The authors would like to thank the Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen &#8222;Otto von Guericke&#8220; e.V., AiF (German Federation of Industrial Research Associations) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG (German Research Foundation) for partly funding the presented work under contract number 14248 and STR 662/4-1, respectively.

1.测量磁控管注意:实验装置用于测量所述磁控管的示意图在图1A中描绘。 <ol><li>磁控管连接到绝缘体构成的环行器和一个水负载10的螺钉。 </li><li>绝缘体连接到定向耦合器10的螺钉。 </li><li>定向耦合器连接到第二水负载10螺钉。 </li><li>提供所有的水负荷水。 </li><li>校准光谱分析仪具有根据制造商的协议的校准功能。 </li><li>通过插入20 dB衰减到频谱分析仪连接20 dB衰减到频谱分析仪。 注:20 dB衰减器被用来保护频谱分析仪从过高功率高于1 W. </li><li>通过插入共连接20 dB衰减器配备的频谱分析仪的同轴电缆装有一个BNC连接器的端同轴电缆进20 dB衰减器。 </li><li>连接同轴电缆通过插入同轴电缆到定向电缆配备有一个N连接到定向耦合器的末端。 </li><li>开关上经由电源和发射微波的频谱磁控管被显示在频谱分析仪。 </li><li>如果有必要，调整显示横坐标，纵坐标和他们根据频谱分析仪的手动解决。 </li><li>为了测量微波功率的依赖性的输出微波的频率，增加微波功率从10％到输出功率的最大值在5％至10％的步长和每步确定频谱的最大振幅的频率由该频谱分析仪显示。 注意:通常情况下，低于其最大输出功率的10％的磁控管的频谱很宽，表现出许多不同的峰，因此是不可用的。 </li></ol> 2.调整共振频率注意:实验装置，用于测量和调整谐振频率的原理在图2A中描绘。 <ol><li>校准与校准试剂盒（根据制造商的协议）S11中的操作的网络分析仪。 </li><li>通过N连接到同轴到矩形波导过渡的同轴部分通过插入同轴电缆同轴到波导过渡连接同轴电缆。 </li><li>同轴到矩形波导过渡的矩形部分连接到一个三抽头调谐器10的螺钉。 </li><li>连接三个短线调谐器的微波等离子吹管部件10螺钉。 </li><li>在网络分析仪的菜单切换到S11的操作。 </li><li>在网络分析仪菜单切换到VSWR模式或登录模式。 </li><li>该微波等离子吹管部件的共振频率反复调整到所测量的监控系NCY磁控管以25％的输出功率 - 的最大输出功率的60％通过移动喷嘴向上和向下。该微波等离子吹管部件的共振频率由S11参数测量的倾角给出在图2B中所描绘。通过移动喷嘴向上和向下的推荐频率调整此畅游。 </li><li>当谐振频率被调整时，锁定与锁定螺母喷嘴的位置。 </li><li>由通过使短截线向上和向下调整三种调配器的三个存根增大正向微波功率迭代。该微波功率由微波等离子体炬组件吸收由S11参数的倾角的深度给出。因此，通过调整这三个短线调谐器的存根最大化这一畅游。通常，它是足够的两个三短截线被使用。 </li></ol> 3.点火的等离子<ol><li>戴防紫外线的眼镜由于等离子体发射UV的Radia化。操作等离子体炬在局部瓦斯通风由于等离子体产生的氮化物氧​​化物。 </li><li>连接微波等离子体炬组件与调整后的同轴谐振器（喷嘴被锁定），并在调整后的3短线调谐器装有绝缘体由连接到水负载循环器的磁控管。 </li><li>连接气体供给到微波等离子体炬。 </li><li>开启气体供给至5至20 SLM。 </li><li>由于在高剂量微波辐射是有害的特别是对眼睛，检查有没有微波泄漏。 <ol><li>要做到这一点，打开微波炉在10％，非常低功耗12％，并检查了微波炉计泄漏微波的所有连接。 </li><li>如果有任何泄漏增加微波功率或操作微波等离子体炬之前完全删除它们。 </li></ol></li><li>如果没有泄漏打开微波开始以10％的低功率，并增加了麦克风rowave功率慢慢在10至60秒，直到等离子体点燃的微波等离子吹管的石英管中。 </li><li>仔细观察，如果在哪里等离子点火，但要小心可能放射的微波。最好使用一面镜子，观察等离子点火。 </li><li>如果没有点燃等离子体，关闭微波功率，并仔细检查微波功率被适当地联接到所述同轴谐振器，而不是被误导到其他组件加热它们甚至伤害它们。检查，如果某些组件得到升温。 <ol><li>如果任何组分被加热- 例如 ，微波功率是误导-移动三个短线调谐器的所有短截出波导的和调整它们按照步骤2.9中所述以最大化微波耦合到等离子体炬组件。然后用3.1步重新开始。 </li><li>调整等离子体炬的同轴谐振器的谐振频率至MAG的发送频率奈电在足够高的微波功率输出的25％至60％的最大输出功率与该网络分析仪如在步骤2中描述到一个更高的在步骤2中所描述的为了改善点火，调整同轴谐振器的谐振频率输出功率。然后用3.1步重新开始。 </li></ol></li><li>如果等离子体点燃的某处在等离子体炬和不会自动切换到同轴或圆柱模式，改变供给微波功率和气流直到燃烧在圆筒形模式。 </li><li>当等离子体燃烧在圆柱形模式中，反复通过将它们向上和向下，使所有的供给的微波功率是由等离子体所吸收和反射的微波功率变为零调整三个短线调谐器的存根。 注意:如果一个微波二极管被连接到水负荷和到控制单元的相应输入，反射微波功率显示在微波电源的控制单元。如何做到这一点的微波电源的手册中描述。 </li><li>当使用1.5千瓦以上，小于15 SLM低的气体流量较高的微波功率，仔细检查，等离子不接触石英管的壁上。石英管不得焕发任何地方。 </li><li>如果石英管发出红光，降低微波功率或增加的气体流，直到它完全消失。 </li><li>因为微波能够通过等离子体由于等离子体的导电率被辐射，检查了微波炉米的辐射微波功率低于阈值。 </li><li>如果微波辐射功率高于阈值，屏蔽的等离子体与金属网，其中所述网眼尺寸小于一半用于微波波长的小得多。 </li></ol>等离子点火4.高速摄像机电影注意:由于在等离子体和其过渡到圆柱形模式的点火是在范围内几百毫秒，这个过程可以最好地通过高速摄像机来调查。然而，这是没有必要的由一个高速照相机的装置的等离子体被点燃每次观察点火过程。 <ol><li>放置在高速摄像机的镜头中的微波等离子吹管通过诊断狭缝看着等离子体炬的前端的前面。 </li><li>调整，直到相机指向入同轴谐振器在金属喷嘴的尖端。 </li><li>聚焦相机上的金属喷嘴的尖端。 </li><li>开始录制与高速摄影机1000帧率（每秒帧）。 </li><li>点燃等离子在第3节描述。 </li></ol> 5.稳定和连续等离子体运行注意:当等离子体被点燃在圆筒形模式和三个短线调谐器已被调整由等离子体稳定并且CONTIN最大化的微波功率的吸收等离子炬的uous操作是可能的。 <ol><li>通过改变供给微波功率的10％，最大输出功率及10至70的SLM之间的气体流动的等离子体到所需尺寸 - 调整尺寸 - 径向和轴向延伸。保持限定于石英管的直径的径向尺寸。等离子体不能接触石英管，这意味着在石英管不能发光的壁。 </li><li>塑造等离子体到不同的形状，使用短的石英管，其仅限制所述圆柱形谐振器的内部的等离子体，并放置一个孔上的等离子体焰炬组件的顶部。 </li><li>如果有必要，用固定螺丝的一些小孔。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hong, Y. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microwave+plasma+torch+abatement+of+NF3+and+SF6.">Microwave plasma torch abatement of NF3 and SF6.</a> Phys. Plasma. 13, 033508 (2006).