td><td>TSI</td><td></td><td>For counting number concentration of aerosol particles</td></tr><tr><td>Aerodynamic Particle Sizer 3321</td><td>TSI</td><td></td><td>For measuring the size of aerosol particles&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Differential Mobility Analyzer 3081</td><td>TSI</td><td></td><td>For measuring the size of aerosol particles&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Mini Particle Sampler</td><td>Ecomesure</td><td></td><td>For sampling the aerosol particles</td></tr><tr><td>Gilian LFS-113 Low Flow Personal Air Sampling Pump</td><td>Sensidyne</td><td></td><td>For sampling the aerosol particles</td></tr></tbody></table>

experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering, which is a fundamental element to the approach of nanosafety-by-design of nanostructured products for their durable development. This approach is basically a preemptive one in which the focus is put on minimizing the emission of engineered nanomaterials' aerosols during the usage phase of the product's life cycle. This can be attained by altering its material properties during its design phase without compromising with any of its added benefits. In this article, an experimental protocol is presented to investigate the nanosafety-by-design of three commercial nanostructured products with respect to their mechanical solicitation and environmental weathering. The means chosen for applying the mechanical solicitation is an abrasion process and for the environmental weathering, it is an accelerated UV exposure in the presence of humidity and heat. The eventual emission of engineered nanomaterials is studied in terms of their number concentration, size distribution, morphology and chemical composition. The purpose of the protocol is to study the emission for test samples and experimental conditions which are corresponding to real life situations. It was found that the application of the mechanical stresses alone emits the engineered nanomaterials' aerosols in which the engineered nanomaterial is always embedded inside the product matrix, thus, a representative product element. In such a case, the emitted aerosols comprise of both nanoparticles as well as microparticles. But if the mechanical stresses are coupled with the environmental weathering, the experimental protocol reveals then the eventual deterioration of the product, after a certain weathering duration, may lead to the emission of the free engineered nanomaterial aerosols too.

试验样品 在文章中提出的方案分别适用于三种不同的商业纳米产品。聚焦在这里摆上了实验方法的详细信息: （一）的铝硅酸盐砖的 TiO 2纳米颗粒增强的，（11厘米×5厘米×2厘米）。发现在构建外墙，房屋的墙壁，墙砖，人行道等的频繁的应用及其用扫描电子显微镜的图像一起材料性能示于表1和图4分...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering at JoVE.com

Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

在这篇文章中，一个试验性协议，调查下磨损和风化环境下，提出了一种产品的粒子雾化。关于工程纳米材料的排放，在气雾剂的形式结果。具体实验装置进行详细说明。

实验协议来调查产品的粒子雾化在耐磨和环境下风化

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental ...

experimental-protocol-to-investigate-particle-aerosolization-product

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

7.3K 次观看.  Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS). 在这篇文章中，一个试验性协议，调查下磨损和风化环境下，提出了一种产品的粒子雾化。关于工程纳米材料的排放，在气雾剂的形式结果。具体实验装置进行详细说明。 

视频: Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

Laboratory Drop Towers for the Experimental Simulation of Dust-aggregate Collisions in the Early Solar System

For the purpose of investigating the evolution of dust aggregates in the early Solar System, we developed two vacuum drop towers in which fragile dust aggregates with sizes up to ~10 cm and porosities up to 70% can be collided. One of the drop towers is primarily used for very low impact speeds down to below 0.01 m/sec and makes use of a double release mechanism. Collisions are recorded in stereo-view by two high-speed cameras, which fall along the glass vacuum tube in the center-of-mass frame of the two dust aggregates. The other free-fall tower makes use of an electromagnetic accelerator that is capable of gently accelerating dust aggregates to up to 5 m/sec. In combination with the release of another dust aggregate to free fall, collision speeds up to ~10 m/sec can be achieved. Here, two fixed high-speed cameras record the collision events. In both drop towers, the dust aggregates are in free fall during the collision so that they are weightless and match the conditions in the early Solar System.

