这项研究是由"联邦德RECHERCHE 3C"，艾克斯 - 马赛大学和欧盟Euprim-NET-II项目（＃RII3-026155）的支持。这项工作是由公共资助由法国国家研究署（ANR）作为节目LICORNES（ANR-12-CULT-0002）和ASCE（ANR-13-PDOC-0004）的一部分监管支持。鲁塞的河畔弧CNRS灵长类站的工作人员承认的技术支持。

伦理学声明:这项研究进行了按照法国标准，并从法国国家伦理委员会，在"科米特D&#39;Ethique CE-14倾L&#39;实验安尼米尔"获得批准。程序也与协会的动物行为学研究的指导方针是一致的。 1. ALDM试验单位建立注:设置ALDM检验单位按柴草和Paleressompoulle 1。 <ol><li>如创建1所描述的尺寸（0.7×0.7×0.8米3）测试室。确保每一个试验室拥有2侧透明侧壁。装备每个试验室用一个滑门，可以是打开或关闭的背面（ 见图1）。打开ALDM单元的后门，以提供从外壳进入测试系统。 </li><li>适应测试室的前面板与（7.3×7厘米2 </SUP&gt;）查看端口提供在位于单元前面的触摸屏19和2 handports视觉与触摸屏互动手册。 </li><li>安装，如1所述的连接到围绕每个手端口的微芯片读取器的天线。该天线将捕获被检体的RFID标识。 </li><li>在电容式触摸屏在各个试验室的前面安装一个19。触摸屏用于呈现的刺激，并记录响应有关的变量（精度和响应时间）。从屏幕中分离视口25厘米。 </li><li>一台PC计算机连接到每个测试单元，这将有助于运行测试程序。 注:在每次试验中，测试程序确定受试者的测试方案（ 例如，显示器，刺激持续时间等属性）和相关联的行为的措施（ 例如，响应时间，精度）来确定所述RFID猴子技术。 </li><li>食品分配器连接到PC COMPUT<html>通过并行端口呃如1所述。该分配器提供晶粒ALDM猴区域内的干小麦。 </li><li>如1所述注入的RFID微芯片在该组的每个人的前臂。 注:此过程应该根据兽医实践来进行。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig1highres.jpg" width="700" /> 图1:图（A）和原理图的ALDM单元的图（B）。每个测试单元具有五个主要构成要素。 （ 一 ）触摸屏; （B）handport; （C）视口; （ 四）食品贩卖机提供食物的笼子里后，正确的反应; （ 五）计算机; （F）提供门从机柜的访问。fig1highres.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 2. ALDM网络设置<ol><li>安装10 ALDM单元内的两个8×4米2拖车，5 ALDM单元在每个拖车，如1所述。每个ALDM测试单元连接到通过IP地址访问的唯一控制服务器（ 见图2）。确保ALDM单元既可以下载和上传信息从/给服务器。 </li><li>写一个电脑测试程序，下载文本文件从服务器一旦猴子是由ALDM测试单元按1确定。在文本文件中，提供指示在当前的实验状态使用单位的猴的（在训练或测试阶段已经进行的试验的数量）。写的测试程序，使得它可以使用该信息用于呈现所述训练或测试试通过的实验程序预定义的。 </li><li>插入测试编程的，米内嵌脚本，使得它从服务器上传和下载数据。确保ALDM单位，每天两次的同步时钟ALDM。 注意:对于此过程中，10 ALDM单元可以提供指示在其上猴使用哪个单位，并且当，因此提供在使用该测试系统的社会动态信息。 </li><li>编写测试程序，使得每次试验前，测试程序上传从猴子的目前的实验状态服务器的信息。一旦试验完成，ALDM单位将更新服务器上的主题的文本文件。 注意:这个问题的上的控制服务器保证了学员将在预定义的测试程序进行测试的独立测试ALDM单位决定使用，相关参数的集中。 </li><li>存储以下数据作为每次试验后的文本文件:日期，时间一天（HH:MM:SS格式），目前的测试程序的名称，猴名称，数量屁股igned到ALDM测试单元（ 例如，1），测试水平（ 例如，培训），得分（1 =正确的行为反应; 2 =不正确的响应），以毫秒精确的响应时间。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig2highres.jpg" width="700" /> 图2:在ALDM网络示意图每个ALDM单位接收并处理来自/到一个独特的控制服务器提供的信息<a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> 3.插图社会认知的研究中采用ALDM网络的注:ALDM协议具有猴子可以与计算机自由交互的独特优势，同时保持他们的社交组。现介绍如下3协议说明日E使用的ALDM测试单位网络收集狒狒"（ 狒狒狒狒 ）的社会认知前所未有的信息。 <ol><li>电脑ALDM测试相结合的行为（行为学）意见: 注:本研究的主要目标是在电脑ALDM测试，以评估价的情感状态（正与负）对动物的认知能力的影响。该过程在图3中概述，并在此研究的全部细节刊登在Marzouki 等 10 <ol><li>安装一个视觉搜索任务由一个目标视觉刺激的选择中的每一台计算机上几个干扰项。 </li><li>在八天观察和手动记录其行为机壳中的每个单独的展览，并在与同步到控制服务器的定时器。 </li><li>组的行为表现出在外壳中相对应的三组情绪积极的社会事件（ 例如，梳洗），感情上负面的社会事件（ 如威胁），以及情感非社会（中性）的事件（ 例如，对象操作）。 </li><li>下面一行为观察在机箱内分析一个3分钟的时间窗口得到的视觉搜索任务的响应时间。同步行为观察和计算机数据，并分析（ 见图3）。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig3.jpg" /> 图3:第3.1节的示意图表示在外壳的自发行为记录在平行于ALDM测试认知能力。 <ol start="2"><li> ALDM测试期间社会影响的评估: 注:此协议的目的是对认知能力的记录DUR学习效果的观众荷兰国际集团电脑ALDM测试。在这项研究的全部细节刊登在于盖等 。11 <ol><li>每个ALDM测试单元，安装在其中一个圆后跟在屏幕右侧的或左侧的响应时，平行四边形，提出的任务。 </li><li>让猴子用10 ALDM测试系统，因为他们想要的。因此，一些猴子可以使用相邻的测试系统。记录下哪些个人使用的系统。 注:狒狒可以看到他们的同种（当存在时）使用拖车的其它的测试设置，由于每个单元的透明的侧壁。 </li><li>确保测试程序记录每一个人的表现，以及在审判的社会环境（ 即，如果对方ALDM测试部同时被使用，以及由谁）。 </li><li>这取决于社会环境的响应时间分析的变化。 </li></ol></li><li>通过电脑TRA文化演变评估nsfer从个人到个人信息: 注:此协议的开发，研究通过链参与者发送的信息的演变。该过程在图4中 ，并在此研究的完整细节概述刊登在Claidière 等 12 <ol><li>培养学员解决一个简单的记忆任务中，他们第一次看到四个随机选择的红色方块在四乘四格，否则白色的。 400毫秒后改变所有的红色方块为白色，并要求参与者摸了以前红色的正方形。 </li><li>当训练完成后，使用一个参与者的行为反应（该正方形触摸），以产生所述刺激为在链中的下一个体（参见图4）。除了链中的第一个人的量，网格由计算机随机生成的。 </li><li>与传动和数量分析成功的任务传输停滞的事件。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig4highres.jpg" width="600" /> 图4:第3.3节的示意图第一狒狒（第1代）必须完成的一组由计算机产生的50次试验。本狒狒的运动反应，然后用来创建在传输链中的刺激对于第二狒狒（第2代）。重复这个过程，直到链上的最后一个狒狒进行了测试。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