</li><li>Kabouzi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abatement+of+perfluorinated+compounds+using+microwave+plasmas+at+atmospheric+pressure.">Abatement of perfluorinated compounds using microwave plasmas at atmospheric pressure.</a> J. Appl. Phys. 93 (12), 9483-9496 (2003).</li><li>Kabouzi, Y., Moisan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulsed+Microwave+Discharges+Sustained+at+Atmospheric+Pressure:+Study+of+Contraction+and+Filamentation+Phenomena.">Pulsed Microwave Discharges Sustained at Atmospheric Pressure: Study of Contraction and Filamentation Phenomena.</a> IEEE Transaction on Plasma Science. 33, 292-293 (2005).</li><li>Hong, Y. C., Uhm, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abatement+of+CF4+by+atmospheric-pressure+microwave+torch.">Abatement of CF4 by atmospheric-pressure microwave torch.</a> Phys. Plasma. 10 (8), 3410-3414 (2003).</li><li>Leins, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+Characterisation+of+a+Microwave-heated+Atmospheric+Plasma+Torch.">Development and Characterisation of a Microwave-heated Atmospheric Plasma Torch.</a> Plasma Process. Polym. 6, 227-232 (2009).</li><li>Alberts, L., Kaiser, M., Leins, M., Reiser, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#252;ber+die+M&#246;glichkeit+des+Abbaus+von+C-haltigen+Abgasen+mit+atmosph&#228;rischen+Mikrowellen-Plasmen.">&#252;ber die M&#246;glichkeit des Abbaus von C-haltigen Abgasen mit atmosph&#228;rischen Mikrowellen-Plasmen.</a> Proc. UMTK, VDI-Berichte 2040 P3. , 217-221 (2008).</li><li>Leins, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entwicklung+und+Charakterisierung+einer+Mikrowellen-Plasmaquelle+bei+Atmosph&#228;rendruck+f&#252;r+den+Abbau+von+VOC-haltigen+Abgasen.">Entwicklung und Charakterisierung einer Mikrowellen-Plasmaquelle bei Atmosph&#228;rendruck f&#252;r den Abbau von VOC-haltigen Abgasen.</a> Proc. UMTK, VDI-Berichte 2040 P3. , (2008).</li><li>Fridman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Plasma Chemistry. , (2008).</li><li>Azizov, R. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nonequilibrium+plasma+chemical+process+of+decomposition+of+CO2+in+a+supersonic+SHF+discharge.">The nonequilibrium plasma chemical process of decomposition of CO2 in a supersonic SHF discharge.</a> Sov. Phys. Dokl. 28, 567-569 (1983).</li><li>Moisan, M., Zakrzewski, Z., Pantel, R., Leprince, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Waveguide-Based+Launcher+to+Sustain+Long+Plasma+Columns+Through+the+Propagation+of+an+Electromagnetic+Surface+Wave.">Waveguide-Based Launcher to Sustain Long Plasma Columns Through the Propagation of an Electromagnetic Surface Wave.</a> IEEE Transaction on Plasma Science. 3, 203-214 (1984).</li><li>Moisan, M., Pelletier, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Microwave Excited Plasmas. , (1992).</li><li>Moisan, M., Sauv&#233;, G., Zakrzewski, Z., Hubert, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+atmospheric+pressure+waveguide+fed+microwave+plasma+torch:+the+TIA+design.">An atmospheric pressure waveguide fed microwave plasma torch: the TIA design.</a> Plasma. Sources Sci. Technol. 3, 584-592 (1994).</li><li>Jin, Q., Zhu, C., Borer, M. W., Hieftje, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microwave+plasma+torch+assembly+for+atomic+emission+spectrometry.">A microwave plasma torch assembly for atomic emission spectrometry.</a> Spectorchim. Acta Part B. 46, 417-430 (1991).</li><li>Baeva, M., Pott, A., Uhlenbusch, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+of+NOx+removal+by+a+pulsed+microwave+discharge.">Modelling of NOx removal by a pulsed microwave discharge.