Kriss Franklin, Amanda Pollard and Justine Shaffer assisted in animal training and data collection. Sarah Freeman and Alisa Ivanova contributed to data analysis. This study is supported by WVU School of Medicine Start-Up, NIH/NIGMS U54GM104942, and NIH CoBRE P20GM109098.

下面的训练模式采用平均只SD大鼠相位调节的分析。请确保本文描述的协议是根据你的机构动物护理指南。在这项研究中的所有程序均按照机构的动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）和Office实验室动物福利（OLAW）在西弗吉尼亚大学医学院的执行和使用实验遵循卫生准则的国家机构动物。 1.设备安装<ol><li>构建不对称的走道为开顶塑料盒中掺进了铝支持的每个角测量155厘米×104厘米（ 图1）。撑孔型两侧​​铝杆框的顶部边缘，以允许备用栓放置，沿盒的周边，以使每个连续的塞销上同一侧限定的步幅长度。 </li&gt; <li>放置20厘米×20厘米的平台上的每个角（共四个）分离表示的每边的条件。该距离应足以列入遍历由单个大鼠步骤周期的距离。 <ol><li>使用20厘米×1厘米×0.5厘米的尺寸由铝制钉。弯曲每个顶栓2.5厘米从尖端以产生足置台。 </li><li>固定钉使用滑动括号内经过加工的孔在同距离，以保证一级水平放置的开槽棒。调整用螺丝刀和一把尺子的位置。使用大约对应于平均大鼠爪尺寸1cm的栓宽度;较薄的或更宽的栓或者是不舒服或增加脚部放置变性。 </li></ol></li><li>操纵每侧塞销放置，以产生三个精确步进挑战条件之一。 <ol><li>通过将左我产生具有15厘米的步幅长度（SL15）的对称运动任务NTER-步幅长度（ 升 ISL）和右间步幅长度（R ISL）到步幅（7.5厘米）的一半。 </li><li>加上了另一对称条件（SL12）通过变更 L ISL 和 R ISL长度6.0公分。 </li><li>通过改变在左侧和右侧桩之间的距离产生的非对称的任务，被称为间步幅长度。向不对称地挑战电机系统，由20％改变升 ISL 并且 r ISL施加短间步幅长度无论是在左（L6R9条件）或右边（L9R6）侧。 1.5厘米扰动并处6厘米的升 ISL和9厘米řISL为L6R9条件，或为9cm的升 ISL和6厘米A R ISL为L9R6条件</li></ol></li><li>对于老鼠，保持步幅长度除SL12所有条件较佳15厘米。 </li><li>为方便起见，分配走道的每个长边的不对称条件利于在左侧或第r受试者的飞行侧，同时保留两个短边的对称控制条件。 </li><li>设置的高清晰度摄像机具有至少60赫兹的采样速率，使得四肢上栓的放置是通畅与相机指向垂直于带的视图覆盖约7步骤领域的走道。在靠近平台的第一和最后的步骤都被忽略。 </li></ol> 2.培训的设备<ol><li>请使用标准的培训资源， 例如 ，美国国立卫生研究院培训基本Biomethodology的实验室老鼠，到熟悉的啮齿动物的一般行为训练。 </li><li>在训练开始时，通过放置和奖励他们的20×20厘米的平台上进行至少5分钟适应受试者。然后，由食物奖励的呈现引导跨栓布置中，动物用1厘米间步幅长度到下一个平台。口头和抚摸的到达平台的奖励动物。 </li><li> AFTER 5训练运行，空间桩额外的1 - 2厘米外，进行下一个5训练运行。本文所列重复数是足以产生统计学适宜样本量（20 - 35步）。 <ol><li>如果动物获得的任务更慢作为判断步进（禁止停车）和姿势（弓背）的一致性，然后就大步恢复训练前集中培训，这些技能的加强在短步幅长度（S12）（ S15），最终接近所需的步幅。 </li><li>如果新的间距引起的焦虑或不适的任务，重新调整钉到以前的设置和重复训练模式。 </li><li>与此训练继续，直到合适的跨步幅长度达到四个条件和运动水平得到满足。根据我们的经验，老鼠声乐鼓励响应和线索开始一个试验。该测试可以在同一天进行的训练提供受试者被积极地执行任务。 注意:运动标准如下:散步是一致的，不涉及停止或失误;头部上下摆动是最小的;背面是拱形和运动过程中尾部升高;每个肢体显然从走道在发病的正交视图中可见和站立阶段的偏移。这个选择过程是必要的，因为目前的研究只是集中在散步，而不是其他gaiting行为。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.测试和数据分析<ol><li>在S12，S15，L9R6和L6R9任务实验动物使用随机会话设计（1.3节所述）。利用休息时间，以避免在任务中的适应性。 </li><li>高清晰度摄像头，至少60赫兹的采样率记录会话。进口录像无需重新采样成视频编辑软件并只选择步行较量用于进一步分析。 </li><li>马克开始及运动相抵消从各学科录像。 </li><li>这里，使用定制软件称为videoa写入Matlab来手动识别姿态发病时间，并为每个肢体上一个帧接一帧的基础上，在那里姿态发病是由运动模糊的与肢体放置在相关的损失表示偏移一个栓钉，和姿态偏移，在肢剥离的发作发生，是由运动模糊的第一个证据指示。 </li><li>计算摆动阶段的持续时间为两个连续运动姿态起始点之间的剩余时间。排除任何行为与地上四脚行走并不一致， 例如 ，当步态蕴含着双重的摆动阶段（前肢后肢或掉在地上），从程序分析。 </li><li>绘制每个阶段的持续时间，为相应的步骤周期持续时间的函数。捕获与线性回归模型的关系（Tphase = B1 + B2 * Tc）的每个肢体，其中Tc为周期的持续时间得到，Tphase为either 碲伸肌相关姿态或Tf中，这是屈有关摆动，以及B1和B2是回归模型的经验常数（偏移和斜率）。 注意:斜率（B2）的表示变化的相持续时间的量，在运动的速度的变化。 </li><li>使用方程1和2（图2C），用于每个肢体来计算不对称性指数（AI）。两个方程具有一个简单的比率标准化两个值到它们的和的差值相同的形式。 <ol><li>使用等式1，计算出在水平差（ 艾高），使用姿态调制左（l）和右（r）的肢体的斜率之间的差。同样地，计算使用该斜坡从前面/前（a）和背面/后（p）的肢体的垂直不对称（AI v）中。施加这两个方程的结果是对应于1 4 的xy分）前肢不对称，数据集&lt;EM&gt; AAI H; 2）后肢不对称， 排 H; 3）左前肢，后肢不对称， 莱 伏; 4）右前肢，后肢的不对称性，RAI 诉 </li><li>绘制这些值作为贴剂（图2B）为不对称的跨所有四肢的可视化表示。 </li></ol></li><li>计算diagonality指数（DI），以评估一个前肢的参数和其对侧后肢（等式3中， 图2C）之间对角耦合。 </li><li>测试的DI，以及四个认可相对不对称条件之间的差| - |用于使用单向ANOVA与装置分析19事后比较统计学意义（ΔAI= AIL9R6 AIL6R9） </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The rationale for this study was to develop a behavioral task that quantitatively assesses the changes in precise control of asymmetric locomotor behaviors. The existence of the spinal CPG has been functionally demonstrated for some time20, but the anatomical and functional characteristics that describe its mechanism as well as its modulatory inputs from descending or sensory feedback pathways have not been characterized until the past decade6,21,22. The current consensus is that the intrinsic spina...

