The authors gratefully acknowledge the National Science Foundation (NSF) for financial support of this work through a CAREER award (CBET-0746210) and through award CBET-1159500. We would like to thank Dr. Turkson (Univ. of Hawaii Cancer Center) and Dr. Altomare (Univ. of Central Florida College of Medicine) for assistance with cell culture.

1.培养细胞系<ol><li>解冻的TE 71（小鼠胸腺上皮细胞），MDA-MB-231（人乳腺癌细胞），A549（人肺癌细胞）和OVCAR3（人类卵巢癌细胞）由保持在温水中冷冻剂瓶为小于2分钟。添加补充有10％FBS的每个细胞系，离心6分钟，在106×g下10 ml的DMEM培养基。 </li><li>吸出悬挂和3毫升媒体添加到沉淀。适当吹打几次的细胞混合。加该细胞溶液到预先温热7 ml，在T75烧瓶补充有10％FBS的DMEM培养基，并保持在95％空气/ 5％CO 2的潮湿气氛中的烧瓶在37℃。标签此瓶为通道0。 </li><li>当细胞的汇合达到80％，通过将它们与0.05％胰蛋白酶10分钟收获细胞。通过加入媒体等量中和胰蛋白酶。离心该溶液6分钟，在106×g下。取下悬挂和中加3毫升的新鲜媒体吧。混合逢L和少量（100微升）转移到含有7毫升媒体培养瓶中。孵育培养瓶中的孵化器。标签的烧瓶通道1。 </li><li>培养细胞系直至通路11或12。 </li></ol> 2.制造纳米粒子<ol><li>的〜10 -6 M（调整后）未稀释的MEH-PPV原液的制备<ol><li>在小瓶中添加1mg的聚[2-甲氧基-5-（2-乙基己氧基）-1,4-亚苯基亚乙烯基]（MEH-PPV）与分子量（平均M n）150,000-250,000克/摩尔和3ml四氢呋喃（THF） 。 2小时搅拌混合物，同时在80℃的热板上加热。 </li><li>使用0.2微米的注射器过滤器过滤在一个新的小瓶上述溶液中。标签这一解决方案为"未稀释的MEH-PPV原液"。该解决方案将参与集中的微调后的纳米颗粒制备如步骤2.1.3和2.1.4描述。 </li><li>加50微升未稀释的MEH-PPV原液入3毫升THF。标签这个解决方案是"稀释MEH-PPV原液"。通过紫外可见光谱转移到1厘米石英试管，并测量吸光度495纳米。 </li><li>如果稀释MEH-PPV原液的吸光度比0.17以上，稀释未稀释的MEH-PPV原液通过一次加入更多的THF 1毫升，并重复步骤2.1.3直到在495nm处测定的吸光度是在范围0.13-0.17。 </li><li>通过使用朗伯 - 比尔定律，如下所示计算稀释MEH-PPV库存溶液的摩尔浓度。此处0.15吸光度用作示例的协议的其余部分（即，基于观察到的吸光度调整所有后面的计算），使用的MEH-PPV消光 ​​系数为10 7 M -1 -1和所使用的路径长度是1厘米。 A =εxbxc（方程1） （ε - 的摩尔消光系数，A - 吸光度，B - 路径长度和c - 溶液的浓度） 0。15 = 10 7 M -1 -1×1cm的XC（方程式2） C = 1.5×10 -8 M（等式3） 使用此浓度找到未稀释的MEH-PPV原液的浓度如下: M 1 -V 1 = M 2 V 2（方程4） 0.15×10 -7的M×3050微升= M 2×50微升（方程5） M 2 = 9.15×10 -7 M（方程6） 这是&#39;调整未稀释的MEH-PPV原液"的浓度。 </li></ol></li><li>计算MEH-PPV的质量在调整未稀释的MEH-PPV原液<ol><li>计算MEH-PPV的质量在1毫升的调整未稀释原液如下所示使用在节2.1.4中获得的摩尔浓度和分子量（M w）的 MEH-PPV的，这是10 6克/摩尔。 M = N / V（N - 没有痣，V - L中量）（方程7） 由此，MEH-PPV在1ml质量调整UNDiluted原液是9.15×10 -4克</li></ol></li><li>在MEH-PPV混合PCBM <ol><li>计算的苯基-C 61 -丁酸甲酯（PCBM）的质量要加入到库存MEH-PPV溶液以使50％（重量）PCBM掺杂MEH-PPV溶液，其中50％（重量）PCBM定义相对于所述质量MEH-PPV（即MEH-PPV的质量的一半）。通过使用MEH-PPV的2.2节所获得的权重。 的PCBM / 9.15×10 -4克MEH-PPV×100％= 50％（重量）PCBM的质量（方程8） 对PCBM = 4.57×10 -4 g质量（方程9） </li><li>重1毫克PCBM在小瓶中并加入500μlTHF中。