</a> Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 11, 135-141 (2002).</li><li>Korzec, D., Werner, F., Winter, R., Engemann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scaling+of+microwave+slot+antenna+(SLAN):+a+concept+for+efficient+plasma+generation.">Scaling of microwave slot antenna (SLAN): a concept for efficient plasma generation.</a> Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 5, 216-234 (1996).</li><li>Tendero, C., Tixier, C., Tristant, P., Desmaison, J., Leprince, P. h. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atmospheric+pressure+plasmas:+A+review.">Atmospheric pressure plasmas: A review.</a> Spectorchimica Acta Part B. 61, 2-30 (2006).</li><li>Ehlbeck, J., Ohl, A., Maa&#223;, M., Krohmann, U., Neumann, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moving+atmospheric+microwave+plasma+for+surface+and+volume+treatment.">Moving atmospheric microwave plasma for surface and volume treatment.</a> Surface and Coatings Technology. 174-175, 493-497 (2003).</li><li>Pipa, A. V., Andrasch, M., Rackow, K., Ehlbeck, J., Weltmann, K. -. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+of+microwave+volume+plasma+ignition+in+ambient+air.">Observation of microwave volume plasma ignition in ambient air.</a> Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 21 (3), 035009 (2012).</li><li>Baeva, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Puls+microwave+discharge+at+atmospheric+pressure+for+NOx+decomposition.">Puls microwave discharge at atmospheric pressure for NOx decomposition.</a> Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 11, 1-9 (2002).</li><li>Pott, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchung gepulster Mikrowellenplasmen zur Abgasreinigung in Gemischen aus Stickstoff, Sauerstoff und Stickstoffmonoxid. , (2002).</li><li>Rackow, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microwave-based+characterization+of+an+athmospheric+pressure+microwave-driven+plasma+source+for+surface+treatment.">Microwave-based characterization of an athmospheric pressure microwave-driven plasma source for surface treatment.</a> Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 20, 1-9 (2011).</li><li>Nowakowska, H., Jasinski, M., Mizeraczyk, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electromagnetic+field+distributions+waveguide-based+axial-type+microwave+plasma+source.">Electromagnetic field distributions waveguide-based axial-type microwave plasma source.</a> Eur. Phys. J. D. , 1-8 (2009).</li><li>Leins, M., Walker, M., Schulz, A., Schumacher, U., Stroth, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectroscopic+Investigation+of+a+Microwave-Generated+Atmospheric+Pressure+Plasma+Torch.">Spectroscopic Investigation of a Microwave-Generated Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Torch.</a> Contrib. Plasma Phys. 52 (7), 615-628 (1002).</li><li>Leins, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Development and Spectroscopic Investigation of a Microwave Plasma Source for the Decomposition of Waste Gases. , (2010).</li><li>Langbein, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Entwicklung und Optimierung eines mikrowellenbasierten Atmosph&#228;rendruck-Mikroplasmas f&#252;r lokale Oberfl&#228;chenbehandlungen. , (2008).</li><li>Kamm, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Spektroskopische Untersuchung eines Mikrowellen-Mikroplasma-Brenners. , (2011).</li><li>Weinrauch, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Spektroskopische Charakterisierung eines Mikrowellen-Mikroplasmabrenners f&#252;r die lokale Oberfl&#228;chenbehandlung. , (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