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The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

灵长类动物学家一直在表达认知社会和非社会各方面的强烈兴趣。然而这两个层次的理解的集成是困难的。社会测试是在实验室有时进行的，但对受试者13一个非常有限的数目。的ALDM单位的网络提供这方面的4个主要优点:（1）ALDM测试使用高度精密（电脑）协议和认知过程的毫秒级精确测量; （2）ALDM测试所研究的动物的自然社会环境中实现; （3）ALDM测试可以提出大集团，以完成我们的研究; （4）ALDM测试需要社会交往的自发发生的优点，并且不限制个人特定的社会环境。 因此ALDM网络开辟途径，综合性和认知​​多维分析相结合的社会和非社会因素秒。 本文说明了使用三个协议这种综合方法，但这些关键的插图旁边许多其他的可能性存在。例如，在收集我们实验室的初步（未发表）的证据表明，利用相邻单元测试的猴子也有自己的范围内社会团体的强烈affiliative债券。如果此效果被证实，然后ALDM测试的自动化将使大量信息上社会动态集合的可促进纵向社会计量研究（ 例如，基于社会距离的措施）在非人类灵长类动物。 ALDM测试的局限性仍然是未知的，在这个阶段。举例来说，它仍然是未知到什么程度的受试者的活性水平可以通过该组的社会结构（ 例如，性别比率）的影响。尽管如此，ALDM测试似乎是一个非常有前途的工具来弥合研究之间的明显差距上个体认知和那些更侧重于社会认知。它的使用提供了机会，以找出可能影响个人的认知，并更准确地衡量其影响的社会因素。另外，我们之前的研究已经表明，ALDM测试还促进动物福利:它们是降低压力水平（从皮质醇水平推断和异常的刻板的数量）行为富集形式3。因此，ALDM测试似乎对科学家和动物非常有益，并且应当更广泛地应用在未来在实验室和动物园。