使用PCBM的分子量计算PCBM的浓度在该溶液作为910.88克/摩尔 对PCBM溶液= 0.001克/（910.88克/摩尔* 500微升）摩尔浓度（方程10） 对PCBM溶液摩尔浓度= 2.19×10 -9摩尔/微升（方程11） </li><li>计算PCBM溶液的体积需要添加至调整未稀释的急H-PPV原液通过利用在步骤2.3.2中计算的摩尔浓度，以获得在THF中50％（重量）PCBM掺杂MEH-PPV溶液 4.57×10 -4克PCBM×1摩尔/ 910.88 GX 1微升/ 2.19×10 -9摩尔= 229微升（方程12） 加入229微升PCBM溶液加入到1毫升稀释调节MEH-PPV原液拌匀。 </li></ol></li><li>通过再沉淀法纳米粒子的制备<ol><li>转移1毫升共混MEH-PPV / PCBM溶液入1ml注射器与连接到它的针头的。 </li><li>迅速注入1毫升共混MEH-PPV / PCBM溶液加入到4毫升DI水在1,200rpm下搅拌。停止注射后立即搅拌。使用这些纳米粒子没有进一步处理。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.孵化与纳米粒子细胞系成像注:所有成像实验进行35毫米培养皿中完成<ol><li> nanoparti的吸收在细胞系克莱斯<ol><li>培养细胞系直至12 个通道。在第 12次传代培养的细胞35毫米培养皿。调整加入到35毫米培养皿这种细胞的浓度在24小时后，细胞是40％汇合。 </li><li>在这个阶段中删除添加有从培养皿10％FBS的DMEM培养基，洗涤细胞用1×DPBS两次，并添加100μl的纳米颗粒悬浮液于2ml DMEM中的培养皿。 </li><li> 24小时后除去从培养皿的DMEM /纳米颗粒悬浮液，并用1×DPBS 3次洗细胞。然后，通过用4％多聚甲醛孵育10分钟固定细胞。用DPBS洗两次。通过与染料孵育2分钟将细胞染色用300nM的DAPI染色。用DPBS洗两次。然后，使细胞保持在DPBS成像。 </li></ol></li><li>检测活性氧<ol><li>文化A549和在培养皿中，6％的细胞系，如第3.1.1解释OVCAR3细胞系。标注培养皿的表1中所示。 </li><li>加入100μl的纳米颗粒悬浮液的于2ml DMEM中成三个培养皿所示的表1中，并培育24小时。用于将接收的光的剂量，24小时后洗涤细胞并悬浮细胞在HBSS（Hank氏平衡盐溶液）染料可用媒体的培养皿。 </li><li>预热太阳模拟器的灯15分钟。放置过滤紫外线灯的前方以滤除紫外光。通过调整灯的功率，以获得0.5太阳（50毫瓦/厘米2）强度在培养皿的表面校准与基准太阳能电池的灯。在这种特定的设置该条件是与提供给灯218功率W实现。 </li><li>将培养皿在灯（盖打开）60分钟，这导致了180焦耳/厘米2，如下面的计算的光剂量: 50毫瓦/厘米2×3600秒/ 1000 = 180焦耳/ cm 2的</li><li>除去HBSS和不洗进一步添加补充有10％FBS的对陪替氏培养皿2 ml的DMEM培养基。孵育细胞另外2小时。 </li><li>为阳性对照孵育细胞100μM的过氧化氢​​（H 2 O 2），30分钟。 </li><li>通过在37℃下孵育细胞与染料30分钟将细胞染色在所有的培养皿中以5微米的活性氧检测用试剂的终浓度。 </li><li>通过用4％多聚甲醛孵育10分钟固定细胞。用DPBS洗两次。通过与染料孵育2分钟将细胞染色用300nM的DAPI染色。用DPBS洗两次。然后，使细胞保持在DPBS成像。 </li></ol></li><li>细胞凋亡和坏死PI和Annexin V FITC <ol><li>培养在5培养皿每个细胞系。这三个培养皿将是实验，而其余2培养皿将对照样品。孵育3培养皿的实验，纳米粒子为explained 3.1.2节。对照样品没有孵育纳米颗粒。 </li><li>经过24小时培养遵循的步骤3.2.3。 </li><li>将在3个实验培养皿灯（盖打开）下，并删除一个20分钟，一个在40分钟和一个60分钟。这就产生了暴露于光剂量的60，120和180焦耳/ 平方厘米，分别为（计算第3.2.4节）三个样品。其次，管理一个180焦耳/ 平方厘米的光剂量的控制培养皿之一。这与在不存在纳米颗粒的施加光剂量的控制。不要使用光剂量剩余的对照样品（无纳米粒子和没有光剂量应用）。 </li><li>取代的HBSS用补充有10％FBS的DMEM培养基，并保持培养皿在培养箱4小时。 </li><li>通过孵育细胞与染料15分钟将细胞染色在实验和对照培养皿与20μl膜联蛋白V FITC。用DPBS洗两次。染色的CELLS与300nM的DAPI以及300nM的PI（碘化丙啶）通过与染料2分钟孵育。用DPBS洗两次。然后，使细胞保持在DPBS成像。 </li></ol></li></ol>纳米四固有细胞毒性<ol><li>在96孔板计数细胞和培养<ol><li>通过除去培养基并用DPBS后跟细胞0.05％胰蛋白酶进行10分钟的温育洗涤细胞两次收获从培养瓶中的细胞。添加补充有10％FBS的向所得细胞溶液2 ml的DMEM培养基。适当地混合该溶液到细胞团分离成单峰。 </li><li>取100微升细胞悬浮液，并加入到补充有10％FBS的900微升DMEM培养基。拌匀。放置10微升此悬浮液到血球。