支持这项研究是由来自美国国家科学基金会的授权号码1029547。笔者想承认DJ韦尔克从范式光学公司提供初始纤维分部和重绘，最终光纤。作者也承认史蒂芬哈德卡斯尔和Heather A.欧文SEM成像。

1。制造一个无序的聚合物光纤<ol><li>约200 PMMA链桌子上的传播和蔓延PMMA上相同数量的PS链。混合和重新包装链。重复此过程，直到40,000股40,000股，PS PMMA随机混合。 </li><li>随机混合股组装成一个正方形预制棒侧宽度约2.5英寸。 </li><li>绘制成直径为250μm的光纤预制棒。预制棒绘制在范式光学公司使用他们的标准程序16。 </li></ol> 2。成像无序光纤的折射率分布<ol><li>使用诸如ABT拓普康图像将所得的光纤的折射率分布的SEM。 </li><li>淹没的聚合物光学纤维样品在液氮中约10分钟，然后打破了一半。 </li><li>浸没在乙醇中的样品的破碎提示。柯EP该溶液在约65℃的温度样品留在溶液中约3分钟，直至乙醇溶解在纤维聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的网站。 </li><li>大衣每个样品与10纳米厚的金/钯放样品室的SEM。 </li></ol> 3。准备纤维样品光学特性<ol><li>准备5厘米长的纤维样品。 </li><li>弯曲的刀片加热到65°C，纤维到37℃。使用合适的温度，可以防止纤维笔尖，可以发生在裂解过程中的变形。 </li><li>的前端对准的切割表面上的纤维，可以使一个干净的，垂直于切割。将刀片的一侧的纤维，然后迅速地滚过。 </li><li>检查使用光学显微镜，以确保纤维笔尖垂直切割的纤维侧的纤维笔尖。的刀片保持在裂解过程中的一个合适的角度，以防止倾斜次E提示。 </li><li>使用Thorlabs公司的LFG03P氧化铝抛光纸（0.3微米），如抛光纸来擦亮纤维样品。要研磨的纤维端部，使其保持在一副镊子，镊子夹持纤维的约1.5毫米相差的脸被抛光。画在纸上的一英寸长的图8字形的路径，大约8倍的纤维。图8字形路径确保，全程小费抛光。 </li></ol> 4。在纤维样品测量光束传播光束的档案<ol><li>夫妇He-Ne激光使用20X物镜和两个平面镜成SMF630hp纤维。将阶段的平面镜上有两个自由度。将上一阶段的目标具有三个自由度。最初的SMF光纤保持一个8毫米的距离，远离客观小费。使用在镜面上的旋钮的持有者和客观的持有人，照射的激光的光纤的前端。将S的另一侧连接MF功率计。夫妇电源到SMF使用旋钮上镜持有人以及横向旋钮的客观持有人。耦合的效率可以显着增加通过使用纵向定位旋钮上的客观的持有人。耦合1毫瓦的功率是足够的测量。 </li><li>夫妇的SMF630hp纤维聚合物光纤使用Thorlabs公司的MAX343机动阶段。电动载物台可以在三个笛卡尔方向移动。使用横向程度的自由，夫妇的SMF光纤的聚合物纤维笔尖的中心。使用阶段的纵向位移，将SMF光纤尽可能密切的聚合物纤维。一个较小的气隙之间的SMF和聚合物纤维减少光束的扩展。将整个的长度方向上设置的第二电动载物台移动。 4.4将描述的第二电动载物台用于成像。 </li><li>使用光学米的icroscope和一个直角反射镜，监控的SMF和聚合物纤维的位置，以确保SMF的耦合的聚合物纤维的中心，两种纤维之间的气隙尽可能小。裂开或抛光过程中的聚合物纤维在聚合物中的纤维笔尖的尖端或​​变形，因为一个小的倾斜，可以限制SMF和聚合物纤维之间的最小空气间隙。一个小的纤维之间的空隙是必需的，因为SMF光纤应该是可以左右移动的聚合物纤维的尖端处。将SMF仅使耦合过程更容易的聚合物纤维的中心。在实验过程中，横向扫出来横跨尖端的聚合物纤维的聚合物纤维在不同的区域来观察本地化的SMF与入射光束。 </li><li>使用CCD相机光束分析仪测量输出纤维使用40X的目标。首先，饱和CCD摄像机监视的聚合物纤维的边界。客观持有人使用上的旋钮，确保聚合物纤维边界可以观察到CCD上。 </li><li>使用移动整个安装（详见4.2），纵向，确保图像在CCD上聚焦移动设置或对40X目标而CCD和客观固定的机动阶段。作为度量标准，用于聚焦，在CCD上成像的档案中应具有的最小尺寸的焦点。光束集中的图像不应该是视觉上的绕组。 </li><li>在输入尖端移动的入射光束，测量输出光束强度不同的入射光束的位置。收集5个不同位置的入射光束的数据。 20纤维样品进行测量，共收集了100个不同的测量。 </li></ol>