灵长类的认知实验的实验室研究已经几乎有系统的青睐隔离动物4的测试，根据解决的问题。这个经典的实验室程序显示了其效率，我们的大部分问题，如感知，记忆，推理和抽象的概念知识来源于孤立科目的测试。测试孤立的个人传达许多实用的优点;这种方法有助于复杂的实验设计结合行为的高度严格的测量（ 例如，毫秒计时），这将是不可访问。然而，这个过程也有其局限性，当它涉及到社会影响的认知，特别是研究。研究人员常常被迫离开先进的实验室环境有利于大机箱或野生环境中时，他们的研究涉及个人之间的社会互动。这种选择是有代价的，因为它是睦ħ更难以控制实验因素并测量它们与精密实验室外的相同水平的效果。了解如何真正的社交互动影响的认知是人类和非人类灵长类动物中最困难的科学挑战之一。 本论文提出了一种新的实验方案，旨在减轻这个普通难度，调查的社会认知实验室基于非人灵长类动物。柴草和Paleressompoulle 1和柴草和邦泰2在半自由的条件提出的猴子认知能力的评估最近发表的自动学习装置（ALDM）。这种方法结合使用传统的实验室与射频识别（RFID）技术的操作性条件反射技术。在实践中，生活在他们的社会群体猴子从他们的户外机柜的免费访问几个ALDM检验单位。 ADLMs consist包含所有的在实验室传统上提供必要的设备开放测试系统，特别是一个触摸屏来显示的刺激和记录响应和一个食品分配器提供的奖励。记载的RFID微芯片阅读器读取当它进入一个ALDM测试单元中的参与者的数字身份，和测试程序使用此信息来呈现分配给此特定主题的研究方案。 在过去的5年积累的证据已经清楚地表明，（1）ALDM测试增强了参与者1,2和（2）有利于复杂的学习5,6的动机。 ALDM测试也似乎有益于动物福利方面，并降低了参与者3的应力水平，也见7。所述ALDM测试过程由几个研究小组用冠（ 猕猴黑 ）和恒河猴（ 恒河猴）猕猴工作激发测试设备的发展<s向上&gt; 7,8和鸽子（ 科伦巴利维娅 ）9。我们的论文的主要目标是展示ALDM测试在社会认知领域研究的潜在贡献。这个协议的三个不同用途被描述用于这一目的。该ALDM测试单位已经在柴草和Paleressompoulle 1的细节被描述。它们示于图1和下面简要描述。 ALDM测试单元是开放式接入操作条件的测试系统配备有射频识别（RFID）的系统，该系统读取猴的所述RFID芯片，因此，其身份，一旦它进入测试系统。刺激呈现在触摸屏上，并且食物奖励交付测试系统内部的正确的响应，给出（选择正确的刺激）对这些刺激后。

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			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:301px;">Touch screen</td>
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			<td style="width:80px;">model ET1939L from Elotouch; Berwyn, IL</td>
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			<td height="169" style="height:169px;width:301px;">RFID microchip reader</td>
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			<td style="width:80px;">model Petscan RT100 Version 5, Real Trace; Villebon sur Yvette, France</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="148">
			<td height="148" style="height:148px;width:301px;">Eprime software</td>
			<td style="width:345px;"></td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Professional, V 2.0, Psychology Software Tools, Pittsburg, PA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:301px;">PC-Computer connected to a network</td>
			<td style="width:345px;">HP-Pavillon in our laboratory</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:301px;">Food dispenser</td>
			<td style="width:345px;">Home made in our laboratory&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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assessment of social cognition in non-human primates using a network of computerized automated learning device (aldm) test systems