所呈现的电影介绍如何大气压微波等离子体而没有任何附加的点火器的点火可实现，此微波等离子体炬，其调整中，等离子体的点燃过程和其稳定和连续操作的基本原理。如在介绍中描述的，已经有不同种类的微波等离子体炬但无那些提供等离子体的点火而无需任何附加的点火器以及稳定和连续的等离子体操作。 以获得等离子体的点火，没有任何附加的引燃器在大气压力高?...

大气压微波等离子体炬提供各种不同的应用。一方面它们可以被用于化学量的过程和另一方面其余辉等离子体可以应用于表面的治疗方法。作为表面处理工艺，以增加的胶水，涂料或漆或表面的去污或灭菌的密合性的处理可被命名。热和反应等离子体本身可用于像废气1-7的分解量的过程。这些废气是有害的，有助于全球变暖，很难常规降解。然而，他们都需要在不断增长的工业领域，如半导体分支。其它的应用是化学合成如CO 2的离解成CO和O 2或CH 4碳和氢8,9。来自可再生能源过剩电能可以用来分离二氧化碳<sub&gt; 2成CO和O 2。在CO可以进一步向高级烃可以用作合成燃料运输处理，作为平台化学品化学工业或化学品储存。 有一些微波等离子体炬但其中大多数都有缺点:它们仅具有非常小的血浆体积，需要额外的点火器，需要在等离子体反应器的冷却，或者可以仅在脉冲模式10-18进行操作。微波等离子炬在这部电影呈现提供等离子体仅仅使用所提供的微波功率，没有额外的点火器，以及一个稳定和连续操作的点火，而不在等离子体反应器中的任何冷却为广泛的运行参数，并可以使用对于所有的上述的应用程序。该微波等离子吹管是基于两个谐振器的组合:一个同轴1和圆筒之一。圆柱形谐振器具有低的质量，是OPERAT编在公知Ë010 -mode与在其中心的最高电场。同轴谐振器位于下方的圆柱形谐振器和由可移动金属喷嘴结合的切向气体供给的。同轴谐振器的高品质的显示出非常窄的，但深层共振曲线。由于同轴谐振器的高电场可达到的高品质这是需要的等离子体的点火。然而，同轴谐振器的高品质的具有非常窄的谐振曲线相关联，因此，谐振频率必须完全匹配所提供的微波的频率。由于等离子体的点火后的谐振频率移动，由于等离子体的介电常数，微波不能再渗透入所述同轴谐振器。对于等离子体的连续运行所需的圆柱形谐振器具有低质量和宽共振曲线。 经由同轴谐振器的金属喷嘴的附加的轴向气体供应是可能的。等离子体被点燃，并限制在微波透明管，比如一个石英管。石英管的介电常数还影响谐振频率。由于石英具有&gt; 1的电容，所述圆柱形谐振器的体积几乎是放大而导致较低的谐振频率。这种现象有当圆柱形谐振器的尺寸被设计为考虑。关于谐振频率如何受插入石英管的详细讨论可以在参考23中找到。如果一个长的和扩展的石英管被使用时，这也可以作为反应室的体积的过程。然而，对于表面处理的等离子体也可以不同地由不同类型的孔形成的。微波经由矩形波导从磁控管供电。为了避免噪音扰民使用低纹波磁控管是荐结束。这是用来在电影的磁控管是一低脉动之一。 对于等离子体的点火的高品质的同轴谐振器是用来同时稳定和连续的操作是由所述圆柱形谐振器提供的。由高品质的同轴谐振器实现的等离子体的点火此谐振器的谐振频率具有完美匹配的使用磁控管提供的微波的频率。由于所有的磁控管不发射他们的微波频率恰好在标称频率，并且由于频率取决于输出功率，磁控管必须用频谱分析仪进行测定。同轴谐振器的谐振频率可以通过移动金属喷嘴向上和向下调整。该谐振频率可以被测量，从而也调整到使用磁控管使用网络分析器的发送频率。到在喷嘴的前端到达高电场，所需的点火等离子体的，一个三抽头调谐器需要另外。这3短线调谐器是一种常用的微波分量。三个短线调谐器被安装在微波等离子吹管和磁控管之间。后的同轴谐振器的谐振频率被调整，正向功率最大化和反射功率最小化通过迭代地调整三种调配器的存根。 具有调节后的同轴谐振器的谐振频率，以及具有最大化的正向功率的三个短线调谐器的装置后，当微波等离子体炬连接到磁控管的微波等离子体炬的等离子体可以被点燃。对于等离子体的点火的约0.3至1千瓦最小的微波功率是足够的。等离子体点燃的同轴谐振器。同轴谐振器的谐振频率由于转移到等离子体的介电常数和微波能的等离子体的点火后无再渗透入同轴谐振器。因此，从同轴模式的等离子体开关成其更伸出的圆柱形燃烧模式可自由站立的金属喷嘴上方的圆柱形谐振器的中心。由于圆柱形模式的质量非常低，因此，显示出广阔的共振曲线，微波仍然可以渗透到圆柱形谐振器，尽管共振频率的偏移由于等离子体的介电常数。因此，在圆筒形模式等离子体的连续稳定操作是由微波等离子体炬提供。然而，为了达到所提供的微波功率的完全吸收，三个短线调谐器的短截线，必须重新调整。否则所提供的微波功率不完全被等离子体吸收，但所提供的微波的某个百分比被反射并通过耐水负荷吸收。 为了检测血浆中的同轴点火模式，然后过渡到伸出的圆柱形模中，等离子体点火是由高速照相机观察到。 所呈现的电影将展示如何频率磁控管的依赖性测定，同轴谐振器的谐振频率被调整时，如何正向功率被最大化，以及如何等离子体是由供给微波功率点燃。高速摄像机记录显示为好。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2 kW magnetron</td>
			<td>Muegge&#160;</td>
			<td>MH2000S 211BA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 kW power supply</td>
			<td>Muegge&#160;</td>
			<td>ML2000D-111TC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>insulator - circulator with water load</td>
			<td>Muegge&#160;</td>
			<td>MW1003A-210EC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>water load</td>
			<td>Muegge&#160;</td>
			<td>MW1002E-260EC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>three stub tuner</td>
			<td>Muegge&#160;</td>
			<td>MW2009A-260ED</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>orifices</td>
			<td>homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microwave plasma torch</td>
			<td>homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>spectrum analyzer</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>E4402B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>network analyzer</td>
			<td>Anritsu</td>
			<td>MS4662A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calibration kit</td>
			<td>Anritsu</td>
			<td>model 3753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>directional coupler</td>
			<td>homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 dB attenuator</td>
			<td>Weinschee engineering</td>
			<td>20 dB AA57u8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>coaxial to rectangular wave guide transition</td>
			<td>Muegge&#160;</td>
			<td>MW5002A-260YD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>adaptor 7-16 to N connector</td>
			<td>Teleg&#228;rtner</td>
			<td>7-16/N Adaptor</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>coaxial cable</td>
			<td>Rosenberger Hochfrequenztechnik</td>
			<td>LU7_070_800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>high speed camera</td>
			<td>Photron</td>
			<td>fastcam SA5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lens</td>
			<td>Revueflex</td>
			<td>makro revuenon 1:3.5/28mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>local gas ventilation</td>
			<td>Industrievertrieb Henning</td>
			<td>ACD220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV protection glasses</td>
			<td>uvex</td>
			<td>HC-F9178265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microwave leakage tester</td>
			<td>conrad electronic</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microwave survey meter</td>
			<td>Holaday industries inc.</td>
			<td>81273</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

