This work was supported by STW (12864, C.C.W.G.B) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Rubicon Grant 825.12.016, T.M.H.E).

在下一节中描述的步骤均符合并通过Radboud大学医学中心的奈梅亨，荷兰的医学伦理委员会的认可。据我们所知，目前可用于研究人员摄取的温度丸3种不同的商业系统。可摄取温度药丸的用户手册是特定品牌（表的具体材料），但所有的系统都适合测量期间运动和静止条件下进行。 1，排除标准和学科教学<ol><li>询问对象以书面或口头形式的排除标准使用遥测温度丸:1）体重低于36.5千克，2）梗阻性肠道疾病，胃肠道手术3）历史，4）植入的医疗设备，以及5 ）在实验期间一个预定的MRI扫描。 </li><li>记下温度丸的序列号和校准号。 </li&gt; <li>指导受试者如何使用温度丸（见第2节）。 </li><li>提供避孕药与短的指导手册，其中包含在第2所示。如果受试者接受温度丸远远超过了实验的信息一起的主题，提醒受天实验之前摄取温度丸。 </li></ol> 2.温度丸说明书<ol><li>指示受试者对摄取温度丸实验至少6小时前，以避免与流体摄取的任何相互作用。按照后续步骤正确摄取温度丸。 </li><li>指示受试者对从丸取出磁条，激活电池，并启用测量。 </li><li>责成受到最好摄取温度丸用一杯水来增强丸服用。 </li><li>让拍摄对象的药片包装材料返回到科研队伍，这样他们就可以ch个ECK在实验前的起始序列和校准号。 </li><li>指示该温度药丸将通过其自然的方式（粪便）离开身体的主体，它可以通过马桶冲洗。 </li></ol> 3.实验方案一:截模式注意:在剖模式下，可以同时测量最多99受试者。 <ol><li>调整记录为之前测量的横截面测量所需的设置。 <ol><li>打开录音机，随着计算机与传输电缆连接录音机，推动&#39;F2-PC链接"按钮，使刻录机与电脑连接。 </li><li>打开电脑，其可以被用来定义正确的设置上的锝软件。注:该软件是由公司与温度丸和录音机的订单供应。 </li><li>要调整设置，点击"程序编写者17;在软件的主屏幕，并随后使用"开放式PC链接"按钮，以与记录仪的连接，并选择正确的设置。 <ol><li>选择通过选择"运动模式&#39;上的横截面测量模式。 </li><li>选择正确的温度测量标度（摄氏或华氏）。使用"写配置，以记录"按钮，将设置复制到刻录机。 </li><li>添加所有个体对象的序列和校准号到外部记录器，这使得能够在实验过程中切换用户的选项。按下"传感器/条形码显示"按钮，软件，并添加所有的序列号和校准的数字。按下"写入传感器来记录"按钮，将数据复制到录。 </li><li>检查之前，测量记录器的电池中，以避免在测量过程中放电的电池，因此丢失的数据。注:通常情况下，一个batte75％RY的状态足以衡量&gt; 10小时。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>一旦所有的准备工作完成和预定义的设置进行检查，开始实验。