在幸存的人群脑卒中发病率包括姿势在人类定量评价是一项挑战后的神经功能缺损1中风和动物模型粗大运动障碍。在临床上，这些运动障碍正在使用的主观标准，这是受到了广大患者表现出严重的，而不是中度受损更为敏感测量。同样地，伤后运动行为的动物，主观评价是常见的， 例如 ，在巴索，比蒂和布雷斯纳汉（BBB）运动尺度方法2,3。虽然这些主观评价方法帮助在四脚动物模型和人体步态康复研究之间翻译，与单独的肌肉群活性相关运动缺陷的细节没有评估。此外，要运动运动皮层贡献进行评估，为运动障碍的脑血管意外假定罪魁祸首，只能间接即便是使用最新颖的自动定量方法4,5得到，因为它们依赖于开放的领域或直线行走任务。这些任务不要求皮质贡献，并且可以由脊髓的神经机制， 即 ，中央模式发生器（CPG）网络，它可以幸免于神经损伤最动物模型，例如，spinalized动物6来执行- 8 。这些脊机制必不可少皮质贡献实验已经牵连于需要预期调整姿势9和达到10，以及精密的 ​​步进10的任务。 此外，大多数神经损伤是不对称的;例如，中风导致偏瘫， 即弱点在身上，这导致非对称步态11的一侧 - 。14。偏瘫步态的非对称性是由非对称spatiotempor产生人的肌肉激活伸肌相关立场相的缩短和步循环的屈相关摆动期的麻痹侧15,16拉长最显著表现。这种趋势还没有被开发在一系列运动的速度在健康或麻痹的动物。在目前的研究中，我们采用的相持续时间的特性17中的分析，它描述与循环的持续时间在每一步骤的函数的摆动或步态站立期的持续时间之间的关系。得到的线性回归模型，然后再与不对称的所有肢体进行分析说明。 我们报道了一种新的低成本的方法来评估下行皮质输入基于精确步进运动任务的四足动物的电机系统的活性。该任务的目的是通过规定徒步安置需求了行走速度的自然分布范围，挑战运动皮层。此外，脚放置要求被操纵到电机系统的左侧或右侧优先挑战。在一个类似的运动的任务，梅斯＆Whishaw（2009）研究了失败的速率，对不规则梯级走道错过的步数，在大鼠。我们的方法是免费的这个以前的研究，并详细相位控制的质量，"成功"的步骤 18。