计数使用血球细胞和调节细胞悬浮液的浓度在4.1.1至5×10 4个细胞/ ml。 </li><li>取5 96孔板标记为0小时，24小时R，48小时，72小时和96小时。添加50微升5×10 4个细胞/ ml的细胞溶液（TE 71和A549）插入孔中作为示于表2中，从而接种2500个细胞/孔。执行相同的过程OVCAR3和MDA-MB-231细胞系。 </li><li> 24小时后洗掉的孔用1×DPBS添加增加纳米颗粒引入该井中的浓度如表 2所示的50微升。通过加入20，100，准备不同的纳米颗粒的浓度，和180微升纳米颗粒悬浮液的从2.4.2至DMEM中成获得的2毫升的最终体积，其产生0.4×10 -4毫克/毫升的纳米颗粒的浓度，2.0×10 -4毫克/毫升和3.6×10 -4毫克/毫升。每个细胞系具有一式三份对纳米颗粒的各浓度。 </li></ol></li><li>测量在黑暗的细胞生存力<ol><li>加入纳米粒子后，立即加入10微升MTT到0小时板。将培养板4小时的甲臜crystALS形成。添加50μl的增溶溶液入井。孵育平板6小时以溶解甲臜晶体。 </li><li>通过记录570nm处的吸光度与酶标仪测量0小时板的细胞生存力。 </li><li> 24小时盘，洗涤细胞与1X DPBS，并在每一个好后，24小时孵化与纳米粒子加入50微升的媒体。加入MTT和阅读4.2.1和4.2.2所解释的板块。 </li><li> 48小时，72小时，和96小时板，洗涤细胞用1×DPBS和24小时后孵育纳米颗粒添加50μl的介质插入到孔中。孵育细胞对剩余时间段。 </li><li> 4.2.5）测量细胞存活力在特定时间点在4.2.1和4.2.2说明。 </li><li>重复整个实验进行3次（n = 3） </li></ol></li></ol> 5.测量细胞活性PDT后<ol><li>计数细胞并在96孔板中培养。 <ol><li>标注一组96孔板如表 3所示，无论对于TE 71 + A549板和OVCAR3 + MDA-MB-231板。如图4.1.3所述板的布局将是相同的。 </li><li>种子96孔板如在第4.1节具有相同的布局说明如在4.1.2节示于表2。 </li><li> 24小时后添加纳米颗粒板作为4.1.4说明。 </li><li>另外的纳米颗粒后24小时，洗涤细胞用1×DPBS并添加50微升HBSS到每个孔中。 </li><li>照射与各光剂量的板块如3.2.3解释。 </li><li>取代的HBSS用补充有10％FBS 50微升DMEM培养基孵育所述板对PDT后的各时间段。 </li><li>后每个时间段测量细胞存活力在4.2.1和4.2.2说明。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6.荧光显微镜<ol><li>纳米粒子的吸收<ol><li>打开显微镜的灯第二成像前的激光30分钟。把含有固定的细胞在显微镜的阶段（如在第3.1节阐述）培养皿。 </li><li>收集从纳米颗粒和DAPI通过使用过滤器如表 4中所示的荧光。叠加的相位相反，纳米颗粒和DAPI图像的ImageJ软件。 </li></ol></li><li>检测活性氧<ol><li>打开的成像前的显微镜30分钟的灯。将含有细胞在显微镜的阶段（如第3.2节所述）的培养皿中。 </li><li>收集从纳米颗粒，DAPI，和活性氧检测用试剂通过使用过滤器如表 4中所示的荧光。叠加的相位相反，纳米颗粒，DAPI和ROS检测试剂图像的ImageJ软件。 </li></ol></li><li>细胞凋亡和坏死PI和Annexin V FITC <ol><li>打开的成像前的显微镜30分钟的灯。把含有细胞（如在解释培养皿在显微镜的阶段，第3.3节）。 </li><li>收集从纳米颗粒，DAPI，PI和膜联蛋白V FITC通过使用过滤器如表 4中所示的荧光。叠加的相位相反，纳米颗粒，DAPI，PI和膜联蛋白V FITC图像的ImageJ软件。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+Functionalized+Fullerenes+in+Tumor+Theranostics.">Applications of Functionalized Fullerenes in Tumor Theranostics.</a> Theranostics. 2 (3), 238-250 (2012).</li><li>Park, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bulk+heterojunction+solar+cells+with+internal+quantum+efficiency+approaching+100%.">Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100%.</a> Nat Photonics. 3 (5), 297-302 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

