这项工作是由美国国立卫生研究院资助P20 GM109098，NSF和西弗吉尼亚大学ADVANCE赞助计划（VG）和西弗吉尼亚大学部门启动资金支持。

参与实验的所有参与者都经过批准的西弗吉尼亚大学的机构审查委员会（IRB）知情同意程序。 1.整体系统性能，设计，和一般的实验任务注意:完整的安装是由以下几部分组成:EMG设备和相关的数字采集（DAQ）设备;运动捕捉系统（该协议包含了一个积极的LED系统）;与图-的八个线圈和立体定位设备TMS单元;一个虚拟现实的耳机和相关的电脑和软件;和一个自定义同步电路。 图1示意性概述了协议组件之间的连接性。 <ol><li>系统组件的连接<ol><li>连接肌电图前置放大器主放大器。 </li><li>肌电图连接放大器的输出到数据采集记录使用BNC或类似的CONNEC设备输入块系统蒸发散。 </li><li>数据采集​​录音设备连接到专用电脑，将执行一个数据采集脚本（补充文件）。 </li><li> VR控制计算机的并行输出连接到定制电路单元（见下节）。 </li><li>连接同步和动作捕捉触发的定制电路输出沿着肌电信号连接数据采集记录块。 </li><li>拆分动作捕捉触发，并将其连接到肌电图数据采集设备的"模拟输入启动"端口，以及控制动作捕捉设备计算机上的触发连接。 注:所描述的设备（动作捕捉和EMG）各自的数据采集流的开始之间的时间差的范围可以从160〜190毫秒。这个时间差动机在这个协议中所描述的同步电路的设计和可能是由这两个系统之间的软件和硬件差异而引起的。 </li> &lt;LI&gt;连接TMS触发定制电路单元口BNC输入触发TMS控制单元。 </li><li>建立使用供应商提供的软件和物理网络连接的VR和动作捕捉的计算机之间的网络连接。 </li><li>虚拟现实耳机连接到VR计算机，并确保可操作性与任何脚本/中显示的虚拟环境来参加节目。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52906/52906fig1.jpg" /> 图1:整个安装的连接此布局的描述了我们系统的元件之间的一般连通性。同步电路在其它地方更详细的描述在文本。蓝色曲线对应这会启动动作捕捉和肌电图的数据流信号。此事件是使用在此协议中描述的设备高达190毫秒的时间延迟的来源。红色曲线对应VR发起synchronizat即伴随的动作捕捉和肌电图系统记录并随后用于相应数据流的时间对准离子事件。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/52906/52906fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 系统集成与同步2.一般详情注:单独的数据采集系统中的这个协议（运动捕捉和EMG）的同步是通过使用的事件信号是共同的所有记录数据流来实现的。使用一个共同的情况下，所有的信号都可以暂时重新调整后的数据收集（使用设备在本协议中向上的190毫秒）减少实时记录不符。在这个协议中，公用信号从VR系统并行端口信号起源。共用信号被路由到一个电路，其允许单独的数据的同步流通过直接记录与肌电信号，并同时关闭动作捕捉LED。该电路采用基本的工具和技术构建的电子元件构成，类似于电路别处9描述。 <ol><li>设计，布局和同步电路的构建<ol><li>确定对设备的控制单元中的任何模拟基于TTL的触发机制（ 如 TMS，动作捕捉）和熟悉的触发要求，如TTL脉冲方向（正极/负极）和幅度。模拟触发机制往往具有共同的"BNC"同轴连接器，使连接组件简单。 </li><li>增加一个额外的LED到运动捕捉系统要用于信号同步;路线通过同步电路LED的布线（ 图3）。 </li><li>确定电气元件的参数（ 如电阻，电容），以TUR需要n关闭同步LED为一个特定的时间量。发现的时间，电路的同步LED由等式关闭量:吨= 1.1 * R1 * C1中。这个时间被认为是小于一个实验运动的平均持续时间。例如，目前所描述的实验所需要的电阻和电容额定大约一兆欧姆，一个微法拉，分别。 </li><li>使用电烙铁附着电气元件到印刷"原型制造"或"项目"的电路板下面的图 3中所示的示意性括该电路中一个常用的塑料"项目"框。它可能会需要钻孔在此框中的BNC连接器。该电路可以容易地通过5伏的USB电源从桌面计算机来供电;将有必要来解构USB电缆将隔离电源和地线。旁路电容也可能需要调节功率至555芯片（ 图 3中未示出）。 </li><li>检查用电路基板电部件之间的任何意外的锡桥。如果找到，删除焊料一吸尘工具或加热焊接和机械去除桥接连接。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52906/52906fig2.jpg" /> 图2:试验流程图。该流程图概括了典型的实验试验，其中包括，TMS刺激过程中发生的刺激和信号事件。在整个试验中发生的并行端口代码显示在DB25原理图符号（浅蓝色）。 <ol start="2"><li>同步详细信息<ol><li>使用类似的流程图图 2，确定何时单个设备应的实验运动的过程中被触发。例如，一些设备可以单独触发，而另一些可以同时触发。 </l我&gt; <li>在那些需要触发或信号（ 如蓝并行端口符号， 图2）的时间点，确定哪个并行端口信号线使用，并将其纳入了VR系统。这是通过在运动过程中发送数值到并行端口在指定的时间，表示一个二进制数字的每一行来实现的。有关并行端口的基于信令的详细信息，请参考讨论。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52906/52906fig3.jpg" /> 图3:同步电路，该示意图显示我们的自定义同步电路的布局。 NAND门的默认输出是高电压状态;这个电压输出被发送到通过该同步LED的电路路由的晶体管的栅极。此默认状态下使电路闭合，它保持在点亮状态的LED指示灯。在接收到同步trigge器R并联端口信号（红色迹线在插图），555装置的内部状态被翻转呈现输出到高状态时，切断该LED（蓝色迹线）。如果发生这种情况，在C1上（绿色迹线）上的电压逐渐达到该复位555的内部状态，重新激活该LED的电压。并行端口的同步触发信号也被直接路由到连接到TMS输入触发端口一BNC连接器。注意:该触发信号的方向可具有被逆转（从​​正性至负向或反之亦然）根据研究者的特定设备的要求。加入这个触发器输出会很容易地完成这项任务的"逆变器"芯片。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/52906/52906fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 3.实验方法<ol><li>安全程序和知情同意<ol><li> Ensu再次，所有的实验程序由机构审查委员会（IRB）的批准。解释所有的程序的参与者，并获得知情同意与IRB批准文件。 </li><li>获得知情同意后，从事与参与者一个基本TMS的安全检查，以确保它们不会有耳鸣，癫痫症或癫痫发作，或其他条件癫痫较高风险的家族史。 </li><li>在TMS刺激，严格要求使用防护耳塞，以防止听力受损。 </li></ol></li><li>肌电采集<ol><li>根据读者的研究的科学目标，确定从哪个手臂肌肉记录肌电信号。对于本协议所述的研究，扭矩在肩部产生和运动过程中肘关节进行了调查。因此，EMG信号记录分别从主要浅表肌肉作用在这两个关节，如三角肌，胸肌，二头肌，三头肌，和brachioradialis。 </li><li>做出各种肌电设备包括放大器，前置放大器，传感器线，和传感垫根据制造商的规格通过连接匹配连接器之间的所有必要的电连接。 </li><li>通过轻轻用醇棉签清洗它，除去任何过量的毛发用剃刀，并通过施加一个轻微的磨蚀凝胶制备各电极的网站。适当的整地将确保一致的和低电极对皮肤阻抗值（&lt;10千欧）和记录EMG信号的高信噪比。 </li><li>有主题进行设计，可以隔离基于公认的解剖和生物力学描述10个人感兴趣的肌肉等长收缩。例如，以隔离二头肌，要求参与者抗蚀肘关节强加延伸。 </li><li>有后受试者进行肌肉收缩隔离，贴上差双极肌电电极在厚，中央PORTI上，或者在接受位置11"肚"每一块肌肉的。