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asymmetric walkway: a novel behavioral assay for studying asymmetric locomotion

行为分析通常用于感觉运动障碍的中枢神经系统（CNS）的评估。量化运动赤字在啮齿类动物中最复杂的方法是测量不受约束的步态地上分钟的干扰（ 例如 ，手动BBB评分或自动走秀）。然而，不要求用于由脊髓中央模式发生器（CPG）所产生的基本运动的产生皮质输入。因此，无约束行走任务测试运动障碍，由于运动皮质功能障碍只是间接的。在这项研究中，我们提出了一个新颖的，精确的脚的位置运动的任务，评估皮质输入到脊髓中央人民政府。一个仪表钉的方式来施加对称和非对称运动任务模仿偏侧运动障碍。我们表明，从转变在前肢姿态相位特性20％产生变化等距间步幅运动与PREF时错步长。此外，我们建议，非对称走道允许通过皮层控制信号产生行为结果的测量。这些措施是相关的减值皮质损伤后的评估。

图2示出了不对称的期间为一个单一代表受试者中运动任务的分析。分别计算的值使用公式1和2从所有受试者单独（图2）的所有条件，并从8雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠复合数据（250 - 400克， 图3）。一般地，前肢站立阶段的调制是较小的，以该运动条件承蒙侧（短ISL），用的概念相一致，即在优选的侧（长ISL）步态站立期倾向于占据的较大部...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Asymmetric Walkway: A Novel Behavioral Assay for Studying Asymmetric Locomotion at JoVE.com

Asymmetric Walkway: A Novel Behavioral Assay for Studying Asymmetric Locomotion

Here, we present a protocol to quantify precise stepping in rodents. Cortical and the spinal central pattern generator signals are required for precise foot-placement during obstructed locomotion. We report here the novel constrained walking task that directly examines precise stepping behavior.

非对称走道:一种新的行为检测方法的研究不对称步态

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for ...

asymmetric-walkway-novel-behavioral-assay-for-studying-asymmetric

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.7K 次观看.  West Virginia University School of Medicine. Here, we present a protocol to quantify precise stepping in rodents. Cortical and the spinal central pattern generator signals are required for precise foot-placement during obstructed locomotion. We report here the novel constrained walking task that directly examines precise stepping behavior.