为了实现纳米粒子吸收，有必要保持一定的临界措施而制造该纳米颗粒。甲10 -6 M的 MEH-PPV溶液（混合有50重量％PCBM）在THF准备注入DI水，因为据观察，这种溶液的浓度在确定纳米粒子的尺寸起重要作用而形成。浓度通过紫外可见光谱检查。需要注意的是在协议步骤2.1.3，有必要首先在服药前的UV-vis光谱，因为该溶液稀释最初制备的MEH-PPV溶液（未稀释MEH-PPV原液）具有吸光度大于1喷射的速度?...

在光动力疗法（PDT）光敏剂施用给靶组织，并在接触光光敏剂产生活性氧（ROS）。活性氧物种如单线态氧和超氧化物可以诱导氧化应激和细胞和组织1-4后续结构损坏。因为它易于应用的这种方法已被积极地研究和临床试验已经发生5,6-。然而，显著的问题，如敏化剂的暗毒性，患者感光度（由于敏化剂的非选择性分布），以及疏水性的敏化剂（其导致生物利用度降低和潜在的急性毒性）保持。 这里，我们报告了一种用于制造和体外进行配合富勒烯作为下一代光敏剂用于光动力聚合物纳米颗粒的评价。纳米颗粒通过自聚集形成所述高分子半导体MEH-PPV（聚[2-甲氧基-5-（2-乙基己氧基）-1,4-亚苯基亚乙烯基]）与富勒烯PCBM（苯基-C 61 -丁酸甲酯）当溶解在相容的这些材料溶剂迅速注入到非相容的溶剂（图1A）。 MEH-PPV作为宿主聚合物的选择是由它的高消光系数，导致的激发三重态的形成率高激励，既高效又超快电荷和能量转移到富勒烯PCBM 7。这些特性非常适合单线态氧和超氧形成PDT的致敏。 富勒烯事实上已经在PDT中被应用在两个分子和纳米颗粒形式8-13。然而，严重的毒性阻碍了进一步的发展12。在这里，我们表明，在MEH-PPV的基质包封富勒烯，得到复合MEH-PPV / PCBM的纳米颗粒的结果在一个PDT敏化材料，我不是本质的细胞毒性，表明向癌细胞由于纳米颗粒尺寸和表面电荷，和产量高效PDT治疗在低光剂量的特异性由于上述光物理特性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV)</td><td>Sigma Aidrich</td><td>536512-1G</td><td>average M&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;150,000-250,000</td></tr><tr><td>[6,6]-Phenyl C61&amp;nbsp;butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)</td><td>Sigma Aidrich</td><td>684449-500MG</td><td>&gt;99.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Tetrahydrofuran (THF)</td><td>EMD</td><td>TX0284-6</td><td>Drisolv</td></tr><tr><td>1 ml syringe</td><td>National Scientific Company</td><td>37510-1</td><td>For filtration of MEH-PPV solution</td></tr><tr><td>Syringe filter</td><td>VWR</td><td>28145-495</td><td>25 mm, 0.2 &amp;micro;m, PTFE</td></tr><tr><td>1 ml syringe</td><td>Hamilton Company</td><td>81320</td><td>For injection of MEH-PPV solution into water to make nanoparticles</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Modification of Eagle&#039;s Medium/Ham&#039;s F-12 50/50 Mix (DMEM)</td><td>Corning (VWR)</td><td>45000-350</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hank&#039;s Balanced Salt Solution without phenol red (HBSS)</td><td>Quality Biological (VWR)</td><td>10128-740</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline, 1x without calcium and magnesium (DPBS)</td><td>Corning (VWR)</td><td>45000-436</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum, Regular (Heat Inactivated) (FBS)</td><td>Corning (VWR)</td><td>45000-736</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin EDTA 1x 0.25%</td><td>Corning (VWR)</td><td>45000-664</td><td>Trypsin/2.21 mM EDTA in HBSS without sodium bicarbonate, calcium and magnesium Porcine Parvovirus Tested</td></tr><tr><td>16% Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences&amp;nbsp;</td><td>15710</td><td>16% paraformaldehyde is diluted to 4% by adding PBS</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Biotium VWR</td><td>89139-054</td><td>Nuclear stain</td></tr><tr><td>5 ml pipettes</td><td>VWR</td><td>82050-478</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>75 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; culture flask</td><td>VWR</td><td>82050-856</td><td>for culturing cells</td></tr><tr><td>96-well plates</td><td>VWR</td><td>82050-771</td><td>for MTT assays</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue Culture Dishes with Vents</td><td>Greiner Bio-One (VWR)</td><td>82050-538</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Propidium iodide</td><td>Molecular probes</td><td>P3566</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Annexin V FITC</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A13199</td><td>dye for apoptosis</td></tr><tr><td>Celltiter 96 non-R 1000 assays</td><td>Promega (VWR)</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vwrsp.com/catalog/product/index.cgi?catalog_number=PAG4000&quot;&gt;PAG4000&lt;/a&gt;</td><td>MTT</td></tr><tr><td>CellROX Green Reagent, for oxidative stress detection</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>C10444</td><td>For ROS detection</td></tr><tr><td>UV-vis spectrometer</td><td>Agilent 8453</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescence spectrometer</td><td>NanoLog HoribaJobin Yvon</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dynamic light scattering</td><td>PD2000DLS, Precision detector</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Incubator</td><td>NuAir DH Autoflow</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Confocal microscope</td><td>Zeiss Axioskop2</td><td></td><td>63X oil immersion objective lens</td></tr><tr><td>Epiluminescence microscope</td><td>Olympus IX71</td><td></td><td>60X water immersion objective lens, Andor Zyla sCMOS camera</td></tr><tr><td>Solar Simulator</td><td>Newport 67005 Oriel Instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reference solar cell</td><td>Oriel&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td>VLSI Standards Incorporated</td></tr><tr><td>Microplate reader</td><td>BioTek Ex808</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hemocytometer</td><td>Hausser Scientific Partnership</td><td>3200</td><td>For counting cells</td></tr></tbody></table>