We present a technique to achieve low-velocity to intermediate-velocity collisions between fragile dust aggregates in the laboratory. For this purpose, two vacuum drop-tower setups have been developed that allow collision velocities between &#60;0.01 and ~10 m/sec. The collision events are recorded by high-speed imaging.

实验室落塔的粉尘聚集在碰撞早期太阳系的实验模拟

For the purpose of investigating the evolution of dust aggregates in the early Solar System, we developed two vacuum drop towers in which fragile dust ...

科研

工程学

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in the Earth&#39;s atmosphere, a central process in meteorology, hydrology, and for the climate system. But because specific extraction and characterization of these compounds have been lacking for decades, very little is known on their identity, properties, mode of action and origins, thus preventing the full understanding of cloud formation and its potential links with the Earth&#39;s ecosystems.
In this paper we present recently developed methods for 1) the targeted extraction of all the surfactants from atmospheric aerosol samples and for the determination of 2) their absolute concentrations in the aerosol phase and 3) their static surface tension curves in water, including their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). These methods have been validated with 9 references surfactants, including anionic, cationic and non-ionic ones. Examples of results are presented for surfactants found in fine aerosol particles (diameter &#60;1 &#956;m) collected at a coastal site in Croatia and suggestions for future improvements and other characterizations than those presented are discussed.

Methods are presented for the targeted extraction of surfactants present in atmospheric aerosols and the determination of their absolute concentrations and surface tension curves in water, including their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC).

提取和表面活性剂的特性，从大气气溶胶

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in ...

环境科学

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using three recently developed experiments in which dust particles are exposed to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. The UV light source has a narrow bandwidth in wavelength centered at 172 nm. The beam electrons with the energy of 120 eV are created with a negatively biased hot filament. When the vacuum chamber is filled with the argon gas, a thermal plasma is created in addition to the electron beam. Insulating dust particles of a few tens of microns in diameter are used in the experiments. Dust particles are recorded to be lofted to a height up to a few centimeters with a launch speed up to 1 m/s. These experiments demonstrate that photo and/or secondary electron emission from a dusty surface changes the charging mechanism of dust particles. According to the recently developed &#34;patched charge model&#34;, the emitted electrons can be re-absorbed inside microcavities between neighboring dust particles below the surface, causing the accumulation of enhanced negative charges on the surrounding dust particles. The repulsive forces between these negatively charged particles may be large enough to mobilize and lift them off the surface. These experiments present the advanced understanding of dust charging and transport on dusty surfaces, and laid a foundation for future investigations of its role in the surface evolution of airless planetary bodies.

Dust charging and mobilization is demonstrated in three experiments with exposure to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. These experiments present the advanced understanding of electrostatic dust transport and its role in shaping the surfaces of airless planetary bodies.

紫外辐射或等离子体照射表面的粉尘充电和动员实验方法

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

A System to Create Stable Nanoparticle Aerosols from Nanopowders

Nanoparticle aerosols released from nanopowders in workplaces are associated with human exposure and health risks. We developed a novel system, requiring minimal amounts of test materials (min. 200 mg), for studying powder aerosolization behavior and aerosol properties. The aerosolization procedure follows the concept of the fluidized-bed process, but occurs in the modified volume of a V-shaped aerosol generator. The airborne particle number concentration is adjustable by controlling the air flow rate. The system supplied stable aerosol generation rates and particle size distributions over long periods (0.5-2 hr and possibly longer), which are important, for example, to study aerosol behavior, but also for toxicological studies. Strict adherence to the operating procedures during the aerosolization experiments ensures the generation of reproducible test results. The critical steps in the standard protocol are the preparation of the material and setup, and the aerosolization operations themselves. The system can be used for experiments requiring stable aerosol concentrations and may also be an alternative method for testing dustiness. The controlled aerosolization made possible with this setup occurs using energy inputs (may be characterized by aerosolization air velocity) that are within the ranges commonly found in occupational environments where nanomaterial powders are handled. This setup and its operating protocol are thus helpful for human exposure and risk assessment.