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作者宣称，他们有没有竞争经济利益。

在光纤拉制过程中的折射率分布不保持恒定的一米以上的，一方面是因为跨接的原纤维线，还因为在拉伸过程中纤维直径的变化。我们预期更稳定的抽奖过程，将有助于制造光学纤维是不变的纤维长度较长，与这里相比。 在制备样品的扫描电镜成像的纤维尖端，我们需要确保样本一直保持在70％E thyl酒精溶液足够长的时间（约3分钟），并保持在合适的温度（65°C） 。?...

PW安德森1中的理论工作的，它表明，在量子电子系统紊乱的存在下，扩散过程停止和局域电子态的发展。安德森本地化是一个波的现象，也可能发生如光的经典波。光学2,3安德森本地化的理论预测以来，已经有许多的努力实现这一实验现象与电磁波4,5。然而，它一直是非常困难的，因为光的散射截面往往太小，由于对比度低折射率光学材料，以实现强大的本地化。在1989年，德Raedt 等[6]表明，这是可能的观察安德森本地化的一个准二维无序与低折射率对比的光学系统。他们发现，如果这种疾病被限制在一个道具的横向平面的纵向不变介质agating波，光束可以保持密闭较强的横向散射，由于在横向方向上的一个小区域。横向安德森局域第一次观察到的干涉条纹，光折射晶体7所建立的二维波导。熔融二氧化硅的其它介质，已被用于横向安德森本地化8,9无序波导用飞秒脉冲沿样品的观察。在上面提到的系统的无序网站折射率差为10 -4的顺序，所以本地化半径是相当大的。此外，典型的波导通常不超过几厘米长，因此，他们可能是不实际的导波应用。我们指出，在一个一维无序波导的横向观察Anderson局域此前有报道称在ReF 10。 这里开发的光纤安德森局域横向比上年变卖导波应用11,12有几个优点。首先，大的折射率差为0.1的查询结果在一个小的可比较的常规的光纤的光束半径的本地化束的纤维之间的障碍的网站。第二，该聚合物可制成无序光纤更长的时间比写入到外部光折变晶体或熔融石英无序波导。我们可以观察到横向安德森定位在一个60厘米长的纤维11。三，聚合物光纤无序是灵活的，让在实际的现实世界的设备级的应用程序依赖于运输光波纤维13。 为了制造混乱的光纤，PMMA及40,000股，40,000股，PS随机混合，其中每一个STR8英寸长，直径为250微米。的随机混合的股线被组装成一个正方形的横截面的预成型体的侧宽度约2.5英寸。预成型体，然后绘制一个正方形的光纤约250μm（ 图1）的一侧的宽度。为了随机混合的原纤维束，我们铺一层PMMA纤维束一张大桌子上，加了一层PS纤维束，然后随机混合在一起。重复该过程多次，直至得到良好的随机混合物。 我们使用的扫描型电子显微镜（SEM）图像的无序的聚合物光纤的折射率分布。正常裂解技术，如使用急剧加热叶片不能被用于制备纤维样品的扫描电镜成像的映射它的折射率分布的光纤末端，因为刀片损坏的纤维端部的形态。抛光的纤维，具有类似的不利影响在thê的光纤端面质量。为了准备高品质的样品的扫描电镜成像，我们淹没每根纤维在液氮几分钟，然后打破了光纤;如果做足够的纤维样品，此方法会导致几个不错的纤维片（约15％的成功率率），扫描电镜成像具有非常高的质量和流畅的端面。然后，我们用70％乙醇溶液在60℃下约3分钟，以溶解PMMA后的纤维端部的网站;更长的曝光时间可以瓦解整个的纤维端部。