这确保了肌纤维的最大数量的覆盖面和周边肌肉的减少"串扰"。一定要调整双极电极&#39;最长轴线沿肌肉，平行于纤维。 </li><li>贴上根据设备规格的肌电接地电极（ 如皮肤上的C7椎体）。 </li><li>记录通过数据采集设备通过自定义的计算机脚本控制放大的肌电信号。在当前的协议中使用的脚本被附加作为补充文件。 </li><li>调整通过移动转盘上的肌电图前置放大器适用于记录信号所需的水平的收益。避免导致记​​录的信号超出录音设备（一般为5V）的输入范围增益值。常见的EMG增益值是1000-4000之间。 </li><li>执行类似的等长收缩的那些步骤3.2.4进行目视检查肌电图西尼亚ls以确保它们的高质量（即高信噪比）。重新定位的电极并在必要时改变信号增益。 </li></ol></li><li>运动捕捉系统准备<ol><li>校准使用根据制造商的说明供应商提供的指令和设备的运动跟踪摄像机。 </li><li>用胶带等包装材料，附着活性的LED传感器附近的臂和在生物力学模型的构建中使用其它感兴趣的解剖点的关节骨性标志:在手腕上的食指，径向和尺骨茎突远端指骨，肩，胸锁槽，剑突和C7棘突的肘部，喙突和肩峰过程鹰嘴过程。附加其他LED到VR耳机来设定视点在虚拟环境中。 </li><li>连接每个LED到被附连到无线驱动器单元的布线线束。打开驱动程序未并确保所有LED的正常照明。 </li><li>放置同步在方便的位置远离主体的LED，但在相机的明确的说法。 </li></ol></li><li>经颅磁刺激脑立体定位<ol><li>校准的硬件和软件设计的TMS登记12，以允许精确线圈放置。这通常涉及共同注册TMS线圈与解剖标志，如鼻根，耳前点和鼻尖。一个参与者和激励线圈之间的立体登记是不可或缺的一致刺激的定位。 </li></ol></li><li> MEP热点本地化和环保部门限Pprocedures <ol><li>执行所谓的"热点"的技术来定位皮层TMS-敏感区域产生最大振幅的MEP与刺激后8,13,14最低阈值。经颅磁刺激研究电机系统通常涉及刺激，其控制在一个特定身体部分的运动皮层区域 （例如手臂和手）15。 </li><li>记录对参与者的头皮与校准立体登记设备和相关软件的任何理想的刺激点的位置。在每个位置记录的软件，确保其准确性搬迁现场，并再次刺激，寻找类似的MEP的反应。 </li></ol></li><li>在虚拟现实行为的任务<ol><li>设计的行为的任务（例如，达到运动）的实验中所使用的参数。在目前的研究中，任务是达到在不同空间位置顺序设置虚拟目标。的目标的大小定义了与其中与会者移动的准确性。这样的设计，改变的方向和关节力矩大小是诱发参与者达到了目标的运动。 </li><li>设置的虚拟现实环境，指导通过使用商业VR软件，根据制造商的协议是与耳机和运动跟踪系统兼容的行为的任务受试者。熟悉该软件包的所需的计算资源和编程语言的要求。常见的VR软件包与语言包括Python，C ++，C＃，和其他人进行编程的能力。另外，通过并行端口，用于同步程序模拟输出和感兴趣的特定事件的标记（ 图2）。在目前的实验中，在VR软件输出处的​​任务的每个重复的开始和在所需的TMS刺激次事件。 </li><li>连接VR输出给同步电路（图3）和/或使用的电缆具有匹配连接器的要同步的其他设备。 </li><li>指导患者进行VR行为的任务。在目前的研究中，虚拟现实环境是提出使用头戴式显示器，参与者观看的球形目标阵列。利用虚拟现实软件，通过改变目标（颜色， 位置等）的出现特定程序的移动序列和参与者熟悉这些操作。另外告知任何其他希望的运动约束的参与者。例如，参加者在目前的研究提出，以保持所有臂段内移动的垂直平面内，而达到为目标。 </li><li>一旦参与者习惯于实验动作，记录肌电图和动作捕捉数据，并同步使用自定义脚本或供应商提供的软件包的信号。调整每个数据采集系统，以所需的值的采样率;此外熟悉和适应任何制造商特定的参数，如运动跟踪LED亮度。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