视频: Asymmetric Walkway: A Novel Behavioral Assay for Studying Asymmetric Locomotion

Studying the Neural Basis of Adaptive Locomotor Behavior in Insects

Studying the neural basis of walking behavior, one often faces the problem that it is hard to separate the neuronally produced stepping output from those leg movements that result from passive forces and interactions with other legs through the common contact with the substrate. If we want to understand, which part of a given movement is produced by nervous system motor output, kinematic analysis of stepping movements, therefore, needs to be complemented with electrophysiological recordings of motor activity. The recording of neuronal or muscular activity in a behaving animal is often limited by the electrophysiological equipment which can constrain the animal in its ability to move with as many degrees of freedom as possible. This can either be avoided by using implantable electrodes and then having the animal move on a long tether (i.e. Clarac et al., 1987; Duch &amp; Pfl&uuml;ger, 1995; B&ouml;hm et al., 1997; Gruhn &amp; Rathmayer, 2002) or by transmitting the data using telemetric devices (Kutsch et al, 1993; Fischer et al., 1996; Tsuchida et al. 2004; Hama et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2008). Both of these elegant methods, which are successfully used in larger arthropods, often prove difficult to apply in smaller walking insects which either easily get entangled in the long tether or are hindered by the weight of the telemetric device and its batteries. In addition, in all these cases, it is still impossible to distinguish between the purely neuronal basis of locomotion and the effects exerted by mechanical coupling between the walking legs through the substrate. One solution for this problem is to conduct the experiments in a tethered animal that is free to walk in place and that is locally suspended, for example over a slippery surface, which effectively removes most ground contact mechanics. This has been used to study escape responses (Camhi and Nolen, 1981; Camhi and Levy, 1988), turning (Tryba and Ritzman, 2000a,b; Gruhn et al., 2009a), backward walking (Graham and Epstein, 1985) or changes in velocity (Gruhn et al., 2009b) and it allows the experimenter easily to combine intra- and extracellular physiology with kinematic analyses (Gruhn et al., 2006).
We use a slippery surface setup to investigate the timing of leg muscles in the behaving stick insect with respect to touch-down and lift-off under different behavioral paradigms such as straight forward and curved walking in intact and reduced preparations.

We describe a method to record motor activity, timed to the electrically recorded tarsal contact signal in a tethered insect, walking on a slippery surface. This is used to study the neural basis of adaptive behavior under reduced influence of mechanical interaction between legs through the substrate.

研究昆虫的自适应运动能力行为的神经基础

Studying the neural basis of walking behavior, one often faces the problem that it is hard to separate the neuronally produced stepping output from those ...

科研

神经科学

A Simple and Low-cost Assay for Measuring Ambulation in Mouse Models of Muscular Dystrophy

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation in mouse models is a non-invasive and reproducible activity assay that is directly analogous to measures of patient ambulation such as the 6-minute walk test and related mobility scores. Many common methods for testing mouse ambulation speed and distance are based on the open field test, where an animal&#39;s free movement within an arena is measured over time. One major downside to this approach is that commercial software and equipment for high-resolution motion tracking is expensive and may require transferring mice to specialized facilities for testing. Here, we describe a low-cost, video-based system for measuring mouse ambulation that utilizes free and open-source software. Using this protocol, we demonstrate that voluntary ambulation in the dystrophin-null mdx mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is decreased relative to wild-type mouse activity. In mdx mice expressing the utrophin transgene, these activity deficits are not observed and the total distance traveled is indistinguishable from wild-type mice. This method is effective for measuring changes in voluntary ambulation associated with dystrophic pathology, and provides a versatile platform that can be readily adapted to diverse research settings.

This protocol describes a flexible, low-cost system for measuring mouse ambulation in an open field activity assay. We show that a 6-minute ambulation assay based on this system detects a decrease in voluntary movement in mdx mice, and accurately distinguishes improvement in a muscle-specific rescue of these animals.

一种简便、低成本的肌营养不良小鼠步行模型的测定方法

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation ...

行为学

The Ladder Rung Walking Task: A Scoring System and its Practical Application.