我们再涂上金/钯的样品，并把他们安置在扫描电镜室。 图2所示的放大的SEM图像紊乱的聚合物光纤。浅灰色的站点是PS和黑暗的网站是聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯。图像的总宽度为24微米，在此图像中的最小特征尺寸〜0.9微米，为单个网站的纤维线的大小相对应，后的拉伸过程中。 为了规律研究较早的无序光纤的波导特性，我们使用了在633 nm波长的He-Ne激光。 He-Ne激光被耦合到单模光纤的模场直径约4μm，然后将其对接耦合到无序的聚合物光纤，使用了高精度的电动载物台SMF630hp。然后将输出成像CCD相机光束分析仪使用40X的目标。 在第一组实验中，我们选择了20种不同的紊乱的纤维样品，每5厘米长，5厘米的长度的选择，以配合在数值模拟中的传播长度。数值模拟无序纤维一般都非常耗时，即使是在高性能计算集群有1,100元素。全横向安德森本地化的波长为633 nm仅约2.5厘米的传播11,12后发生，因此，我们决定，5厘米的长度足以满足我们的目的。由于STOC安德森局域hastic性质，我们需要重复实验和模拟100变卖，为了搜集足够的统计数据进行比较实验和数值平均光束直径。在实践中，有100个不同的测量是通过以下方式获得五个空间上分开的各20种不同的紊乱纤维样品的测量。 与玻璃光纤相比，这是相当难以制备无序聚合物进行测量的光纤。例如，一个不能使用先进的裂解和抛光工具和技术，以及开发基于标准硅纤维。阿卜迪等高雅的聚合物光纤切割和抛光程序已14，我们有一些小的修改，准备用他们的方法，我们的纤维样品。为了裂解的聚合物无序光纤，弯曲的X-雅图刀片加热到65℃C和纤维37°C。纤维的前端对准的切割表面上可以，让一个干净的，垂直切割。该刀片被放置在纤维的一侧，并迅速滚过。整个裂解过程中，应尽可能快地完成，以确保在叶片的温度和纤维不发生很大变化。裂解后的纤维，并在光学显微镜下检查，光纤端面进行研磨，使用标准光纤包片（0.3微米Thorlabs公司LFG03P氧化铝抛光皮），以确保任何轻微的缺陷被删除。要研磨的光纤端部，它被保持在一对镊子相差约1.5毫米的纤维端面被抛光用镊子。该纤维是在纸张上绘制一英寸长的图8字形的路径，大约8倍。在光学显微镜下检查，结果在平滑的边缘抛光纤维。此外，抛光便于正确耦合到一个位置lized点中的纤维，这反过来又降低了本地化点之前形成在耦合，并在最初的传播距离的衰减。 我们使用了CCD相机图像的输出光束强度的光束分析仪。近场强度分布，使用40X目标捕获。 ，以便找到的纤维的边界，饱和的CCD由增加输入光从SMF630hp纤维的力量。在我们检测本地化光束的强度分布的边界，设置CCD光束分析仪，自动曝光选项。我们使用的图像的强度分布图，以计算有效光束半径。为了消除环境噪声的影响，我们校准的图像处理方法，以确保得到预期的光束直径的SMF630hp纤维。平均测量值围绕平均值同意光束半径及其变化以及与努梅rical模拟所示，在参考文献11。输出光束分布在聚合物纤维明显改变入射光束的位置如下所示的文献。11,12,13。 如无序网站本地化束光束半径的大小和入射光波长的设计参数的影响，提出了一个全面的研究，在参考文献12,15。