本文的目的是描述了一种用于掺入VR到人体运动的研究和用于同步各个数据流的方法。虚拟现实将扩大研究人员试图再现真实世界的运动的场景在实验室环境的能力。结合VR与其他神经肌肉记录和刺激方法，形成一套强大的工具，为全面研究人类运动控制机制。在精心设计的实验中获得由此产生的多维数据集可以加深我们运动的神经控制的理解。 之一的本系统的更重要的特征?...

虚拟现实（VR）正迅速成为一个可访问研究工具用于许多领域，包括人体运动的研究。上肢运动的研究，特别是通过将VR受益。虚拟现实允许旨在探讨手臂运动控制的具体运动学和动力学特性实验参数的快速定制。这些参数可以单独调整每个主题。例如，虚拟目标的位置可以进行调整以确保在受试者相同的初始臂姿势。虚拟现实也让视觉反馈过程中的实验操作，这在visuomotor研究1的宝贵工具- 5。 利用逼真的虚拟现实环境中与其他生物力学工具也将允许自然的运动场景中，以测试运动模式。这种布置变得越来越有价值的学习和以后的疾病和伤害6,7康复练习。模仿自然的动作和环境 （例如执行在虚拟厨房运动）在临床环境将使康复专家能够更精确地描述个体的损伤在现实世界环境。高度个性化的障碍的描述将允许更集中的治疗策略，潜在地增加的功效和减少重建的持续时间。 结合虚拟现实与其他工具，如经颅磁刺激（TMS），表面肌电图（EMG）和全身动作捕捉，创建了一个非常强大和灵活的平台，学习运动在人类神经肌肉控制。经颅磁刺激是测量降电机途径的兴奋性和功能完整性的一个功能强大的非侵入性方法（例如皮质脊髓束）通过肌电responsES如运动诱发电位（MEPS）8。现代三维运动捕捉系统还使研究人员一起研究神经肌肉活性，产生的运动运动学和动力学。这允许创建的肌肉骨骼系统的极其细致模型以及假设关于神经控制器的结构和功能的测试。这些研究将扩大我们的科学的人体感觉系统的知识，导致改善治疗肌肉骨骼和神经系统疾病。 然而，随着多功能系统的一个主要问题是分开记录的数据流（例如，运动捕捉，肌电图等 ）的同步。该协议的目的是描述常见市售系统的一般化结构运动期间同时记录生物力学和生理测量。使用的设备，从其他调查不同的厂家可能要改变这个协议的内容，以满足他们的特定需求。然而，从该协议的一般原则仍然应该适用。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Transcranial magnetic stimulator</td>
			<td>Magstim</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>TMS stimulator and coils</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Impulse X2</td>
			<td>PhaseSpace</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Motion capture system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MA300 Advanced Multi-Channel EMG System</td>
			<td>Motion Lab Systems</td>
			<td>MA300-28</td>
			<td>EMG pre-amplifier and amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Norotrode EMG electrodes</td>
			<td>Myotronics</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>EMG electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BNC-2111 Single-Ended, Shielded BNC Connector Block</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>779347-01</td>
			<td>BNC Connector Block</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NI PXI-1033 
			5-Slot PXI Chassis with Integrated MXI-Express Controller</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>779757-01</td>
			<td>DAQ chassis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NI PXI-6254 
			16-Bit, 1 MS/s (Multichannel), 1.25 MS/s (1-Channel), 32 Analog Inputs</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>779118-01</td>
			<td>DAQ card</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SHC68-68-EPM Cable (2m)</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>192061-02</td>
			<td>Shielded cable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DK1 or DK2</td>
			<td>Oculus VR</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Ocuclus Rift headset</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vizard 5 Lite</td>
			<td>WorldViz</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Virtual reality software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C1 and C2 capacitors</td>
			<td>varied</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Adjust values to suit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R1 and R2 resistors</td>
			<td>varied</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Adjust values to suit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4011 NAND gate</td>
			<td>varied</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>NAND gate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2N2222 transistor</td>
			<td>varied</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Transistor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NE555 timer circuit</td>
			<td>varied</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Timer circuit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DB25 and USB connectors</td>
			<td>varied</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>parallel and USB connectors</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

multifunctional setup for studying human motor control using transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, motion capture, and virtual reality