要做到这一点，返回记录的主屏幕，并使用&#39;F2-运动"按钮开始数据采集。 </li><li>当玩家XX出现在屏幕上，按下"读取"按钮来衡量Tgi为由。再次使用"读取"按钮Tgi为由额外的测量。 </li><li>要通过推动"读取"按钮，切换用户，推了正确数量的记录，随后测量锝。 </li><li>通过按下"停止"按钮停止收集数据。 </li><li>当测量完成后，关闭记录仪，以防止数据丢失的正确方法。要做到这一点，使用"确认"按钮，"退出"成为主屏幕上显示。按下"F1-退出"键和REC的记录显示"转秩序"。随后，使用电源开关关掉录音机。 </li><li>出口和从外部记录的原始数据存储到计算机（见第5;数据处理）。 </li></ol> 4.实验方案二:连续模式注:连续模式使得能够连续测量，并保存在预定的恒定的时间间隔的个体对象的Tgi为由，例如每20秒。在接下来的部分中，用于执行此类型的测量的步骤顺序进行说明。 <ol><li>调整记录，为连续测量模式的测量之前正确的设置（见第3节，步骤3.1.1-3.1.3）。 </li><li>选择通过选择"运动模式OFF"连续测量模式。 </li><li> （:MM:SS 11H），以最小的采样间隔10秒的通过调整&#39;读取间隔"向右恒定的时间间隔中选择一个测定频率。 </li><li>选择COR矩形的温度测量标度（摄氏或华氏）。使用"写配置，以记录"按钮，将设置复制到刻录机。 </li><li>检查之前，测量记录器的电池中，以避免在测量过程中放电的电池，因此丢失的数据。注意:通常情况下，75％的电池状态足以执行24小时测量。 </li><li>一旦所有的准备工作完成和预定义的设置进行检查，开始实验。通过按下录音机的主屏幕上的"运行"按钮，启动数据采集。 </li><li>随后，装上记录的腰包靠近，以避免测量误差的主题（腹部与刻录机之间最大30-40厘米）的腹部。 注:在实验开始后，每隔预定的时间间隔Tc的测量将采取。随着"读取"按钮额外的采样点可以增加。 </li><li>停止的T通过按下"停止"按钮C测量。 </li><li>使用"F1-退出"按钮，提示"关闭单元"，然后使用电源开关关掉录音机。 </li><li>出口和从外部记录的原始数据存储到计算机（见第5节;数据提取）。 </li></ol> 5.数据提取<ol><li>刻录机连接到计算机，完成数据导出（第3节，步骤3.1.1）。 </li><li>打开软件，点击软件中的主屏幕上的"下载"按钮。 </li><li>输入文件名，然后按下"确定"按钮。注意:数据现在将存储为.cvt文件，它可以使用电子表格软件打开。 </li><li>打开数据文件并进行目视检查所收集的数据缺失数据和异常值。注意:大减小Tgi为由的或增加（≤1℃）很短的时间间隔内（±1分钟）是非常不现实的，并且可以通过一个distur引起bance的无线电信号的。其结果是，该不切实际数据点可用于进一步的分析中删除。 </li><li>通过平均一个和下一个有效值插缺失值。注:数据插值是可能的最多三个缺失值在一排。 </li></ol>