<table><tbody><tr><td>poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)</td><td></td><td></td><td>&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>polystyrene (PS)</td><td></td><td></td><td>&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>70% ethyl alcohol solution at 65 &amp;deg;C</td><td></td><td></td><td>&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication and characterization of disordered polymer optical fibers for transverse anderson localization of light

我们开发和表征无序的聚合物光纤，采用横向安德森本地化作为一种​​新型的波导机制。所开发的聚合物光纤组成的80000链的聚（甲基丙烯酸甲酯）甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）和聚苯乙烯（PS），随机混合并绘制成正方形横截面的侧宽度为250μm的光纤。最初，每一条链的直径为200μm，长8英寸。在混合过程中的原纤维原丝，纤维相互交叉，但是，一个大的拉伸比保证沿其长度为几十厘米的纤维的折射率分布是不变的。大折射率差为0.1，在本地化的光束半径小，是比较传统的光学纤维束半径之间的无序网站的结果。输入光从一个标准的单模光纤使用对接耦合方法和似地的推出使用40倍物镜和CCD照相机成像的r字段的输出光束从无序纤维。输出光束直径从数值模拟结果与预期一致。在这项工作中提出的无序光纤是第一种器件级实现二维安德森本地化，并可能会被用于图像运输和短途光通信系统。

抛光纤维的SEM图像示于图1。 SEM图像如图1所示，光纤头的大部分地区，抛光质量好。溶解在乙醇中的溶液中， 图2中 ，与它们的端部的纤维样品的SEM图像示出聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯在颜色灰度在黑暗和PS的网站的站点。在图2的SEM图像被放大，在24微米的纤维宽度。对于扫描电镜成像，对Au / Pd的10 nm厚的层都涂有纤维样品。 本实验?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light at JoVE.com

Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

我们开发和表征无序的聚合物光纤，采用横向安德森本地化作为一种​​新型的波导机制。这种微结构光纤可输送一个小的局部光束，这是与传统的光学纤维的光束半径的半径。

无序横向安德森本地化光聚合物光纤的制备和表征

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed ...

fabrication-characterization-disordered-polymer-optical-fibers-for

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

11.3K 次观看.  University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 我们开发和表征无序的聚合物光纤，采用横向安德森本地化作为一种​​新型的波导机制。这种微结构光纤可输送一个小的局部光束，这是与传统的光学纤维的光束半径的半径。

视频: Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

制造超材料使用光纤拉丝法

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view and for its considerable potential for practical applications. Slow light photonic crystal waveguides, in particular, have played a major part and have been successfully employed for delaying optical signals1-4 and the enhancement of both linear5-7 and nonlinear devices.8-11
Photonic crystal cavities achieve similar effects to that of slow light waveguides, but over a reduced band-width. These cavities offer high Q-factor/volume ratio, for the realization of optically12 and electrically13 pumped ultra-low threshold lasers and the enhancement of nonlinear effects.14-16 Furthermore, passive filters17 and modulators18-19 have been demonstrated, exhibiting ultra-narrow line-width, high free-spectral range and record values of low energy consumption.
To attain these exciting results, a robust repeatable fabrication protocol must be developed. In this paper we take an in-depth look at our fabrication protocol which employs electron-beam lithography for the definition of photonic crystal patterns and uses wet and dry etching techniques. Our optimised fabrication recipe results in photonic crystals that do not suffer from vertical asymmetry and exhibit very good edge-wall roughness. We discuss the results of varying the etching parameters and the detrimental effects that they can have on a device, leading to a diagnostic route that can be taken to identify and eliminate similar issues.
The key to evaluating slow light waveguides is the passive characterization of transmission and group index spectra. Various methods have been reported, most notably resolving the Fabry-Perot fringes of the transmission spectrum20-21 and interferometric techniques.22-25 Here, we describe a direct, broadband measurement technique combining spectral interferometry with Fourier transform analysis.26 Our method stands out for its simplicity and power, as we can characterise a bare photonic crystal with access waveguides, without need for on-chip interference components, and the setup only consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, with no need for moving parts and delay scans.
When characterising photonic crystal cavities, techniques involving internal sources21 or external waveguides directly coupled to the cavity27 impact on the performance of the cavity itself, thereby distorting the measurement. Here, we describe a novel and non-intrusive technique that makes use of a cross-polarised probe beam and is known as resonant scattering (RS), where the probe is coupled out-of plane into the cavity through an objective. The technique was first demonstrated by McCutcheon et al.28 and further developed by Galli et al.29