运动在人类神经肌肉控制的研究与实现的众多技术。非侵入性的方法考察神经肌肉功能包括经颅磁刺激，肌电图，和三维运动捕捉。的现成的和具有成本效益的虚拟现实的解决方案的出现在再现"现实世界"的环境和动作在实验室设置扩大研究人员的能力。自然主义运动的分析，不仅争取电机控制在健康人更深入的了解，而且还允许实验和针对特定运动障碍（ 如中风）康复战略。这些工具的组合使用会导致电机控制的神经机制越来越深入的了解。当组合这些数据采集系统的一个关键要求是各个数据流之间的精细时间的对应关系。 Ť他的协议描述了一个多功能系统的总体连通性，系统间的信令，以及记录的数据的时间同步。组件系统的同步是通过使用一个可定制电路，与现成的部件和最少的电子组装技能容易地做出的，主要完成。

在这个设置中，众多的数据流的同步允许一个记录上肢的移动过程中发生的运动学，连续肌肉活动（肌电图），和瞬时神经肌肉活动（MEPS）。一个给定的动作重复试验，需要在整个运动重建MEP响应曲线图从一个采集的4显示数据为准。 图4A显示了相应的同步信号和事件审单过程中的这些数据流的一个例子。相对于所述同步事件的信号的时间对准是用信号分析?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality at JoVE.

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

多功能设置研究人类电机控制用经颅磁刺激，肌电图，运动捕捉和虚拟现实

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

multifunctional-setup-for-studying-human-motor-control-using

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.8K 次观看.  West Virginia University. Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

视频: Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

刺激唇部运动皮层与经颅磁刺激

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

科研

行为学

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG).
In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site&#160;and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity.
Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique. It has successfully been used in basic research and clinical settings to modulate brain function in humans. This article describes the implementation of tDCS and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to investigate the neural basis of tDCS effects.

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily disrupt information processing in a brain region, generating a short-lived &#8220;virtual lesion.&#8221; Stimulation that interferes with task performance indicates that the affected brain region is necessary to perform the task normally. In other words, unlike neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that indicate correlations between brain and behavior, TMS can be used to demonstrate causal brain-behavior relations. Furthermore, by varying the duration and onset of the virtual lesion, TMS can also reveal the time course of normal processing. As a result, TMS has become an important tool in cognitive neuroscience. Advantages of the technique over lesion-deficit studies include better spatial-temporal precision of the disruption effect, the ability to use participants as their own control subjects, and the accessibility of participants. Limitations include concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation that may influence task performance, limited access to structures more than a few centimeters from the surface of the scalp, and the relatively large space of free parameters that need to be optimized in order for the experiment to work. Experimental designs that give careful consideration to appropriate control conditions help to address these concerns. This article illustrates these issues with TMS results that investigate the spatial and temporal contributions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to reading.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.

经颅磁刺激对调查因果脑 - 行为关系及其时间进程

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

Neuronavigation-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Aphasia

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential therapeutic effects. Brain excitability is non-invasively modulated by rTMS, and rTMS to the language areas has proved its potential effects on treatment of aphasia. In our protocol, we aim to artificially induce virtual aphasia in healthy subjects by inhibiting Brodmann area 44 and 45 using neuronavigational TMS (nTMS), and F3 of the International 10-20 EEG system for conventional TMS (cTMS). To measure the degree of aphasia, changes in reaction time to a picture naming task pre- and post-stimulation are measured and compare the delay in reaction time between nTMS and cTMS. Accuracy of the two TMS stimulation methods is compared by averaging the Talairach coordinates of the target and the actual stimulation. Consistency of stimulation is demonstrated by the error range from the target. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate use of nTMS and to describe the benefits and limitations of the nTMS compared to those of cTMS.