We designed and developed an effective nanopowder aerosolization setup and operating protocol. The system generated nanoparticle aerosols with stable number concentrations and size distributions for long durations, requiring only small quantities of test material (min. 200 mg).

系统创建从纳米粉体纳米稳定气溶胶

Nanoparticle aerosols released from nanopowders in workplaces are associated with human exposure and health risks. We developed a novel system, requiring ...

Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System

With the rapid development of nanotechnology as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century, interest in the safety of consumer products containing nanomaterials is also increasing. Evaluating the nanomaterial release from products containing nanomaterials is a crucial step in assessing the safety of these products, and has resulted in several international efforts to develop consistent and reliable technologies for standardizing the evaluation of nanomaterial release. In this study, the release of nanomaterials from products containing nanomaterials is evaluated using a chamber system that includes a condensation particle counter, optical particle counter, and sampling ports to collect filter samples for electron microscopy analysis. The proposed chamber system is tested using an abrasor and disc-type nanocomposite material specimens to determine whether the nanomaterial release is repeatable and consistent within an acceptable range. The test results indicate that the total number of particles in each test is within 20% from the average after several trials. The release trends are similar and they show very good repeatability. Therefore, the proposed chamber system can be effectively used for nanomaterial release testing of products containing nanomaterials.

Nanoparticle release is tested using a chamber system that includes a condensation particle counter, an optical particle counter and sampling ports to collect filter samples for microscopy analysis. The proposed chamber system can be effectively used for nanomaterial release testing with a repeatable and consistent data range.

从使用室系统一个复合含纳米材料的纳米颗粒释放测试

With the rapid development of nanotechnology as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century, interest in the safety of consumer products ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, we described a protocol for multiple analyses of the biological compositions in environmental PM. Five experiments are presented: (1) PM number monitoring by using a laser particle counter; (2) PM collection by using a cyclonic aerosol sampler; (3) PM collection by using a high-volume air sampler with filters; (4) culturable microbes collection by the Andersen six-stage sampler; and (5) detection of biological composition of environmental PM by bacterial 16SrDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing. We selected hazy days and a livestock farm as two typical examples of the application in this protocol. In this study, these two sampling methods, cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler, showed different sampling efficiency. The cyclonic aerosol sampler performed much better in terms of collecting bacteria, while these two methods showed the same efficiency in collecting fungi. Filter samplers can work under low temperature conditions while cyclonic aerosol samplers have a sampling limitation for temperature. A solid impacting sampler, such as an Andersen six-stage sampler, can be used to sample bioaerosols directly into the culture medium, which increases the survival rate of culturable microorganisms. However, this method mainly relies on culture while more than 99% of microbes cannot be cultured. DNA extracted from the culturable bacteria collected by the Andersen six-stage sampler and samples collected by cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler were detected by bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing.All the methods above may have wide application in many fields of study, such as environmental monitoring and airborne pathogen detection. From these results, we can conclude that these methods can be used under different conditions and may help other researchers further explore the health impacts of environmental bioaerosols.

Understanding the biological composition of environmental particulate matter is important for the study of its significant impacts on human health and disease spread. Here, we used three types of bioaerosol sampling methods and a biological analysis of airborne microbes to better explore airborne microbial communities under different environmental conditions.

不同环境条件下生物气溶胶的组成及分布分析

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...

Development of a Nose-only Inhalation Toxicity Test Chamber That Provides Four Exposure Concentrations of Nano-sized Particles

Using a numerical analysis based on computerized fluid dynamics, a nose-only inhalation toxicity chamber with four different exposure concentrations is designed and validated for flow field uniformity and cross-contamination among the exposure ports for each concentration. The designed flow field values are compared with the measured values from exposure ports located horizontally and vertically. For this purpose, nanoscale sodium chloride particles are generated as test particles and introduced to the inhalation chamber to evaluate the cross-contamination and concentration maintenance among the chambers, for each concentration group. The results indicate that the designed multiconcentration inhalation chamber can be used in animal inhalation toxicity testing without cross-contamination among concentration groups. Moreover, the designed multiconcentration inhalation toxicity chamber can also be converted to a single-concentration inhalation chamber. Further testing with gas, organic vapor, or non-nanoscale particles will ensure the use of the chamber in the inhalation testing of other test articles.