Use of photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities has been widely adopted by the photonics community in many differing applications. Therefore fabrication and characterization of these devices are of great interest. This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two optical characterization methods, namely: interferometric (waveguides) and resonant scattering (cavities).

光子晶体慢光波导和腔体的制备与表征

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view ...

Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials

Recently, disordered photonic materials have been suggested as an alternative to periodic crystals for the formation of a complete photonic bandgap (PBG). In this article we will describe the methods for constructing and characterizing macroscopic disordered photonic structures using microwaves. The microwave regime offers the most convenient experimental sample size to build and test PBG media. Easily manipulated dielectric lattice components extend flexibility in building various 2D structures on top of pre-printed plastic templates. Once built, the structures could be quickly modified with point and line defects to make freeform waveguides and filters. Testing is done using a widely available Vector Network Analyzer and pairs of microwave horn antennas. Due to the scale invariance property of electromagnetic fields, the results we obtained in the microwave region can be directly applied to infrared and optical regions. Our approach is simple but delivers exciting new insight into the nature of light and disordered matter interaction.

Our representative results include the first experimental demonstration of the existence of a complete and isotropic PBG in a two-dimensional (2D) hyperuniform disordered dielectric structure. Additionally we demonstrate experimentally the ability of this novel photonic structure to guide electromagnetic waves (EM) through freeform waveguides of arbitrary shape.

Disordered structures offer new mechanisms for forming photonic bandgaps and unprecedented freedom in functional-defect designs. To circumvent the computational challenges of disordered systems, we construct modular macroscopic samples of the new class of PBG materials and use microwaves to characterize their scale-invariant photonic properties, in an easy and inexpensive manner.

利用微波和电介质固体的宏观样本，研究无序光子带隙材料的光子特性

Recently, disordered photonic materials have been suggested as an alternative to periodic crystals for the formation of a complete photonic bandgap (PBG). ...

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST). In this technique the chemical properties of organic photochromic molecules that undergo single-photon reactions are exploited, enabling rapid top-down nanopatterning over large areas at low light intensities, thereby, allowing for the circumvention of the far-field diffraction barrier.4 Simple, cost-effective, high throughput and resolution alternatives to nanopatterning are being explored, such as, two-photon polymerization5,6, beam pen lithography (BPL)7, scanning electron beam lithography (SEBL), and focused ion beam (FIB) patterning. However, multi-photon approaches require high light intensities, which limit their potential for high throughput and offer low image contrast. Although, electron and ion beam lithographic processes offer increased resolution, the serial nature of the process is limited to slow writing speeds, which also prevents patterning of features over large areas. Beam-pen lithography is an approach towards parallel near-field optical lithography. However, the gap between the source of the beam and the surface of the photoresist needs to be controlled extremely precisely for good pattern uniformity and this is very challenging to accomplish for large arrays of beams. Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST) is an alternative optical nanopatterning technique for patterning sub-wavelength features1-3. Since this technique uses single photons instead of electrons, it is extremely fast and does not require high light intensities1-3, opening the door to massive parallelization.

We report that the diffraction limit of conventional optical lithography can be overcome by exploiting the transitions of organic photochromic derivatives induced by their photoisomerization at low light intensities.1-3 This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two locking mechanisms, namely: dissolution of one photoisomer and electrochemical oxidation.