This study is designed to test the hypothesis that neuronavigational system-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation has higher accuracy for targeting the intended target as demonstrated by eliciting a greater degree of virtual aphasia in healthy subjects, measured by delay in reaction time to picture naming.

神经导航引导下重复经颅磁刺激的失语

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential ...

Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques have been employed, each with positives and negatives. The aim was to determine the effect of NW on older adult gait and posture and to determine optimal use of different data collection systems in both short and long duration analysis. Gait and posture during NW and normal walking were assessed in 17 healthy older adults (age: 69 &#177; 7.3). Participants performed two trials of 6 Minute Walk Tests (6MWT) (1 with poles (WP) and 1 without poles (NP)) and 6 trials of a 5m walk (3 WP and 3 NP). Motion was recorded using two systems, a 6-sensor accelerometry system and an 8-camera 3-dimensional motion capture system, in order to quantify spatial-temporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters.
With both systems, participants demonstrated increased stride length and double support and decreased gait speed and cadence WP compared to NP (p &#60;0.05). Also, with motion capture, larger single support time was found WP (p &#60;0.05). With 3-D capture, smaller hip power generation and moments of force were found at heel contact and pre-swing as well as smaller knee power absorption at heel contact, pre-swing, and terminal swing WP compared to NP, when assessed over one cycle (p &#60;0.05). Also, WP yielded smaller moments of force at heel contact and terminal swing along with larger moments at mid-stance of a gait cycle (p &#60;0.05). No changes were found for posture.
NW seems appropriate for promoting a normal gait pattern in older adults. Three-dimensional motion capture should primarily be used during short duration gait analysis (i.e. single gait cycle), while accelerometry systems should be primarily employed in instances requiring longer duration analysis such as during the 6MWT.

The aim was to substantiate optimal use of data collection techniques for Nordic walking gait and posture analysis. Three-dimensional motion capture should be used during short duration analysis (i.e. single gait cycle), while accelerometry should be employed for longer duration analysis (i.e. repeated cycles) like a 6 Minute Walk Test.

充实适当的运动捕捉技术的越野行走步态中老年人的评估和姿势

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques ...

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations. TACS employs frequency-specific stimulation of the human brain through current applied to the scalp with surface electrodes. Most current knowledge of the technique is based on behavioral studies; thus, combining the method with brain imaging holds potential to better understand the mechanisms of tACS. Because of electrical and susceptibility artifacts, combining tACS with brain imaging can be challenging, however, one brain imaging technique that is well suited to be applied simultaneously with tACS is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In our lab, we have successfully combined tACS with simultaneous fMRI measurements to show that tACS effects are state, current, and frequency dependent, and that modulation of brain activity is not limited to the area directly below the electrodes. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with visual task fMRI studies, which can lend to understanding oscillatory brain function as well as the effects of tACS on the brain.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations, though its effects are not completely understood. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with functional magnetic resonance imaging, which can increase understanding oscillatory brain function and effects of tACS.

同时经颅交替电流刺激和功能磁共振成像

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations. TACS employs ...

Using Virtual Reality to Transfer Motor Skill Knowledge from One Hand to Another

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by observation or passive movement of trainee&#39;s hands by a robotic device). This obviously presents a major challenge in the rehabilitation of a paretic limb since voluntary control of physical movement is limited. Here, we describe a novel training scheme we have developed that has the potential to circumvent this major challenge. We exploited the voluntary control of one hand and provided real-time movement-based manipulated sensory feedback as if the other hand is moving. Visual manipulation through virtual reality (VR) was combined with a device that yokes left-hand fingers to passively follow right-hand voluntary finger movements. In healthy subjects, we demonstrate enhanced within-session performance gains of a limb in the absence of voluntary physical training. Results in healthy subjects suggest that training with the unique VR setup might also be beneficial for patients with upper limb hemiparesis by exploiting the voluntary control of their healthy hand to improve rehabilitation of their affected hand.