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No conflicts of interest declared.

可摄取遥测温度丸必须提供Tgi为由连续，有效的和非侵入性测量的能力。此外，温度丸的优点是，一旦摄入的事实，受试者不知道在体内或该测量完成的药丸的存在。因此，这种方法是在静止的条件以及运动，为研究参与者最小负担时容易适用，且可在现场和实验室设置，因此可以使用。另一个优点是能够测量大组受试者仅具有单个记录器的可能性。 以确保Tgi为由与摄取丸?...

基材的过程中肌肉收缩，必要的氧化进行锻炼和体力活动，因为只有20％是用于肌肉的力量1重要的影响，我们的体温调节系统，而大部分能量被释放的热量（80％）2,3。因此，身体活动和运动期间升高的代谢产热典型地超过了热耗散能力4,5，从而增加在芯体温度（Tc）。因此，将T上升到高于下丘脑设定点，其被定义为热疗6，甚至可能导致一个衰减的运动性能5,7,8和/或热相关病症4,6的发展。由于这个原因，在长时间的运动，特别是在剧烈的环境条件来精确测量Tc为重要。 文献描述了一个理想的方法来衡量锝应:1）容易的应用程序licable，2）不受到环境条件有所偏差，3）具有高时间分辨率的快速监测变化在Tc和4）具有与检测的微小变化的能力（Δ0.1℃）在核心体温9,10。不同方法的概述测量锝是由国际标准化组织（ISO 9886）11中给出 。有人说，食管温度在左心房的水平提供了中央血液温度最接近的协议，而这项措施是能够快速检测温度12（未成年人）的变化。尽管食管温度测量值通常被认为是黄金标准录制TC，其侵入性限制了实际使用这种方法。替代措施，以监测锝依靠外部鼓膜，口腔或直肠12温度记录。这些测量点不是最佳的衡量TC，由于其侵入性的性格，methodolog的iCal困难和/或环境状况9,12-14（表1）的电势偏压。这凸显了需要探索替代战略，以监测（变化）锝。 以前的研究已经描述了使用可摄入遥测温度丸以测量Tgi为由，它为Tc 9,15的代表估计的易适用，可靠和有效的方法。另一个重要的是，利用温度丸的是适合在基于场的情况下，这是非常重要的，因为在锝运动诱发的升高一般较高外地比实验室设置16。目前，该温度丸能够为±0.1℃，这使得这种技术非常适合的锻炼事件或重要的比赛期间测量所述Tgi为由精度测量Tgi为由每隔10秒。另外，在一项研究Stevens等人17。如果表明遥测温度丸也可以用于监测胃内温度。可摄取的温度丸首先于1961年18协作描述，并进一步发展在美国约翰霍普金斯大学（巴尔的摩，美国）与美国航空航天局的应用物理实验室。其结果是一个20×10毫米的胶囊用遥测系统，微型电池，石英晶体的温度传感器。水晶传感器振动在频率相对于周围物质的温度的。该温度的无线电信号通过身体，这可以通过一个外部记录器（图1）来测量发射。每个温度丸具有唯一的序列和校准号，它可以用来由记录器转换的无线电信号，并测量相应Tgi为由。 一个小的磁条附着到温度药丸，其中停用电池外部。当这个磁条被删除，丸是ACTI氧基团立即开始测量锝（ 图2）。住处和他的同事，19使用了六个不同的技术（胃肠道，直肠，听觉，时间的，轴向和前额）来衡量锝，与直肠温度设定为基准值。他们证明，锝随温度丸胃肠测量是表示与参考锝一致的唯一技术。他人调查Tgi为由和直肠温度之间的关系，并显示出一个小而显著偏压范围为0.07℃至0.20℃下9,15,20,21。尽管研究之间的方向和偏压的大小不同，协议的布兰德和Altman 95％限分别为±0.4℃，这是可以接受的9,22。此外，在审查Byrne等9 Tgi为由与直肠和食管温度（黄金标准）作为用于锝的量度相比较。他们证明，Tgi为由测量与TEmperature丸是一种基于肠和食道温度之间的良好的协议锝一个有效的措施。此外，协议中的95％布兰德和奥特曼的限制被限制在±0.4°C 22，虽然没有显著偏压两次测量9,20,21之间发现。这些结果表明，Tgi为由为锝一个有效的措施。 一个良好的TC / Tgi为由测量技术的另一个重要方面是高时间分辨率迅速监视变化锝。以前的研究已经表明，随着温度的丸测定的Tgi为由响应更慢的变化锝相比食管测量15,20,23，其可以由于食道的低热容量和接近心脏10进行说明。在食管温度测量，该热敏电阻放置在左心房10的水平。在这个水平上，肺动脉和食道是在接触和等温24，刺激快速响应时间上的变化，在食管测量温度。与此相反，相比于食道肠和直肠较少灌注，导致在测量温度变化在这些解剖位置的延迟。但是，摄取遥测温度丸具有±0.1℃的精确度，并且能够测量Tgi为由每隔10秒。先前的研究报告说，核心体温上升的最大值为1℃，每5分钟，如果没有热量的运动25中删除。因此，温度丸的时间分辨率是适于测量运动时的变化Tgi为由。基于这些发现，可以得出结论，该温度丸是可靠和有效的技术来测量Tgi为由。尽管在大量的研究，关于如何使用丸缺少温度的清晰描述的使用遥测温度丸。 因此，T他本研究的目的是提供测量协议的使用可摄取遥测温度丸的详细描述。其次，遥测温度丸在两个不同的研究的协议的应用被描述，在其中的横截面设计（测量用不同的记录器，每5公里）和协议，连续记录Tgi为由在个人使用。