how to ignite an atmospheric pressure microwave plasma torch without any additional igniters

这部电影展示了如何大气压等离子体炬可以通过微波功率被点燃，没有额外的点火器。等离子体点火之后，等离子体的稳定和连续操作是可能的，并且在等离子炬可用于许​​多不同的应用。一方面，在热（3600ķ气体温度）等离子体可用于化学过程和另一方面冷余辉（温度下降到几乎RT），可以应用表面处理。例如化学合成是有趣量的过程。此处的微波等离子吹管可用于废气它们是有害的，并有助于全球变暖，但还需要在不断增长的工业部门，例如半导体分支蚀刻气体的分解。另一应用是CO 2的离解。来自可再生能源剩余电能可用于离解的CO 2与CO和O 2。合作可以进一步亲处理，以气态或液态高级烃，从而提供能量，合成燃料或化学制品的平台用于化学工业的化学品储存。等离子炬的余辉的应用是表面的治疗，以增加的漆，胶或涂料的粘附性，和灭菌的或不同种类的表面的去污。这部电影将解释如何完全由微波功率点燃等离子无任何额外的点火器， 如电火花。该微波等离子吹管是基于两个谐振器的组合 - 一个同轴1，它提供了等离子体和圆柱形其中一个点火后保证了等离子体的连续和稳定的操作的点火。血浆可以在很长的微波透明管操作音量进程或塑造口进行表面处理的目的。