photodynamic therapy with blended conducting polymer/fullerene nanoparticle photosensitizers

In this article a method for the fabrication and reproducible in-vitro evaluation of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene as the next generation photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is reported. The nanoparticles are formed by hydrophobic interaction of the semiconducting polymer MEH-PPV (poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]) with the fullerene PCBM (phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) in the presence of a non-compatible solvent. MEH-PPV has a high extinction coefficient that leads to high rates of triplet formation, and efficient charge and energy transfer to the fullerene PCBM. The latter processes enhance the efficiency of the PDT system through fullerene assisted triplet and radical formation, and ultrafast deactivation of MEH-PPV excited stated. The results reported here show that this nanoparticle PDT sensitizing system is highly effective and shows unexpected specificity to cancer cell lines.

吸收和纳米粒子的固有细胞毒性的50重量％的共混MEH-PPV / PCBM的纳米颗粒孵育用TE 71，MDA-MB-231，A549和OVCAR3细胞系。的PCBM共混水平被选为50重量％PCBM，这已被证明是提供共轭聚合物和富勒烯14之间理想电荷和能量转移性能。纳米颗粒摄取的荧光图像示于图1B。细胞孵育24小时，用纳米粒子，以确保纳米颗粒摄取。然后将细胞用4％多聚甲醛在成像之前，以及为?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Photodynamic Therapy with Blended Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle Photosensitizers at JoVE.com

Photodynamic Therapy with Blended Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle Photosensitizers

This protocol describes a method for the fabrication of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene. These nanoparticles were investigated for their potential use as a next generation photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT).

光动力疗法与混合导电高分子/富勒烯纳米颗粒光敏剂

In this article a method for the fabrication and reproducible in-vitro evaluation of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene as the next ...

photodynamic-therapy-with-blended-conducting-polymerfullerene

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

8.5K 次观看.  University of Central Florida. This protocol describes a method for the fabrication of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene. These nanoparticles were investigated for their potential use as a next generation photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). 

视频: Photodynamic Therapy with Blended Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle Photosensitizers

Anticancer Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy with Lung Cancer-Targeted Nanoparticles