<table><tbody><tr><td>CorTemp data recorder</td><td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td><td>Not applicable</td><td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortemp-data-recorder/</td></tr><tr><td>Cortemp ingestible telemetric temperature pill</td><td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td><td>HT150002</td><td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortemp-sensor-2/</td></tr><tr><td>CorTrack II software (Data processing for a PC only)</td><td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td><td>Not applicable</td><td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortrack-ii-data-graphing-software/</td></tr></tbody></table>

using an ingestible telemetric temperature pill to assess gastrointestinal temperature during exercise

Exercise results in an increase in core body temperature (Tc), which may reduce exercise performance and eventually can lead to the development of heat-related disorders. Therefore, accurate measurement of Tc during exercise is of great importance, especially in athletes who have to perform in challenging ambient conditions. In the current literature a number of methods have been described to measure the Tc (esophageal, external tympanic membrane, mouth or rectum). However, these methods are suboptimal to measure Tc during exercise since they are invasive, have a slow response or are influenced by environmental conditions. Studies described the use of an ingestible telemetric temperature pill as a reliable and valid method to assess gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), which is a representative measurement of Tc. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide a detailed description of the measurement of Tgi using an ingestible telemetric temperature pill. This study addresses important methodological factors that must be taken into account for an accurate measurement. It is recommended to read the instructions carefully in order to ensure that the ingestible telemetric temperature pill is a reliable method to assess Tgi at rest and during exercise.

从我们以前的工作证明了方法的代表性结果列于下一部分，在其中的横截面（ 图3A）和一个连续测量（图3B）的一个例子给出。 Tgi为由的横断面测量从横截面的测量数据的一例示于图3A。获得基准Tgi为由后，受试者走30公里在自己选择的步伐。在运动过程中的Tgi为由整理30公里走长征后测得的每5公里以及?...

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Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise

This study describes an accurate, reliable and non-invasive technique to continuously measure gastrointestinal temperature during exercise. The ingestible telemetric temperature pill is suitable to measure gastrointestinal temperature in laboratory settings as well as in field based settings.

使用可摄取遥测温度丸，以评估胃肠道温度在练习

Exercise results in an increase in core body temperature (Tc), which may reduce exercise performance and eventually can lead to the development of ...

using-an-ingestible-telemetric-temperature-pill-to-assess

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

Education

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Nursing

Medicine

Unit 1

Vital Signs: Temperature

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

10.4K 次观看.  Radboud University Medical Center. This study describes an accurate, reliable and non-invasive technique to continuously measure gastrointestinal temperature during exercise. The ingestible telemetric temperature pill is suitable to measure gastrointestinal temperature in laboratory settings as well as in field based settings. 