<html>提供一种等离子体点火而无需任何附加的点火器，以及稳定和连续的等离子体操作的高品质的同轴谐振器与一个可调节的共振频率是结合一个低质量圆柱形谐振器的微波等离子吹管。该等离子体炬的示意图示于图3的等离子体被约束到一个微波透明管，此处的石英管中。该管可以作为反应室容积等离子体工艺或等离子体刷的表面处理可以由一个孔来形成。微波功率经由矩形波导从?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters at JoVE.com

How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

This movie shows how an atmospheric plasma torch can be ignited by microwaves with no additional igniters and provides a stable and continuous plasma operation suitable for plenty of applications.

如何点燃常压微波等离子体炬没有任何额外的点火器

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a ...

how-to-ignite-an-atmospheric-pressure-microwave-plasma-torch-without

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

19.4K 次观看.  University of Stuttgart. This movie shows how an atmospheric plasma torch can be ignited by microwaves with no additional igniters and provides a stable and continuous plasma operation suitable for plenty of applications. 

视频: How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various areas of technology and applied science, such as aerospace and communication engineering, sensing, metrology, nonlinear photonics, and quantum optics. In this article, we present the principal techniques used in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators. First detailed in this article is the protocol for resonator polishing, which is based on a grind-and-polish technique close to the ones used to polish optical components such as lenses or telescope mirrors. Then, a white light interferometric profilometer measures surface roughness, which is a key parameter to characterize the quality of the polishing. In order to launch light in the resonator, a tapered silica fiber with diameter in the micrometer range is used. To reach such small diameters, we adopt the "flame-brushing" technique, using simultaneously computer-controlled motors to pull the fiber apart, and a blowtorch to heat the fiber area to be tapered. The resonator and the tapered fiber are later approached to one another to visualize the resonance signal of the whispering gallery modes using a wavelength-scanning laser. By increasing the optical power in the resonator, nonlinear phenomena are triggered until the formation of a Kerr optical frequency comb is observed with a spectrum made of equidistant spectral lines. These Kerr comb spectra have exceptional characteristics that are suitable for several applications in science and technology. We consider the application related to ultra-stable microwave frequency synthesis and demonstrate the generation of a Kerr comb with GHz intermodal frequency.

The customized techniques developed in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators are presented. The protocols to obtain and characterize these resonators are detailed, and an explanation of some of their applications in microwave photonics is given.

基于微波光子系统回音壁模式谐振器

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various ...

科研

工程学

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary interiors, design materials with novel properties, understand the mechanical behavior of materials exposed to very high stresses as in explosions or impacts. Synthesis and structural analysis of materials at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature entails remarkable technical challenges. In the laser heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC), very high pressure is generated between the tips of two opposing diamond anvils forced against each other; focused infrared laser beams, shined through the diamonds, allow to reach very high temperatures on samples absorbing the laser radiation. When the LH-DAC is installed in a synchrotron beamline that provides extremely brilliant x-ray radiation, the structure of materials under extreme conditions can be probed in situ. LH-DAC samples, although very small, can show highly variable grain size, phase and chemical composition. In order to obtain the high resolution structural analysis and the most comprehensive characterization of a sample, we collect diffraction data in 2D grids and combine powder, single crystal and multigrain diffraction techniques. Representative results obtained in the synthesis of a new iron oxide, Fe4O5 1 will be shown.

The laser heated diamond anvil cell combined with synchrotron micro-diffraction techniques allows researchers to explore the nature and properties of new phases of matter at extreme pressure and temperature (PT) conditions. Heterogeneous samples can be characterized in situ under high pressure by 2D mapping and combined powder, single-crystal and multigrain diffraction approaches.

在极端的压力和温度的合成和Microdiffraction

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary ...

Picoinjection of Microfluidic Drops Without Metal Electrodes

Existing methods for picoinjecting reagents into microfluidic drops require metal electrodes integrated into the microfluidic chip. The integration of these electrodes adds cumbersome and error-prone steps to the device fabrication process. We have developed a technique that obviates the needs for metal electrodes during picoinjection. Instead, it uses the injection fluid itself as an electrode, since most biological reagents contain dissolved electrolytes and are conductive. By eliminating the electrodes, we reduce device fabrication time and complexity, and make the devices more robust. In addition, with our approach, the injection volume depends on the voltage applied to the picoinjection solution; this allows us to rapidly adjust the volume injected by modulating the applied voltage. We demonstrate that our technique is compatible with reagents incorporating common biological compounds, including buffers, enzymes, and nucleic acids.

We have developed a technique for picoinjecting microfluidic drops that does not require metal electrodes. As such, devices incorporating our technique are simpler to fabricate and to use.