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive and non-surgical method representing an attractive alternative choice for lung cancer treatment. Photosensitizers selectively accumulate in tumor tissue and lead to tumor cell death in the presence of oxygen and the proper wavelength of light.
To increase the therapeutic effect of PDT, we developed both photosensitizer- and anticancer agent-loaded lung cancer-targeted nanoparticles. Both enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect-based passive targeting and hyaluronic-acid-CD44 interaction-based active targeting were applied. CD44 is a well-known hyaluronic acid receptor that is often introduced as a biomarker of non-small cell lung cancer. 
In addition, a combination of PDT and chemotherapy is adopted in the present study. This combination concept may increase anticancer therapeutic effects and reduce adverse reactions. 
We chose hypocrellin B (HB) as a novel photosensitizer in this study. It has been reported that HB causes higher anticancer efficacy of PDT compared to hematoporphyrin derivatives1. Paclitaxel was selected as the anticancer drug since it has proven to be a potential treatment for lung cancer2. 
The antitumor efficacies of photosensitizer (HB) solution, photosensitizer encapsulated hyaluronic acid-ceramide nanoparticles (HB-NPs), and both photosensitizer- and anticancer agent (paclitaxel)-encapsulated hyaluronic acid-ceramide nanoparticles (HB-P-NPs) after PDT were compared both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro phototoxicity in A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) cells and the in vivo antitumor efficacy in A549 tumor-bearing mice were evaluated.
The HB-P-NP treatment group showed the most effective anticancer effect after PDT. In conclusion, the HB-P-NPs prepared in the present study represent a potential and novel photosensitizer delivery system in treating lung cancer with PDT.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an alternative choice for lung cancer treatment. To increase the therapeutic effect of PDT, lung cancer-targeted nanoparticles combined with chemotherapy were developed. Both in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacies of PDT with prepared nanoparticles were evaluated.

光动力疗法的抗癌功效肺癌靶向纳米粒子

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive and non-surgical method representing an attractive alternative choice for lung cancer treatment. ...

科研

癌症研究

A 'Plug and Play' Method to Create Water-dispersible Nanoassemblies Containing an Amphiphilic Polymer, Organic Dyes and Upconverting Nanoparticles

In this protocol, we first describe a procedure to synthesize lanthanide doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs). We then demonstrate how to generate amphiphilic polymers in situ, and describe a protocol to encapsulate the prepared UCNPs and different organic dye molecules (porphyrins and diarylethenes) using polymer shells to form stable water-dispersible nanoassemblies. The nanoassembly samples containing both the UCNPs and the diarylethene organic dyes have interesting photochemical and photophysical properties. Upon 365 nm UV irradiation, the diarylethene group undergoes a visual color change. When the samples are irradiated with visible light of another specific wavelength, the color fades and the samples return to the initial colorless state. The samples also emit visible light from the UCNPs upon irradiation with 980 nm near-infrared light. The emission intensity of the samples can be tuned through alternate irradiation with UV and visible light. Modulation of fluorescence can be performed for many cycles without observable degradation of the samples. This versatile encapsulation procedure allows for the transfer of hydrophobic molecules and nanoparticles from an organic solvent to an aqueous medium. The polymer helps to maintain a lipid-like microenvironment for the organic molecules to aid in preservation of their photochemical behavior in water. Thus this method is ideal to prepare water-dispersible photoresponsive systems. The use of near-infrared light to activate upconverting nanoparticles allows for lower energy light to be used to activate photoreactions instead of more harmful ultraviolet light.

Organic dye molecules and oleic acid coated upconverting nanoparticles are not water-soluble. This protocol describes a &#8216;plug and play&#8217; method that enables the transfer of organic dye molecules and upconverting particles from their initial hydrophobic solvent to water.

A&#39;即插即用&#39;的方法来创建水分散性Nanoassemblies包含两亲聚合物，有机染料和上变频纳米粒子

In this protocol, we first describe a procedure to synthesize lanthanide doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs). We then demonstrate how to generate ...

化学

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step process that finishes with Negishi coupling. Negishi coupling is a cross-coupling process in which a chemical precursor is first lithiated, followed by transmetallation with ZnCl2. The resultant organozinc compound can be coupled to a dibrominated aromatic precursor to give the conjugated monomer. Polymer films can be prepared via electropolymerization of the monomer and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. Nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared via emulsion polymerization of the monomer using a two-surfactant system to yield an aqueous dispersion of the polymer NPs. The NPs are characterized using dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and UV-Vis-NIR-spectroscopy. Cytocompatibility of NPs is investigated using the cell viability assay. Finally, the NP suspensions are irradiated with a NIR laser to determine their effectiveness as potential materials for photothermal therapy (PTT).

A protocol is presented for the synthesis and preparation of nanoparticles consisting of electroactive polymers.

电活性聚合物纳米粒子参展光热特性

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step ...

工程学

5-Aminolevulinic Acid-mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Primary Bone Tumor and Bone Metastases Cell Lines

Bone metastases are associated with poor prognosis and low quality of life for the affected patients. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) emerges as a noninvasive therapy that can target local metastatic bone lesions. This paper presents an in vitro method to study the PDT effect in adherent cell lines. To this end, we demonstrate a step-by-step approach to subject both primary (giant cell bone tumor) and human bone metastatic cancer cell lines (derived from a primary invasive ductal breast carcinoma and renal carcinoma) to 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-mediated PDT. 
After 24 h post 5-ALA-PDT irradiation (blue light-wavelength 436 nm), the therapeutic effect was assessed in terms of cell migration potential, viability, apoptotic features, and cellular growth arrest (senescence). Post 5-ALA-PDT irradiation, musculoskeletal-derived cell lines respond differently to the same doses and exposure of PDT. Depending on the extent of cellular damage triggered by PDT exposure, two different cell fates-apoptosis and senescence were noted. Variable sensitivity to PDT therapy among different bone cancer cell lines provides useful information for selecting more appropriate PDT settings in clinical settings. This protocol is designed to exemplify the use of PDT in the context of musculoskeletal neoplastic cell lines. It may be adjusted to investigate the therapeutic effect of PDT on various cancer cell lines and various photosensitizers and light sources.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>5-氨基乙酰丙酸介导的光动力疗法治疗原发性骨肿瘤和骨转移细胞系