Progress in the development of animal models for/stroke, spinal cord injury, and other neurodegenerative disease requires tests of high sensitivity to elaborate distinct aspects of motor function and to determine even subtle loss of movement capacity. To enhance efficacy and resolution of testing, tests should permit qualitative and quantitative measures of motor function and be sensitive to changes in performance during recovery periods. The present study describes a new task to assess skilled walking in the rat to measure both forelimb and hindlimb function at the same time. Animals are required to walk along a horizontal ladder on which the spacing of the rungs is variable and is periodically changed. Changes in rung spacing prevent animals from learning the absolute and relative location of the rungs and so minimize the ability of the animals to compensate for impairments through learning. In addition, changing the spacing between the rungs allows the test to be used repeatedly in long-term studies. Methods are described for both quantitative and qualitative description of both fore- and hindlimb performance, including limb placing, stepping, co-ordination. Furthermore, use of compensatory strategies is indicated by missteps or compensatory steps in response to another limb&#x2019;s misplacement. 

The ladder rung walking task is a new test to assess skilled walking and measure both forelimb and hindlimb placing, stepping, and inter-limb co-ordination.

梯级步行任务：一个评分系统，其实际应用。

Progress in the development of animal models for/stroke, spinal cord injury, and other neurodegenerative disease requires tests of high sensitivity to ...

生物学

3D Kinematic Gait Analysis for Preclinical Studies in Rodents

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of complex algorithms and mathematical modeling that accompany 3D data collection and analysis procedures. This work provides a simple, user-friendly, step-by-step detailed methodology for 3D kinematic gait analysis during treadmill locomotion in healthy and neurotraumatic rats using a six-camera motion capture system. Also provided are details on 1) calibration of the system in an experimental set-up customized for quadrupedal locomotion, 2) data collection for treadmill locomotion in adult rats using markers positioned on all four limbs, 3) options available for video tracking and processing, and 4) basic 3D kinematic data generation and visualization and quantification of data using the built-in data collection software. Finally, it is suggested that the utility of this motion capture system be expanded to studying a variety of motor behaviors before and after neurotrauma.

Presented here is a protocol to collect and analyze three-dimensional kinematics of quadrupedal locomotion in rodents for preclinical studies.

3D运动性步态分析,用于啮齿动物的临床前研究

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of ...

Gait Analysis of Age-dependent Motor Impairments in Mice with Neurodegeneration

Motor behavior tests are commonly used to determine the functional relevance of a rodent model and to test newly developed treatments in these animals. Specifically, gait analysis allows recapturing disease relevant phenotypes that are observed in human patients, especially in neurodegenerative diseases that affect motor abilities such as Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and others. In early studies along this line, the measurement of gait parameters was laborious and depended on factors that were hard to control (e.g., running speed, continuous running). The development of ventral plane imaging (VPI) systems made it feasible to perform gait analysis at a large scale, making this method a useful tool for the assessment of motor behavior in rodents. Here, we present an in-depth protocol of how to use kinematic gait analysis to examine the age-dependent progression of motor deficits in mouse models of neurodegeneration; mouse lines with decreased levels of endophilin, in which neurodegenerative damage progressively increases with age, are used as an example.

In this study, we demonstrate the use of kinematic gait analysis based on ventral plane imaging to monitor the subtle changes in motor coordination as well as the progression of neurodegeneration with advancing age in mouse models (e.g., endophilin mutant mouse lines).

变性小鼠年龄依赖性运动障碍的步态分析

Motor behavior tests are commonly used to determine the functional relevance of a rodent model and to test newly developed treatments in these animals. ...

发育生物学

Low-Cost Gait Analysis for Behavioral Phenotyping of Mouse Models of Neuromuscular Disease

Measurement of animal locomotion is a common behavioral tool used to describe the phenotype of a given disease, injury, or drug model. The low-cost method of gait analysis demonstrated here is a simple but effective measure of gait abnormalities in murine models. Footprints are analyzed by painting a mouse&#8217;s feet with non-toxic washable paint and allowing the subject to walk through a tunnel on a sheet of paper. The design of the testing tunnel takes advantage of natural mouse behavior and their affinity for small dark places. The stride length, stride width, and toe spread of each mouse is easily measured using a ruler and a pencil. This is a well-established and reliable method, and it generates several metrics that are analogous to digital systems. This approach is sensitive enough to detect changes in stride early in phenotype presentation, and due to its non-invasive approach, it allows for testing of groups across life-span or phenotypic presentation.