通过光学吸收跃迁图案 - 制备与表征

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and used to dictate the shape as well as the diameter of a core stream.&#160;Grooves in the top and bottom of a microfluidic channel were designed to direct the sheath fluid and shape the core fluid.&#160;By matching the viscosity and hydrophilicity of the sheath and core fluids, the interfacial effects are minimized and complex fluid shapes can be formed.&#160;Controlling the relative flow rates of the sheath and core fluids determines the cross-sectional area of the core fluid.&#160;Fibers have been produced with sizes ranging from 300 nm to ~1 mm, and fiber cross-sections can be round, flat, square, or complex as in the case with double anchor fibers. Polymerization of the core fluid downstream from the shaping region solidifies the fibers.&#160;Photoinitiated click chemistries are well suited for rapid polymerization of the core fluid by irradiation with ultraviolet light.&#160;Fibers with a wide variety of shapes have been produced from a list of polymers including liquid crystals, poly(methylmethacrylate), thiol-ene and thiol-yne resins, polyethylene glycol, and hydrogel derivatives. Minimal shear during the shaping process and mild polymerization conditions also makes the fabrication process well suited for encapsulation of cells and other biological components.

Two adjacent fluids passing through a grooved microfluidic channel can be directed to form a sheath around a prepolymer core; thereby&#160;determining both shape and cross-section. Photoinitiated polymerization, such as thiol click chemistry, is well suited for rapidly solidifying the core fluid into a microfiber with predetermined size and shape.

预设计尺寸和形状的聚合物纤维和生物贿赂纤维的微流体制造

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and ...

生物工程

Fabrication of 1-D Photonic Crystal Cavity on a Nanofiber Using Femtosecond Laser-induced Ablation

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using femtosecond laser-induced ablation. We show that thousands of periodic nano-craters are fabricated on an optical nanofiber by irradiating with just a single femtosecond laser pulse. For a typical sample, periodic nano-craters with a period of 350 nm and with diameter gradually varying from 50 - 250 nm over a length of 1 mm are fabricated on a nanofiber with diameter around 450 - 550 nm. A key aspect of such a nanofabrication is that the nanofiber itself acts as a cylindrical lens and focuses the femtosecond laser beam on its shadow surface. Moreover, the single-shot fabrication makes it immune to mechanical instabilities and other fabrication imperfections. Such periodic nano-craters on nanofiber, act as a 1-D PhC and enable strong and broadband reflection while maintaining the high transmission out of the stopband. We also present a method to control the profile of the nano-crater array to fabricate apodized and defect-induced PhC cavities on the nanofiber. The strong confinement of the field, both transverse and longitudinal, in the nanofiber-based PhC cavities and the efficient integration to the fiber networks, may open new possibilities for nanophotonic applications and quantum information science.

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D photonic crystal cavities on subwavelength diameter silica fibers (optical nanofibers) using femtosecond laser-induced ablation.

1-D光子晶体空穴对纳米纤维使用飞秒激光诱导消融制造

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using ...

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, interface precipitation, and mini-emulsion. In all methods, well-defined, micrometer-sized spheres are obtained from a self-assembling process in solution. The vapor diffusion method can result in spheres with the highest sphericity and surface smoothness, yet the types of the polymers able to form these spheres are limited. On the other hand, in the mini-emulsion method, microspheres can be made from various types of polymers, even from highly crystalline polymers with coplanar, &#960;-conjugated backbones. The photoluminescent (PL) properties from single isolated microspheres are unusual: the PL is confined inside the spheres, propagates at the circumference of the spheres via the total internal reflection at the polymer/air interface, and self-interferes to show sharp and periodic resonant PL lines. These resonating modes are so-called "whispering gallery modes" (WGMs). This work demonstrates how to measure WGM PL from single isolated spheres using the micro-photoluminescence (&#181;-PL) technique. In this technique, a focused laser beam irradiates a single microsphere, and the luminescence is detected by a spectrometer. A micromanipulation technique is then used to connect the microspheres one by one and to demonstrate the intersphere PL propagation and color conversion from coupled microspheres upon excitation at the perimeter of one sphere and detection of PL from the other microsphere. These techniques, &#181;-PL and micromanipulation, are useful for experiments on micro-optic application using polymer materials.