视频: Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise

The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), also known as exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD), is commonly experienced in individuals who have been physically inactive for prolonged periods of time, and begin with an unexpected bout of exercise1-4, but can also occur in athletes who exercise beyond their normal limits of training5. The symptoms associated with this painful phenomenon can range from slight muscle tenderness, to severe debilitating pain1,3,5. The intensity of these symptoms and the related discomfort increases within the first 24 hours following the termination of the exercise, and peaks between 24 to 72 hours post exercise1,3. For this reason, DOMS is one of the most common recurrent forms of sports injury that can affect an individual&#x2019;s performance, and become intimidating for many1,4.
For the last 3 decades, the DOMS phenomenon has gained a considerable amount of interest amongst researchers and specialists in exercise physiology, sports, and rehabilitation fields6. There has been a variety of published studies investigating this painful occurrence in regards to its underlying mechanisms, treatment interventions, and preventive strategies1-5,7-12. However, it is evident from the literature that DOMS is not an easy pathology to quantify, as there is a wide amount of variability between the measurement tools and methods used to quantify this condition6. It is obvious that no agreement has been made on one best evaluation measure for DOMS, which makes it difficult to verify whether a specific intervention really helps in decreasing the symptoms associated with this type of soreness or not. Thus, DOMS can be seen as somewhat ambiguous, because many studies depend on measuring soreness using a visual analog scale (VAS)10,13-15, which is a subjective rather than an objective measure. Even though needle biopsies of the muscle, and blood levels of myofibre proteins might be considered a gold standard to some6, large variations in some of these blood proteins have been documented 6,16, in addition to the high risks sometimes associated with invasive techniques. 
Therefore, in the current investigation, we tested a thermal infra-red (IR) imaging technique of the skin above the exercised muscle to detect the associated muscle soreness. Infra-red thermography has been used, and found to be successful in detecting different types of diseases and infections since the 1950&#x2019;s17. But surprisingly, near to nothing has been done on DOMS and changes in skin temperature. The main purpose of this investigation was to examine changes in DOMS using this safe and non-invasive technique.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess whether using an infra-red thermal camera is a valid tool for detecting and quantifying the muscle soreness after exercising.

热红外成像来检测迟发性肌肉酸痛

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), also known as exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD), is commonly experienced in individuals who have been physically ...

科研

医学

Measuring Skeletal Muscle Thermogenesis in Mice and Rats

Skeletal muscle thermogenesis provides a potential avenue for better understanding metabolic homeostasis and the mechanisms underlying energy expenditure. Surprisingly little evidence is available to link the neural, myocellular, and molecular mechanisms of thermogenesis directly to measurable changes in muscle temperature. This paper describes a method in which temperature transponders are utilized to retrieve direct measurements of mouse and rat skeletal muscle temperature.
Remote transponders are surgically implanted within the muscle of mice and rats, and the animals are given time to recover. Mice and rats must then be repeatedly habituated to the testing environment and procedure. Changes in muscle temperature are measured in response to pharmacological or contextual stimuli in the home cage. Muscle temperature can also be measured during prescribed physical activity (i.e., treadmill walking at a constant speed) to factor out changes in activity as contributors to the changes in muscle temperature induced by these stimuli.
This method has been successfully used to elucidate mechanisms underlying muscle thermogenic control at the level of the brain, sympathetic nervous system, and skeletal muscle. Provided are demonstrations of this success using predator odor (PO; ferret odor) as a contextual stimulus and injections of oxytocin (Oxt) as a pharmacological stimulus, where predator odor induces muscle thermogenesis, and Oxt suppresses muscle temperature. Thus, these datasets display the efficacy of this method in detecting rapid changes in muscle temperature.

Mice and rats are surgically implanted with remote temperature transponders and then habituated to the testing environment and procedure. Changes in muscle temperature are measured in response to pharmacological or contextual stimuli in the home cage or during prescribed physical activity (i.e., treadmill walking at a constant speed).

测量小鼠和大鼠的骨骼肌产热

Skeletal muscle thermogenesis provides a potential avenue for better understanding metabolic homeostasis and the mechanisms underlying energy expenditure. ...

行为学

Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images

Reliably differentiating brown adipose tissue (BAT) from other tissues using a non-invasive imaging method is an important step toward studying BAT in humans. Detecting BAT is typically confirmed by the uptake of the injected radioactive tracer 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) into adipose tissue depots, as measured by positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) scans after exposing the subject to cold stimulus. Fat-water separated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the ability to distinguish BAT without the use of a radioactive tracer. To date, MRI of BAT in adult humans has not been co-registered with cold-activated PET-CT. Therefore, this protocol uses 18F-FDG PET-CT scans to automatically generate a BAT mask, which is then applied to co-registered MRI scans of the same subject. This approach enables measurement of quantitative MRI properties of BAT without manual segmentation. BAT masks are created from two PET-CT scans: after exposure for 2 hr to either thermoneutral (TN) (24 &#176;C) or cold-activated (CA) (17 &#176;C) conditions. The TN and CA PET-CT scans are registered, and the PET standardized uptake and CT Hounsfield values are used to create a mask containing only BAT. CA and TN MRI scans are also acquired on the same subject and registered to the PET-CT scans in order to establish quantitative MRI properties within the automatically defined BAT mask. An advantage of this approach is that the segmentation is completely automated and is based on widely accepted methods for identification of activated BAT (PET-CT). The quantitative MRI properties of BAT established using this protocol can serve as the basis for an MRI-only BAT examination that avoids the radiation associated with PET-CT.