This protocol presents a step-by-step methodological approach of exposing bone metastatic cells lines and primary bone tumors to 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT). The effects on cell migration potential/invasiveness, viability, apoptosis, and senescence potential are also analyzed following PDT exposure.

5-氨基乙酰丙酸介导的光动力疗法治疗原发性骨肿瘤和骨转移细胞系

Bone metastases are associated with poor prognosis and low quality of life for the affected patients. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) emerges as a noninvasive ...

Optical Control of Living Cells Electrical Activity by Conjugated Polymers

Hybrid interfaces between organic semiconductors and living tissues represent a new tool for in-vitro and in-vivo applications. In particular, conjugated polymers display several optimal properties as substrates for biological systems, such as good biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties, cheap and easy processing technology, and possibility of deposition on light, thin and flexible substrates. These materials have been employed for cellular interfaces like neural probes, transistors for excitation and recording of neural activity, biosensors and actuators for drug release. Recent experiments have also demonstrated the possibility to use conjugated polymers for all-optical modulation of the electrical activity of cells. Several in-vitro study cases have been reported, including primary neuronal networks, astrocytes and secondary line cells. Moreover, signal photo-transduction mediated by organic polymers has been shown to restore light sensitivity in degenerated retinas, suggesting that these devices may be used for artificial retinal prosthesis in the future. All in all, light sensitive conjugated polymers represent a new approach for optical modulation of cellular activity.
In this work, all the steps required to fabricate a bio-polymer interface for optical excitation of living cells are described. The function of the active interface is to transduce the light stimulus into a modulation of the cell membrane potential. As a study case, useful for in-vitro studies, a polythiophene thin film is used as the functional, light absorbing layer, and Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK-293) cells are employed as the biological component of the interface. Practical examples of successful control of the cell membrane potential upon stimulation with light pulses of different duration are provided. In particular, it is shown that both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing effects on the cell membrane can be achieved depending on the duration of the light stimulus. The reported protocol is of general validity and can be straightforwardly extended to other biological preparations.

A method for stimulation of in-vitro cell cultures electrical activity with visible light, based on the use of organic semiconducting polymers is described.

由共轭聚合物活细胞电活动的光控制

Hybrid interfaces between organic semiconductors and living tissues represent a new tool for in-vitro and in-vivo applications. In particular, conjugated ...

生物工程

An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation

Upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)-mediated photoactivation is a new approach to remotely control bioeffectors with much less phototoxicity and with deeper tissue penetration. However, the existing instrumentation on the market is not readily compatible with upconversion application. Therefore, modifying the commercially available instrument is essential for this research. In this paper, we first illustrate the modifications of a conventional fluorimeter and fluorescence microscope to make them compatible for photon upconversion experiments. We then describe the synthesis of a near-infrared (NIR)-triggered caged protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA) immobilized on a UCNP complex. Parameters for microinjection and NIR photoactivation procedures are also reported. After the caged PKA-UCNP is microinjected into REF52 fibroblast cells, the NIR irradiation, which is significantly superior to conventional UV irradiation, efficiently triggers the PKA signal transduction pathway in living cells. In addition, positive and negative control experiments confirm that the PKA-induced pathway leading to the disintegration of stress fibers is specifically triggered by NIR irradiation. Thus, the use of protein-modified UCNP provides an innovative approach to remotely control light-modulated cellular experiments, in which direct exposure to UV light must be avoided.

In this protocol, caged protein kinase A (PKA), a cellular signal transduction bioeffector, was immobilized on a nanoparticle surface, microinjected into the cytosol, and activated by the upconverted UV light from near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, inducing downstream stress fiber disintegration in the cytosol.

转换纳米粒子介导的激酶活化远程触发细胞内信号转导的集成系统

Upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)-mediated photoactivation is a new approach to remotely control bioeffectors with much less phototoxicity and with deeper ...