A nose-only inhalation toxicity chamber capable of testing inhalation toxicity at four different exposure concentrations was designed and validated for flow field uniformity and cross-contamination between the exposure ports for each concentration. Here, we present a protocol to confirm that the designed chamber is effective for inhalation toxicity testing.

提供纳米颗粒四种曝光浓度的单鼻子吸入毒性试验室的研制

Using a numerical analysis based on computerized fluid dynamics, a nose-only inhalation toxicity chamber with four different exposure concentrations is ...

增强 CO2 封存：促进矿物风化的土壤生物群方法

Design and Construction of an Experimental Setup to Enhance Mineral Weathering through the Activity of Soil Organisms

Enhanced weathering (EW) is an emerging carbon dioxide (CO2) removal technology that can contribute to climate change mitigation. This technology relies on accelerating the natural process of mineral weathering in soils by manipulating the abiotic variables that govern this process, in particular mineral grain size and exposure to acids dissolved in water. EW mainly aims at reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations by enhancing inorganic carbon sequestration. Until now, knowledge of EW has been mainly gained through experiments that focused on the abiotic variables known for stimulating mineral weathering, thereby neglecting the potential influence of biotic components. While bacteria, fungi, and earthworms are known to increase mineral weathering rates, the use of soil organisms in the context of EW remains underexplored. 
 This protocol describes the design and construction of an experimental setup developed to enhance mineral weathering rates through soil organisms while concurrently controlling abiotic conditions. The setup is designed to maximize weathering rates while maintaining soil organisms' activity. It consists of a large number of columns filled with rock powder and organic material, located in a climate chamber and with water applied via a downflow irrigation system. Columns are placed above a fridge containing jerrycans to collect the leachate. Representative results demonstrate that this setup is suitable to ensure the activity of soil organisms and quantify their effect on inorganic carbon sequestration. Challenges remain in minimizing leachate losses, ensuring homogeneous ventilation through the climate chamber, and avoiding flooding of the columns. With this setup, an innovative and promising approach is proposed to enhance mineral weathering rates through the activity of soil biota and disentangle the effect of biotic and abiotic factors as drivers of EW.

作者聚焦：揭示蚯蚓在增强矿物风化作用以去除 CO2 中的作用 

Here we present the construction and operation of an experimental setup to enhance mineral weathering through the activity of soil organisms while concurrently manipulating abiotic variables known to stimulate weathering. Representative results from the functioning of the setup and sample analyses are discussed together with points for improvement.

设计和建造实验装置，通过土壤生物的活动增强矿物风化

Enhanced weathering (EW) is an emerging carbon dioxide (CO2) removal technology that can contribute to climate change mitigation. This technology relies ...

实验协议来调查产品的粒子雾化在耐磨和环境下风化

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此视频中的章节

实验室落塔的粉尘聚集在碰撞早期太阳系的实验模拟

提取和表面活性剂的特性，从大气气溶胶

紫外辐射或等离子体照射表面的粉尘充电和动员实验方法

系统创建从纳米粉体纳米稳定气溶胶

从使用室系统一个复合含纳米材料的纳米颗粒释放测试

不同环境条件下生物气溶胶的组成及分布分析

提供纳米颗粒四种曝光浓度的单鼻子吸入毒性试验室的研制

设计和建造实验装置，通过土壤生物的活动增强矿物风化

设计和建造实验装置，通过土壤生物的活动增强矿物风化

设计和建造实验装置，通过土壤生物的活动增强矿物风化