柴草和Paleressompoulle 1和柴草和邦泰2已发表 ​​的自动学习设备（ALDM）为保持在半自由放养条件猴子认知能力的研究。在过去五年积累的数据一直表现出这个协议，调查猴子个人/物理认知的效率，并进一步表明，这种方法动物试验中3减轻压力水平。本文表明ALDM的网络也可用于研究社会认知的不同方面和在组表示在猴子的行为，并描述了一种用于此目的开发了三种说明性的协议。第一项研究演示了如何社会行为和认知能力的电脑评估行为学评估可以综合调查的社会情绪表现出对个人的认知能力的影响。第二个STUDY表明ALDM蓄电池并联运行可提供他人对任务绩效存在的影响的独特信息。最后，最后研究表明，ALDM测试单元网络也可用于研究与社会传输和文化演进的问题。结合在一起，这三项研究清楚地表明ALDM测试是一个非常有前景的实验工具弥合个人的认知研究和研究之间的动物文学的差距对社会的认知。

如图5，以下负面valenced行为，例如威胁的响应时间，较下面的中性（ 例如，对象的操作）显著慢，并积极valenced社会行为，如梳理。这项研究表明，社会情绪的影响在认知测试中的表现。有兴趣的读者会发现在Marzouki 等人 10关于这项研究的更详细信息。在图6中 ，相对于隔离，其他人的存在而降低响应时间（与存在于拖车个体数的响应时间减少），这表明一个社会精心了解到反应促进效应。更详细的有关此研究可以在于盖等上找到。11 图7表示在传输过程中的试验性能的提高（蓝色正方形），但不是在一个控制（随机）状态（黄色圆圈）。铁道部<html>在这项研究Ë详细信息可在Claidière 等人发现。12 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig5.jpg" width="500" /> 图5:在视觉搜索任务从3.1节的说明性结果平均响应时间（毫秒），紧随其后的社会正面，负面或中性的事件。误差棒代表标准偏差（SD）。 <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig6.jpg" width="500" /> 图6:从3.2节说明性结果上的良好反应学到的速度存在的社会效果。该图显示平均的响应时间（毫秒），这取决于在相邻ALDM测试单元中的每个试验期间存在同种的数量。误差棒代表标准误差（SE）。 帐篷"FO:保持together.within页="总是"&gt; <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig7highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图7:从3.3节的说明性结果狒狒的增加在传输过程中的试验（蓝色方块）传输事件（代）的数量，但不是在随机对照试验（黄圈）的成功（50试验报酬平均数）。误差棒代表SE。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems at JoVE.com

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems

柴草和Paleressompoulle 1已发表 ​​的自动学习设备（ALDM）目的是在半自由放养的猴子测试个体的认知能力。我们的协议的主要目的是利用ALDM测试单元的网络来研究社会认知在非人灵长类。

社会认知的非人类灵长类动物评估使用电脑自动学习设备（ALDM）测试系统的网络

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys ...

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Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems

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Social Judgement and Decision-Making

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12.0K 次观看.  Aix-Marseille University. 柴草和Paleressompoulle 1已发表 ​​的自动学习设备（ALDM）目的是在半自由放养的猴子测试个体的认知能力。我们的协议的主要目的是利用ALDM测试单元的网络来研究社会认知在非人灵长类。 

视频: Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain regions involved in working memory and attention using transcranial electrical brain stimulation. Some researchers now believe the cerebellum supports cognition, possibly via a remote neuromodulatory effect on the prefrontal cortex. This paper describes a procedure for investigating a role for the cerebellum in cognition using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and a selection of information-processing tasks of varying task difficulty, which have previously been shown to involve working memory, attention and cerebellar functioning. One task is called the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) and the other a novel variant of this task called the Paced Auditory Serial Subtraction Task (PASST). A verb generation task and its two controls (noun and verb reading) were also investigated. All five tasks were performed by three separate groups of participants, before and after the modulation of cortico-cerebellar connectivity using anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. The procedure demonstrates how performance (accuracy, verbal response latency and variability) could be selectively improved after cathodal stimulation, but only during tasks that the participants rated as difficult, and not easy. Performance was unchanged by anodal or sham stimulation. These findings demonstrate a role for the cerebellum in cognition, whereby activity in the left prefrontal cortex is likely dis-inhibited by cathodal tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. Transcranial brain stimulation is growing in popularity in various labs and clinics. However, the after-effects of tDCS are inconsistent between individuals and not always polarity-specific, and may even be task- or load-specific, all of which requires further study. Future efforts might also be guided towards neuro-enhancement in cerebellar patients presenting with cognitive impairment once a better understanding of brain stimulation mechanisms has emerged.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the cerebellum exerts a remote effect on the prefrontal cortex, which can modulate cognition and performance. This was demonstrated using two information-processing tasks of varying complexity, whereby only cathodal tDCS improved performance when the task was difficult, but not easy.