The method presented here uses 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) and fat-water separated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), each scanned following 2 hr exposure to thermoneutral (24 &#176;C) and cold conditions (17 &#176;C) in order to map brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult human subjects.

人类的褐色脂肪组织的仓库的正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描自动分段及注册磁共振图像

Reliably differentiating brown adipose tissue (BAT) from other tissues using a non-invasive imaging method is an important step toward studying BAT in ...

Mouse Body Temperature Measurement Using Infrared Thermometer During Passive Systemic Anaphylaxis and Food Allergy Evaluation

Mouse body temperature measurement is of paramount importance for investigating allergies and anaphylactic symptoms. Rectal probes for temperature readings is common, and they have been proven to be accurate and invaluable in this regard. However, this method of temperature measurement requires the mice to be anesthetized in order to insert the probe without injury to the animal. This limits the ability to observe other phenotypes of the mouse simultaneously. In order to investigate other phenotypes while measuring temperatures, rectal probes are not ideal, and another method is desired. Here, we introduce a noninvasive method of temperature measurement that foregoes the requirement for mouse anesthesia while maintaining equal reliability to rectal probes in measuring body temperature. We use an infrared thermometer that detects body surface temperatures at ranges between 2 and 150 mm. This method of body temperature measurement is successful in reliably replicating temperature change trends during passive system anaphylaxis experiments in mice. We show that body surface temperatures are about 2.0 &#176;C lower than rectal probe measurements, but the degree of temperature drop follows the same trend. Furthermore, we use the same technique to observe mice in a food allergy model to evaluate temperature and activity levels simultaneously.

Here we present a new method to accurately measure body temperature differences in passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA) and food allergy mouse models using an infrared thermometer. This procedure has been accurately duplicated in previous PSA results.

红外测温仪在被动系统过敏反应和食品过敏评价中的应用

Mouse body temperature measurement is of paramount importance for investigating allergies and anaphylactic symptoms. Rectal probes for temperature ...

免疫与感染

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

Controlling patient temperature is important for a wide variety of clinical conditions. Cooling to normal or below normal body temperature is often performed for neuroprotection after ischemic insult (e.g. hemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cardiac arrest, or other hypoxic injury). Cooling from febrile states treats fever and reduces the negative effects of hyperthermia on injured neurons. Patients are warmed in the operating room to prevent inadvertent perioperative hypothermia, which is known to cause increased blood loss, wound infections, and myocardial injury, while also prolonging recovery time. There are many reported approaches for temperature management, including improvised methods that repurpose standard supplies (e.g., ice, chilled saline, fans, blankets) but more sophisticated technologies designed for temperature management are typically more successful in delivering an optimized protocol. Over the last decade, advanced technologies have developed around two heat transfer methods: surface devices (water blankets, forced-air warmers) or intravascular devices (sterile catheters requiring vascular placement). Recently, a novel device became available that is placed in the esophagus, analogous to a standard orogastric tube, that provides efficient heat transfer through the patient&#39;s core. The device connects to existing heat exchange units to allow automatic patient temperature management via a servo mechanism, using patient temperature from standard temperature sensors (rectal, Foley, or other core temperature sensors) as the input variable. This approach eliminates vascular placement complications (deep venous thrombosis, central line associated bloodstream infection), reduces obstruction to patient access, and causes less shivering when compared to surface approaches. Published data have also shown a high degree of accuracy and maintenance of target temperature using the esophageal approach to temperature management. Therefore, the purpose of this method is to provide a low-risk alternative method for controlling patient temperature in critical care settings.