Protocols for the synthesis of microspheres from polymers, the manipulation of microspheres, and micro-photoluminescence measurements are presented.

用于光学谐振器和激光应用的聚合物微球的制造

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with solid-cladding devices, capillary oscillations are not restricted, allowing the fiber walls to move and vibrate. The fiber is constructed by a high direct current (DC) voltage of several thousand volts (kV) between two water reservoirs that creates a floating water thread, known as a water bridge. Through the choice of micropipettes, it is possible to control the maximal diameter and length of the fiber. Optical fiber couplers, at both sides of the bridge, activate it as an optical waveguide, allowing researchers to monitor the water fiber capillary body waves through transmission modulation and, therefore, deducing changes in surface tension.
Co-confining two important wave types, capillary and electromagnetic, opens a new path of research in the interactions between light and liquid-wall devices. Water-walled microdevices are a million times softer than their solid counterparts, accordingly improving the response to minute forces.

This protocol describes the design and manufacture of a water bridge and its activation as a water fiber. The experiment demonstrates that capillary resonances of the water fiber modulate its optical transmission.

一种水上光纤的设计与制造

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with ...

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

A protocol is presented to build a custom low-cost yet high-performance femtosecond (fs) fiber laser. This all-normal-dispersion (ANDi) ytterbium-doped fiber laser is built completely using commercially available parts, including $8,000 in fiber optic and pump laser components, plus $4,800 in standard optical components and extra-cavity accessories. Researchers new to fiber optic device fabrication may also consider investing in basic fiber splicing and laser pulse characterization equipment (~$63,000). Important for optimal laser operation, methods to verify true versus apparent (partial or noise-like) mode-locked performance are presented. This system achieves 70 fs pulse duration with a center wavelength of approximately 1,070 nm and a pulse repetition rate of 31 MHz. This fiber laser exhibits the peak performance that may be obtained for an easily assembled fiber laser system, which makes this design ideal for research laboratories aiming to develop compact and portable fs laser technologies that enable new implementations of clinical multiphoton microscopy and fs surgery.

A method is presented to build a custom low-cost, mode-locked femtosecond fiber laser for potential applications in multiphoton microscopy, endoscopy, and photomedicine. This laser is built using commercially available parts and basic splicing techniques.

用于多光子显微镜的全正常分散飞秒光纤激光器的低成本定制制造和模式锁定操作

A protocol is presented to build a custom low-cost yet high-performance femtosecond (fs) fiber laser. This all-normal-dispersion (ANDi) ytterbium-doped ...

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

The transmission of multiple independent optical signals through a multimode fiber is accomplished using wavefront shaping in order to compensate for the light distortion during the propagation within the fiber. Our methodology is based on digital optical phase conjugation employing only a single spatial light modulator, where the optical wavefront is individually modulated at different regions of the modulator, one region per light signal. Digital optical phase conjugation approaches are considered to be faster than other wavefront shaping approaches, where (for example) a complete determination of the wave propagation behavior of the fiber is performed. In contrast, the presented approach is time-efficient since it only requires one calibration per light signal. The proposed method is potentially appropriate for spatial division multiplexing in communications engineering. Further application fields are endoscopic light delivery in biophotonics, especially in optogenetics, where single cells in biological tissue have to be selectively illuminated with high spatial and temporal resolution.

We demonstrate the transmission of multiple independent signals through a multimode fiber using wavefront shaping employing a single spatial light modulator. By modulating the wavefront for each signal individually, spatially separated foci are transmitted. Potential applications are multiplexed data transfer in communications engineering and endoscopic light delivery in biophotonics.

通过光纤使用波前整形多个信号的传输

The transmission of multiple independent optical signals through a multimode fiber is accomplished using wavefront shaping in order to compensate for the ...