Footprint analysis is a low-cost alternative to digitized gait analysis programs for researchers quantifying movement abnormalities in mice. Because of its speed, simplicity, and longitudinal potential, it is ideal for behavioral phenotyping of mouse models.

神经肌肉疾病小鼠模型行为花型的低成本盖特分析

Measurement of animal locomotion is a common behavioral tool used to describe the phenotype of a given disease, injury, or drug model. The low-cost method ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>使用梯形梁测试评估 TH 相关小鼠模型中的运动性能

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function

Thyroid hormone (TH) action is essential during the development of the central nervous system, including the cerebellum. In case of TH deficiency in early life such as congenital hypothyroidism, patients display neurological disorders such as cognitive retardation and motor deficits. There are various studies using mouse models with tissue- or cell-specific TH deficiency to investigate the role of TH in the cerebellum. Compared to generalized congenital hypothyroid mice, cerebellar cell-specific TH-deficient mice display milder and subtler ataxic features, making the assessment of motor function difficult when using conventional tests such as the rotarod test. 
Due to the need for an alternative tool to assess motor function in TH-related animal models, we developed a versatile behavioral method called the "ladder beam test," in which we can design the various ladder tests depending on the severity of ataxia in model mice. We utilized transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative TH receptor specifically in the cerebellar Purkinje cell, a sole output neuron in the cerebellar cortex modulating motor performance. The newly-built ladder beam test successfully detected robust impairments in motor performance in the transgenic mice at a greater level compared to the rotarod test. Disruption of motor learning was also detected in the ladder beam test but not in the rotarod test. The protocol with this novel behavioral apparatus can be applied to other animal models that may show mild ataxic phenotype to examine subtle changes in cerebellar function.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:准确评估小鼠甲状腺激素驱动的运动改变

Here we present a protocol for a versatile behavior test developed recently, the ladder beam test. This test has the advantage of detecting subtle cerebellar ataxia caused by a defect of thyroid hormone action in the central nervous system over the conventional behavior tests assessing motor performance.

一种研究甲状腺激素对小脑功能影响的通用行为方法

Thyroid hormone (TH) action is essential during the development of the central nervous system, including the cerebellum. In case of TH deficiency in early ...

Multifactorial Assessment of Motor Behavior in Rats after Unilateral Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

The induction of a peripheral nerve injury is a widely used method in neuroscience for the assessment of repair and pain mechanisms among others. In addition, in the research field of movement disorders, sciatic crush injury has been employed to trigger a dystonia-like phenotype in genetically predisposed DYT-TOR1A rodent models of dystonia. To achieve consistent, reproducible and comparable results after a sciatic nerve crush injury, a standardized method for inducing the nerve crush is essential, in addition to a standardized phenotypical characterization. Attention must be paid not only to the specific assortment of behavioral tests, but also to the technical requirements, the correct execution and consecutive data analysis. This protocol describes in detail how to perform a sciatic nerve crush injury and provides a behavioral test battery for the assessment of motor deficits in rats that includes the open field test, the CatWalk XT gait analysis, the beam walking task, and the ladder rung walking task.

We provide a protocol for the assessment of motor behavior via a behavioral test battery in rats after sciatic nerve crush injury.

单边坐骨神经粉碎损伤后大鼠运动行为的多因素评估

The induction of a peripheral nerve injury is a widely used method in neuroscience for the assessment of repair and pain mechanisms among others. In ...

非对称走道:一种新的行为检测方法的研究不对称步态

摘要

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此视频中的章节

研究昆虫的自适应运动能力行为的神经基础

一种简便、低成本的肌营养不良小鼠步行模型的测定方法

梯级步行任务：一个评分系统，其实际应用。

3D运动性步态分析,用于啮齿动物的临床前研究

变性小鼠年龄依赖性运动障碍的步态分析

神经肌肉疾病小鼠模型行为花型的低成本盖特分析

一种研究甲状腺激素对小脑功能影响的通用行为方法

一种研究甲状腺激素对小脑功能影响的通用行为方法

一种研究甲状腺激素对小脑功能影响的通用行为方法

单边坐骨神经粉碎损伤后大鼠运动行为的多因素评估