This study presents a novel method to provide efficient patient temperature control for cooling or warming patients. A single use, triple lumen device is placed into the esophagus, analogous to a standard orogastric tube, and connects to existing heat exchange units to perform automatic patient temperature management.

病人体温控制的食管传热及靶温管理

Controlling patient temperature is important for a wide variety of clinical conditions. Cooling to normal or below normal body temperature is often ...

Infrared Thermography for the Detection of Changes in Brown Adipose Tissue Activity

Measuring brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity by positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT) via the accumulation of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) after a meal or in obese or diabetic patients fails as the method of choice. The main reason is that 18F-FDG competes with the postprandial high glucose plasma concentration for the same glucose transporter on the membrane of BAT cells. In addition, BAT uses fatty acids as a source of energy as well, which is not visible with PET-CT and could be changed along with glucose concentration in obese and diabetic patients. Therefore, to estimate the physiological importance of BAT in animals and humans, a new infrared thermography method used in recent publications is applied.
After overnight fasting, BAT activity was measured by infrared thermography before and after a meal in human volunteers and&#160;female wild-type mice. The camera software calculates the object&#39;s temperature using distance from the object, skin emissivity, reflected room temperature, air temperature, and relative humidity. In mice, the shaved area above the BAT was a region of interest for which average and maximal temperatures were measured. The phase of the estrous cycle in female mice was determined after an experiment by vaginal smears stained with cresyl violet (0.1%) stain solution. In healthy volunteers, two skin areas of the neck were selected: the supraclavicular area (above the collarbone, where BAT cells are present) and the interclavicular area (between the collarbones, where there is no BAT tissue detected). BAT activity is determined by the subtraction of those two values. Also, the average and maximal temperatures of skin areas could be determined in animals and human participants.
Changes in BAT activity after a meal measured by infrared thermography, a non-invasive and more sensitive method, were shown to be sex, age, and phase of the estrous cycle dependent in laboratory animals. As part of diet-induced thermogenesis, BAT activation in humans was also proven to be sex, age, and body mass index dependent. Further determining the pathophysiological changes in BAT activity after a meal will be of great importance for participants with high glucose plasma concentrations (obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2), as well as in different laboratory animals (knock-out mice). This method is also a variable tool for determining possible activating drugs that could rejuvenate BAT activity.

Here, we present a protocol for measuring brown adipose tissue activity after a meal in humans and laboratory animals.

红外热成像用于检测棕色脂肪组织活性的变化

Measuring brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity by positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT) via the accumulation of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ...

Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans

In mammals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated rapidly in response to cold in order to maintain body temperature. Although BAT has been studied greatly in small animals, it is difficult to measure the activity of BAT in humans. Therefore, little is known about the heat-generating capacity and physiological significance of BAT in humans, including the degree to which components of the diet can activate BAT. This is due to the limitations in the currently most used method to assess the activation of BAT-radiolabeled glucose (fluorodeoxyglucose or 18FDG) measured by positron emission tomography-computerized tomography (PET-CT).
This method is usually performed in fasted subjects, as feeding induces glucose uptake by the muscles, which can mask the glucose uptake into the BAT. This paper describes a detailed protocol for quantifying total-body human energy expenditure and substrate utilization from BAT thermogenesis by combining indirect calorimetry, infrared thermography, and blood glucose monitoring in carbohydrate-loaded adult males. To characterize the physiological significance of BAT, measures of the impact of BAT activity on human health are critical. We demonstrate a protocol to achieve this by combining carbohydrate loading and indirect calorimetry with measurements of supraclavicular changes in temperature. This novel approach will help to understand the physiology and pharmacology of BAT thermogenesis in humans.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the physiological significance of the impact of brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity on human metabolism. This is achieved by combining carbohydrate loading and indirect calorimetry with measurements of supraclavicular changes in temperature. This novel approach can help develop a pharmacological target for BAT thermogenesis in humans.