调节认知使用小脑经颅直流电刺激

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain ...

科研

行为学

Experimental Assessment of Mouse Sociability Using an Automated Image Processing Approach

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the test mouse is placed in a standardized apparatus and relevant behaviors are assessed in three different sessions (called session I, II, and III).
The apparatus has three compartments (see Figure 1), the left and right compartments contain an inverted cup which can house a mouse (called &#34;stimulus mouse&#34;).
In session I, the test mouse is placed in the cage and its mobility is characterized by the number of transitions made between compartments. In session II, a stimulus mouse is placed under one of the inverted cups and the sociability of the test mouse is quantified by the amounts of time it spends near the cup containing the enclosed stimulus mouse vs. the empty inverted cup. In session III, the inverted cups are removed and both mice interact freely. The sociability of the test mouse in session III is quantified by the number of social approaches it makes toward the stimulus mouse and by the number of times it avoids a social approach by the stimulus mouse.
The automated evaluation of the movie detects the nose of the test mouse, which allows the determination of all described sociability measures in session I and II (in session III, approaches are identified automatically but classified manually). To find the nose, the image of an empty cage is digitally subtracted from each frame of the movie and the resulting image is binarized to identify the mouse pixels. The mouse tail is automatically removed and the two most distant points of the remaining mouse are determined; these are close to nose and base of tail. By analyzing the motion of the mouse and using continuity arguments, the nose is identified.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52508/52508fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Assessment of Sociability During 3 sessions. Session I (top): Acclimation of test mouse to the cage. Session II (middle): Test mouse moving freely in the cage while the stimulus mouse is enclosed in an inverted cup. Session III (bottom): Both test mouse and stimulus mouse are allowed to move freely and interact with each other.

This protocol describes a method to quantify mouse sociability. Mice are videotaped as they move and interact in a special cage. Movie processing allows for the automated quantification of sociability with excellent accuracy and reliability.

使用自动图像处理方法鼠标社交性的实验评估

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

双-H迷宫:一个强大的行为测试学习和记忆的鼠害

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

应力的社会问题:社会支持和社会认同的特里尔社会的实验操作压力测试

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. However, studying human locomotor learning can be challenging. During infancy and childhood, the neuromuscular system is quite immature, and it is unlikely that locomotor learning during early stages of development is governed by the same mechanisms as in adulthood. By the time humans reach maturity, they are so proficient at walking that it is difficult to come up with a sufficiently novel task to study de novo locomotor learning. The split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed, enables the study of both short- (i.e., immediate) and long-term (i.e., over minutes-days; a form of motor learning) gait modifications in response to a novel change in the walking environment. Individuals can easily be screened for previous exposure to the split-belt treadmill, thus ensuring that all experimental participants have no (or equivalent) prior experience. This paper describes a typical split-belt treadmill adaptation protocol that incorporates testing methods to quantify locomotor learning and generalization of this learning to other walking contexts. A discussion of important considerations for designing split-belt treadmill experiments follows, including factors like treadmill belt speeds, rest breaks, and distractors. Additionally, potential but understudied confounding variables (e.g., arm movements, prior experience) are considered in the discussion.

We describe a protocol for investigating human locomotor adaptation using the split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed. We specifically focus on a paradigm designed to test the generalization of adapted locomotor patterns to different walking contexts (e.g., gait speeds, walking environments).

用分体式跑步机评价人类运动适应的泛化

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

Large Volume, Behaviorally-relevant Illumination for Optogenetics in Non-human Primates

This protocol describes a large-volume illuminator, which was developed for optogenetic manipulations in the non-human primate brain. The illuminator is a modified plastic optical fiber with etched tip, such that the light emitting surface area is &#62; 100x that of a conventional fiber. In addition to describing the construction of the large-volume illuminator, this protocol details the quality-control calibration used to ensure even light distribution. Further, this protocol describes techniques for inserting and removing the large volume illuminator. Both superficial and deep structures may be illuminated. This large volume illuminator does not need to be physically coupled to an electrode, and because the illuminator is made of plastic, not glass, it will simply bend in circumstances when traditional optical fibers would shatter. Because this illuminator delivers light over behaviorally-relevant tissue volumes (&#8776; 10 mm3) with no greater penetration damage than a conventional optical fiber, it facilitates behavioral studies using optogenetics in non-human primates.