We describe a novel virtual-reality based setup which exploits voluntary control of one hand to improve motor-skill performance in the other (non-trained) hand. This is achieved by providing real-time movement-based sensory feedback as if the non-trained hand is moving. This new approach may be used to enhance rehabilitation of patients with unilateral hemiparesis.

利用虚拟现实技术将运动技能知识从一只手转移到另一个

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by ...

Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based assessments of IADL are easy to use but prone to subjective bias. Here, we describe a novel virtual reality (VR) test to assess two complex IADL tasks: handling financial transactions and using public transportation. While a participant performs the tasks in a VR setting, a motion capture system traces the position and orientation of the dominant hand and head in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. Kinematic raw data are collected and converted into &#39;kinematic performance measures,&#39; i.e., motion trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion. Motion trajectory is the path of a particular body part (e.g., dominant hand or head) in space. Moving distance refers to the total distance of the trajectory, and time to completion is how long it took to complete an IADL task. These kinematic measures could discriminate patients with cognitive impairment from healthy controls. The development of this kinematic measuring protocol allows detection of early IADL-related cognitive impairments.

We designed a virtual reality test to assess instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) with a motion capture system. We propose a detailed kinematic analysis to interpret the participant&#39;s various movements, including trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion to evaluate IADL capabilities.

虚拟现实中运动捕捉系统的日常生活运动运动学测量

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based ...

A Networked Desktop Virtual Reality Setup for Decision Science and Navigation Experiments with Multiple Participants

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and spatial cognition. With a local area network and dedicated software platform, experimenters can efficiently monitor the behavior of the participants that are simultaneously immersed in a desktop virtual environment and digitalize the collected data. These capabilities allow for experimental designs in spatial cognition and navigation research that would be difficult (if not impossible) to conduct in the real world. Possible experimental variations include stress during an evacuation, cooperative and competitive search tasks, and other contextual factors that may influence emergent crowd behavior. However, such a laboratory requires maintenance and strict protocols for data collection in a controlled setting. While the external validity of laboratory studies with human participants is sometimes questioned, a number of recent papers suggest that the correspondence between real and virtual environments may be sufficient for studying social behavior in terms of trajectories, hesitations, and spatial decisions. In this article, we describe a method for conducting experiments on decision-making and navigation with up to 36 participants in a networked desktop virtual reality setup (i.e., the Decision Science Laboratory or DeSciL). This experiment protocol can be adapted and applied by other researchers in order to set up a networked desktop virtual reality laboratory.

This paper describes a method for conducting multi-user experiments on decision-making and navigation using a networked computer laboratory.

面向多参与者的决策科学与导航实验的网络化桌面虚拟现实设置

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and ...

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and laboratory experiments, respectively. VR is especially useful for geographic visualizations and investigations of spatial behavior. In spatial behavior research, VR provides a platform for studying the relationship between navigation and physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure). Specifically, physiological measures allow researchers to address novel questions and constrain previous theories of spatial abilities, strategies, and performance. For example, individual differences in navigation performance may be explained by the extent to which changes in arousal mediate the effects of task difficulty. However, the complexities in the design and implementation of VR experiments can distract experimenters from their primary research goals and introduce irregularities in data collection and analysis. To address these challenges, the Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework includes standardized modules such as participant training with the control interface, data collection using questionnaires, the synchronization of physiological measurements, and data storage. EVE also provides the necessary infrastructure for data management, visualization, and evaluation. The present paper describes a protocol that employs the EVE framework to conduct navigation experiments in VR with physiological sensors. The protocol lists the steps necessary for recruiting participants, attaching the physiological sensors, administering the experiment using EVE, and assessing the collected data with EVE evaluation tools. Overall, this protocol will facilitate future research by streamlining the design and implementation of VR experiments with physiological sensors.

Virtual reality (VR) experiments can be difficult to implement and require meticulous planning. This protocol describes a method for the design and implementation of VR experiments that collect physiological data from human participants. The Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework is employed to accelerate this process.