使用间接量热法、红外热成像和血糖水平的组合来测量人类棕色脂肪组织的产热

In mammals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated rapidly in response to cold in order to maintain body temperature. Although BAT has been studied ...

Surgical Implantation of Temperature Telemetric Monitoring System in Mouse Model: A Surgical Procedure to Implant Temperature Telemetric Device to Measure Mouse Core Body Temperature

Source: King, M. A. et al.&#160; <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/video/62738" target="_blank">A Preclinical Model of Exertional Heat Stroke in Mice</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)
In this video, we describe a surgical procedure to implant a temperature telemetric device&#160; in a mouse model to continuously measure its core body temperature.

小鼠模型中温度遥测监测系统的手术植入:植入温度遥测装置测量小鼠核心体温的外科手术

Source: King, M. A. et al.&#160; A Preclinical Model of Exertional Heat Stroke in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)
In this video, we describe a surgical ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

生物学

Rodent Models

Adult

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general, glass-bulb thermometers pose a risk of unintended injury to patients if the glass breaks.&#160;
Electronic and Digital Thermometer:
Electronic and digital thermometers are designed to assess oral, rectal, or axillary body temperature in 1 to 60 seconds. The electronic thermometer comprises a rechargeable battery-powered display unit, a temperature-processing probe covered by a disposable probe cover, and a thin wire cord. Some models have separate, unbreakable, reusable probes with single-use disposable covers for oral and rectal usage. These battery-powered devices display a numerical temperature. In some, the most recent measurements have a 60-second pulse timer that automatically converts temperature readings from Fahrenheit to Celsius.
Tympanic Membrane Thermometer:
Tympanic membrane thermometers are an otoscope-like speculum that uses infrared sensors to measure heat emitted by the tympanic membrane. The probe is encased with a probe cover and securely placed into the ear canal to close the opening. Depending on the product, the reading takes between 1 and 3 seconds.
Disposable single-use Thermometers or Chemical Dot Thermometers:
Disposable single-use or chemical dot thermometers are unbreakable and detect the patient&#39;s temperature in seconds. Since they are only used once, single-use thermometers eliminate the risk of cross-infection. This is ideal for use with patients on isolation precautions.
Chemical dot thermometers are temperature-sensitive patches or tape, which are placed on the stomach or forehead, that change color to reflect the temperature. The Celsius version has 50 dots, each reflecting a 0.1&#176; C temperature increase from 35.5&#176; C to 40.4&#176; C. The Fahrenheit version features 45 dots with 0.2&#176; F variations and a temperature range of 96&#176;F to 104.8&#176; F. These thermometers can be used on children. If the color of the tape or patch indicates abnormal temperature, a more traditional type of thermometer should be used to verify the temperature reading.
Temporal Artery Thermometer:
Temporal artery thermometers use the heat radiated by the skin above the temporal artery to determine body temperature. These devices are battery-powered and have a temperature display.

用于测量体温的设备

Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow ...

使用可摄取遥测温度丸，以评估胃肠道温度在练习

摘要

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热红外成像来检测迟发性肌肉酸痛

测量小鼠和大鼠的骨骼肌产热

人类的褐色脂肪组织的仓库的正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描自动分段及注册磁共振图像

红外测温仪在被动系统过敏反应和食品过敏评价中的应用

病人体温控制的食管传热及靶温管理

红外热成像用于检测棕色脂肪组织活性的变化

使用间接量热法、红外热成像和血糖水平的组合来测量人类棕色脂肪组织的产热

小鼠模型中温度遥测监测系统的手术植入:植入温度遥测装置测量小鼠核心体温的外科手术

用于测量体温的设备

用于测量体温的设备