微流控的Picoinjection滴无金属电极

Existing methods for picoinjecting reagents into microfluidic drops require metal electrodes integrated into the microfluidic chip. The integration of ...

Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials

Recently, disordered photonic materials have been suggested as an alternative to periodic crystals for the formation of a complete photonic bandgap (PBG). In this article we will describe the methods for constructing and characterizing macroscopic disordered photonic structures using microwaves. The microwave regime offers the most convenient experimental sample size to build and test PBG media. Easily manipulated dielectric lattice components extend flexibility in building various 2D structures on top of pre-printed plastic templates. Once built, the structures could be quickly modified with point and line defects to make freeform waveguides and filters. Testing is done using a widely available Vector Network Analyzer and pairs of microwave horn antennas. Due to the scale invariance property of electromagnetic fields, the results we obtained in the microwave region can be directly applied to infrared and optical regions. Our approach is simple but delivers exciting new insight into the nature of light and disordered matter interaction.

Our representative results include the first experimental demonstration of the existence of a complete and isotropic PBG in a two-dimensional (2D) hyperuniform disordered dielectric structure. Additionally we demonstrate experimentally the ability of this novel photonic structure to guide electromagnetic waves (EM) through freeform waveguides of arbitrary shape.

Disordered structures offer new mechanisms for forming photonic bandgaps and unprecedented freedom in functional-defect designs. To circumvent the computational challenges of disordered systems, we construct modular macroscopic samples of the new class of PBG materials and use microwaves to characterize their scale-invariant photonic properties, in an easy and inexpensive manner.

利用微波和电介质固体的宏观样本，研究无序光子带隙材料的光子特性

Recently, disordered photonic materials have been suggested as an alternative to periodic crystals for the formation of a complete photonic bandgap (PBG). ...

Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars

Near-field blast load measurement presents an issue to many sensor types as they must endure very aggressive environments and be able to measure pressures up to many hundreds of megapascals. In this respect the simplicity of the Hopkinson pressure bar has a major advantage in that while the measurement end of the Hopkinson bar can endure and be exposed to harsh conditions, the strain gauge mounted to the bar can be affixed some distance away. This allows protective housings to be utilized which protect the strain gauge but do not interfere with the measurement acquisition. The use of an array of pressure bars allows the pressure-time histories at discrete known points to be measured. This article also describes the interpolation routine used to derive pressure-time histories at un-instrumented locations on the plane of interest. Currently the technique has been used to measure loading from high explosives in free air and buried shallowly in various soils.

This protocol details the use of Hopkinson pressure bars to measure reflected blast loading from near-field explosive events. It is capable of interpolating a pressure-time history at any point on a reflective boundary and as such can be used to fully characterize the spatial and temporal variations in loading produced.

高炉利用定量霍普金森杆

Near-field blast load measurement presents an issue to many sensor types as they must endure very aggressive environments and be able to measure pressures ...

How to Build a Vacuum Spring-transport Package for Spinning Rotor Gauges

The spinning rotor gauge (SRG) is a high-vacuum gauge often used as a secondary or transfer standard for vacuum pressures in the range of 1.0 x 10-4 Pa to 1.0 Pa. In this application, the SRGs are frequently transported to laboratories for calibration. Events can occur during transportation that change the rotor surface conditions, thus changing the calibration factor. To assure calibration stability, a spring-transport mechanism is often used to immobilize the rotor and keep it under vacuum during transport. It is also important to transport the spring-transport mechanism using packaging designed to minimize the risk of damage during shipping. In this manuscript, a detailed description is given on how to build a robust spring-transport mechanism and shipping container. Together these form a spring-transport package. The spring-transport package design was tested using drop-tests and the performance was found to be excellent. The present spring-transport mechanism design keeps the rotor immobilized when experiencing shocks of several hundred g (g = 9.8 m/sec2 and is the acceleration due to gravity), while the shipping container assures that the mechanism will not experience shocks greater than about 100 g during common shipping mishaps (as defined by industry standards).

Here we describe how to build a robust spring-transport mechanism for a spinning rotor gauge. This device securely immobilizes the rotor and keeps it under vacuum during transportation. We also describe packaging that minimizes the risk of damage during transport. Tests show our design works for typical shocks during transport.

如何建立一个真空Spring的运输包装为纺转子规

The spinning rotor gauge (SRG) is a high-vacuum gauge often used as a secondary or transfer standard for vacuum pressures in the range of 1.0 x 10-4 Pa to ...