An In-House-Built and Light-Emitting-Diode-Based Photodynamic Therapy Device for Enhancing Verteporfin Cytotoxicity in a 2D Cell Culture Model

This paper describes a novel, simple, and low-cost device to perform in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) assays, named the PhotoACT. The device was built using a set of conventional programmable light-emitting diodes (LEDs), a liquid crystal display (LCD) module, and a light sensor connected to a commercial microcontroller board. The box-based structure of the prototype was made with medium-density fiberboards (MDFs). The internal compartment can simultaneously allocate four cell culture multiwell microplates.
As a proof of concept, we studied the cytotoxic effect of the photosensitizer (PS) verteporfin against the HeLa cell line in two-dimensional (2D) culture. HeLa cells were treated with increasing concentrations of verteporfin for 24 h. The drug-containing supernatant medium was discarded, the adherent cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and drug-free medium was added. In this study, the effect of verteporfin on cells was examined either without light exposure or after exposure for 1 h to light using red-green-blue (RGB) values of 255, 255, and 255 (average fluence of 49.1 &#177; 0.6 J/cm2). After 24 h, the cell viability was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
Experimental results showed that exposure of cells treated with verteporfin to the light from the device enhances the drug&#39;s cytotoxic effect via a mechanism mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the use of the prototype described in this work was validated by comparing the results with a commercial PDT device. Thus, this LED-based photodynamic therapy prototype represents a good alternative for in vitro studies of PDT.

Here, we describe a novel, simple, and low-cost device to successfully perform in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) assays using two-dimensional HeLa cell culture and verteporfin as a photosensitizer.

一种内部构建的基于发光二极管的光动力治疗设备，用于增强维替泊芬在 2D 细胞培养模型中的细胞毒性

This paper describes a novel, simple, and low-cost device to perform in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) assays, named the PhotoACT. The device was built ...

生物化学

An In Vitro Approach to Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical procedure that involves incubation of an exogenously applied photosensitizer (PS) followed by visible light photoactivation to induce cell apoptosis. The Federal Drug Administration has approved PDT for the treatment of actinic keratosis, and clinical guidelines recommend PDT as a treatment for certain non-melanoma skin cancers and acne vulgaris. PDT is an advantageous therapeutic modality as it is low cost, non-invasive, and associated with minimal adverse events and scaring. In the first step of PDT, a PS is applied and allowed to accumulate intracellularly. Subsequent light irradiation induces reactive oxygen species formation, which may ultimately lead to cell apoptosis, membrane disruption, mitochondrial damage, immune modulation, keratinocyte proliferation, and collagen turnover. Herein, we present an in vitro method to study PDT in an adherent cell line. This treatment protocol is designed to simulate PDT and may be adjusted to studying the use of PDT with various cell lines, photosensitizers, incubation temperatures, or photoactivation wavelengths. Squamous cell carcinoma cells were incubated with 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2 mM 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) for 30 min and photoactivated with 417 nm blue light for 1,000 s. The primary outcome measure was apoptosis and necrosis, as measured by annexin-V and 7-aminoactinomycin D flow cytometry. There was a dose-dependent increase in cell apoptosis following thirty-minute incubation of 5-ALA. To achieve high inter-test validity, it is important to maintain consistent incubation and light parameters when performing in vitro PDT experiments. PDT is a useful clinical procedure and in vitro research may allow for the development of novel PSs, optimization of protocols, and new indications for PDT.

An In Vitro Approach to Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical procedure that involves incubation of an exogenously applied photosensitizer (PS) followed by visible light photoactivation to induce apoptosis. We present an in vitro PDT protocol designed to simulate PDT that may be used to study differences in PS incubation and light treatment parameters.

一种体外光动力治疗方法的研究

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical procedure that involves incubation of an exogenously applied photosensitizer (PS) followed by visible light ...

医学

Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans

Invasive Candida albicans infection is a significant opportunistic fungal infection in humans because it is one of the most common colonizers of the gut, mouth, vagina, and skin. Despite the availability of antifungal medication, the mortality rate of invasive candidiasis remains ~50%. Unfortunately, the incidence of drug-resistant C. albicans is increasing globally. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) may offer an alternative or adjuvant treatment to inhibit C. albicans biofilm formation and overcome drug resistance. Rose bengal (RB)-mediated aPDT has shown effective cell killing of bacteria and C. albicans. In this study, the efficacy of RB-aPDT on multidrug-resistant C. albicans is described. A homemade green light-emitting diode (LED) light source is designed to align with the center of a well of a 96-well plate. The yeasts were incubated in the wells with different concentrations of RB and illuminated with varying fluences of green light. The killing effects were analyzed by the plate dilution method. With an optimal combination of light and RB, 3-log growth inhibition was achieved. It was concluded that RB-aPDT might potentially inhibit drug-resistant C. albicans.

Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans

The growing incidence of drug-resistant Candida albicans is a serious health issue worldwide. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) may offer a strategy to fight against drug-resistant fungal infections. The present protocol describes Rose bengal-mediated aPDT efficacy on a multidrug-resistant C. albicans strain in vitro.

孟加拉玫瑰介导的光动力疗法抑制 白色念珠菌

Invasive Candida albicans infection is a significant opportunistic fungal infection in humans because it is one of the most common colonizers of the gut, ...

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