A protocol to build a tissue penetrating illuminator for delivering light over large volumes with minimal diameter is presented.

非人类灵长类动物遗传学的大体积、行为相关光照

This protocol describes a large-volume illuminator, which was developed for optogenetic manipulations in the non-human primate brain. The illuminator is a ...

Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy aging groups. For example, olfactory dysfunction in AD can present as impairment in olfactory recognition, emerging during early stages of the disease and worsening while the disease progresses. The social transmission of food preferences (STFP) task is based on a rudimentary form of communication between rodents concerning distant foods dependent on the transmission of olfactory cues. Healthy wild-type mice would prefer to eat a novel, flavored food that was previously cued by a conspecific, and this food preference would be hampered in transgenic AD mice, such as the APP/PS1 model. Indeed, a strong preference for the cued food in C57Bl6/J mice of 3 months of age was found, and this was reduced in 3 months old transgenic APP/PS1 mice. In summary, STFP task could be a powerful measure to be integrated in present subclinical detection assays of AD.

This paper presents a protocol for the investigation of social transmission of food preference in mice. The advantages and possible applications for this procedure, for instance, in detecting early changes in AD mouse models, are highlighted. To conclude, interpretation of the results in light of critical details are discussed.

食品偏好行为的社会传播评价

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy ...

Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke

The computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS) can simultaneously assess four functions (motor functions of the upper and lower extremities, postural control, and basic activities of daily living) with sufficient reliability and administrative efficiency. CAT, a modern measurement method, aims to provide a reliable estimate of the examinee's level of function rapidly. CAT administers only a few items whose item difficulties match an examinee's level of function and, thus, the administered items of CAT can provide sufficient information to reliably estimate the examinee's level of function in a short time. The CAT-FAS was developed through four steps: (1) determining the item bank, (2) determining the stopping rules, (3) validating the CAT-FAS, and (4) establishing a platform of online administration. The results of this study indicate that the CAT-FAS has sufficient administrative efficiency (average number of items = 8.5) and reliability (group-level Rasch reliability: 0.88 - 0.93; individual-level Rasch reliability: &#8805;70% of patients had Rasch reliability score &#8805;0.90) to simultaneously assess four functions in patients with stroke. In addition, because the CAT-FAS is a computer-based test, the CAT-FAS has three additional advantages: the automatic calculation of scores, the immediate storage of data, and the easy exporting of data. These advantages of the CAT-FAS will be beneficial to data management for clinicians and researchers.

Here, we present a protocol to develop the computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS). The CAT-FAS can simultaneously assess four functions (two motor functions [upper and lower extremities], postural control, and basic activities of daily living) with sufficient reliability and administrative efficiency.

脑卒中功能评估的计算机自适应测试系统

The computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS) can simultaneously assess four functions (motor functions of the ...

Using the FishSim Animation Toolchain to Investigate Fish Behavior: A Case Study on Mate-Choice Copying In Sailfin Mollies

Over the last decade, employing computer animations for animal behavior research has increased due to its ability to non-invasively manipulate the appearance and behavior of visual stimuli, compared to manipulating live animals. Here, we present the FishSim Animation Toolchain, a software framework developed to provide researchers with an easy-to-use method for implementing 3D computer animations in behavioral experiments with fish. The toolchain offers templates to create virtual 3D stimuli of five different fish species. Stimuli are customizable in both appearance and size, based on photographs taken of live fish. Multiple stimuli can be animated by recording swimming paths in a virtual environment using a video game controller. To increase standardization of the simulated behavior, the prerecorded swimming path may be replayed with different stimuli. Multiple animations can later be organized into playlists and presented on monitors during experiments with live fish.
In a case study with sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna), we provide a protocol on how to conduct a mate-choice copying experiment with FishSim. We utilized this method to create and animate virtual males and virtual model females, and then presented these to live focal females in a binary choice experiment. Our results demonstrate that computer animation may be used to simulate virtual fish in a mate-choice copying experiment to investigate the role of female gravid spots as an indication of quality for a model female in mate-choice copying.
Applying this method is not limited to mate-choice copying experiments but can be used in various experimental designs. Still, its usability depends on the visual capabilities of the study species and first needs validation. Overall, computer animations offer a high degree of control and standardization in experiments and bear the potential to &#39;reduce&#39; and &#39;replace&#39; live stimulus animals as well as to &#39;refine&#39; experimental procedures.