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. The reactions of cold plasma with the surrounding atmosphere yield a variety of reactive species, which can define its effectiveness. While efficient development of cold plasma therapy requires kinetic models, model benchmarking needs empirical data. Experimental studies of the source of reactive species detected in aqueous solutions exposed to plasma are still scarce. Biomedical plasma is often operated with He or Ar feed gas, and a specific interest lies in investigation of the reactive species generated by plasma with various gas admixtures (O2, N2, air, H2O vapor, etc.) Such investigations are very complex due to difficulties in controlling the ambient atmosphere in contact with the plasma effluent. In this work, we addressed common issues of &#39;high&#39; voltage kHz frequency driven plasma jet experimental studies. A reactor was developed allowing the exclusion of ambient atmosphere from the plasma-liquid system. The system thus comprised the feed gas with admixtures and the components of the liquid sample. This controlled atmosphere allowed the investigation of the source of the reactive oxygen species induced in aqueous solutions by He-water vapor plasma. The use of isotopically labelled water allowed distinguishing between the species originating in the gas phase and those formed in the liquid. The plasma equipment was contained inside a Faraday cage to eliminate possible influence of any external field. The setup is versatile and can aid in further understanding the cold plasma-liquid interactions chemistry.

An experimental setup was created for the helium-operated kHz frequency plasma jet. The setup includes a cage for the plasma power supply and jet and an in-house built reactor to monitor plasma-induced reactive species without the interference of the ambient atmosphere.

大气压等离子体设置调查活性物种形成

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. ...

New Application of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet as a Neuro-protective Agent Against Glucose Deprivation-induced Injury of SH-SY5Y Cells

The atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) has attracted the attention of many researchers from multiple disciplines in recent years because its emissions include multiple types of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our previous study has shown the cytoprotective effect of the APPJ against oxidative stress-induced injuries. The aim of the present study is to provide a detailed in vitro treatment protocol regarding the neuroprotective applications of helium APPJs on glucose deprivation-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. The SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma-derived cell line was maintained in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 15% fetal calf serum. The culture medium was then changed to RPMI 1640 without glucose before APPJ treatment. After a 1 h incubation in a cell incubator, cell viability was determined using Cell Counting Kit 8. The results showed that, compared to the glucose deprivation group, cells treated with APPJ exhibited significantly increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with 8 s/well observed as an optimal dose. Meanwhile, helium flow had no effect on the glucose deprivation-induced cell impairment. Our results indicated that APPJ could be potentially used as a treatment method for the diseases in the central nervous system related to glucose deprivation. This protocol could also be used as a cytoprotective application for other cells with different impairments, but the cell culture and APPJ treatment conditions should be readjusted, and the treatment dose must be relatively low.

A protocol for the neuroprotective application of low-dose atmospheric pressure plasma treatment on glucose deprivation-induced SH-SY5Y injuries.

常压等离子体射流作为神经保护剂抗葡萄糖剥夺诱导 SH-SY5Y 细胞损伤的新应用

The atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) has attracted the attention of many researchers from multiple disciplines in recent years because its emissions ...

Atmospheric Pressure Fabrication of Large-Sized Single-Layer Rectangular SnSe Flakes

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for applications in two-dimensional nanoelectronics devices. Although many methods to synthesize SnSe nanocrystals have been developed, a simple way to fabricate large-sized single-layer SnSe flakes remains a great challenge. Herein, we show the experimental method to directly grow large-sized single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes on commonly used SiO2/Si insulating substrates using a straightforward two-step fabrication method in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system. The single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes with an average thickness of ~6.8 &#197; and lateral dimensions of about 30 &#181;m &#215; 50 &#181;m were fabricated by a combination of vapor transport deposition technique and nitrogen etching route. We characterized the morphology, microstructure, and electrical properties of the rectangular SnSe flakes and obtained excellent crystallinity and good electronic properties. This article about the two-step fabrication method can help researchers grow other similar two-dimensional, large-sized, single-layer materials using an atmospheric pressure system.

A protocol is presented demonstrating a two-step fabrication technique to grow large-sized single-layer rectangular shaped SnSe flakes on low-cost SiO2/Si dielectrics wafers in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system.

大型单层矩形 SnSe 片的常压制备

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for ...

Nerve Stem Cell Differentiation by a One-step Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment In Vitro

As the development of physical plasma technology, cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs) have been widely investigated in decontamination, cancer treatment, wound healing, root canal treatment, etc., forming a new research field named plasma medicine. Being a mixture of electrical, chemical, and biological reactive species, CAPs have shown their abilities to enhance nerve stem cells differentiation both in vitro and in vivo and are becoming a promising way for neurological disease treatment in the future. The much more exciting news is that using CAPs may realize one-step, and safely directed, differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) for tissue transportation. We demonstrate here the detailed experimental protocol of using a self-made CAP jet device to enhance NSC differentiation in C17.2-NSCs and primary rat neural stem cells, as well as observing the cell fate by inverted and fluorescence microscopy. With the help of immunofluorescence staining technology, we found both the NSCs showed an accelerated differential rate than the untreated group, and ~75% of the NSCs selectively differentiated into neurons, which are mainly mature, cholinergic, and motor neurons.